Introduktion: Irritable bowel syndrome [IBS] är den vanligaste kroniska sjukdomen som uppträder i gastrointestinal-kanalen. Sjukdomen förekommer hos 10–20% av världsbefolkningen och kan upptäckas hos både barn och vuxna. Etiologin för IBS är mycket komplex och ännu inte helt klarlagd då det saknas fullständig förståelse för den patofysiologiska processen. IBS kännetecknas ofta av buksmärtor, magkramper, uppblåsthet, förstoppning och diarré. Definitionen av coping är en konstant kognitiv och beteendemässig förändring i syfte om att kunna hantera yttre och inre påfrestningar, som överstiger personens förmåga att hantera dem. Där det finns olika copingstrategier att tillämpa för att hantera en viss situation. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att belysa copingstrategier vid IBS.   Metod: Litteraturstudie genomfördes i enlighet med Polit och Becks (2017) nio steg. Litteraturstudiens resultat grundas på tio vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Resultatet delades in i kategorier, första kategorin var Copingstrategier i sociala sammanhang där underkategorierna som identifierades var Söka stöd och information som copingstrategi och Utforska personliga copingstrategier. Den andra kategorin var Copingstrategier för att anpassa sig till det dagliga livet, där underkategorierna som identifierades var Rutiner och vanor som copingstrategi, Kosthantering som copingstrategi och Fysisk aktivitet som copingstrategi. Den sista kategorin var Psykologiska copingstrategier, där underkategorierna som identifierades var Inställning och kontroll som copingstrategi och Undvikande och anpassade copingstrategier i sociala sammanhang. Slutsats: Personer med IBS upplever att copingstrategier är nödvändiga för att kunna hantera sjukdomen. Det är därför viktigt att personen utforskar strategier som passar personen bäst, genom att prova olika strategier och se vilka som fungerar kort- och långsiktigt. En förutsättning för att kunna tillämpa copingstrategierna är att ha kunskap om vikten av individualiserade copingstrategier, samt att en kombination av flera strategier är nödvändigt för att kunna kontrollera situationen.

From the book of Genesis the human person is presented as divine image-bearer, a Godlike status that is further explained in terms of the dual constitution of matter and spirit. Natural Law provides a person-centred ethic that draws on a number of human goods that emanate naturally from the human person and lead in practice to human flourishing. This theory empowers towards making ethical decisions in the interest of human persons. Aristotle explained the human being as a substantially existing entity with rational powers. By means of his form-matter scheme he handed on, by way of Boethius, to Aquinas, a ready model for the Christian belief in the dual nature of the human person as an ensouled body or embodied soul. Applying the new scientific method to the question of the human self David Hume concluded that he could neither prove nor disprove her existence. By so reasoning Hume indirectly pointed to the need for other disciplines than empirical science to explain the human person. Emmanuel Levinas has drawn on the metaphysical tradition to draw attention to the social and ethical nature of the human person as she leaves the trace of her passing through the face of the other person who is encountered with an ethical gravitas of absolute demand. The genesis of the human person most naturally begins at conception at which point and onwards the human embryo grows continuously through an internal, animating principle towards a full-grown adult person. The main conclusion is that biblical anthropology and metaphysical philosophy provide the needed structures and concepts to explain adequately the full meaning of the human person and to establish the moral right of the human person at every stage to respect and protection.

<p>An area within psychology that looks at the strengths and positive sides of human life has emerged the last decade. It is called positive psychology and one area related to that is positive adaptation. The main purpose of this paper is to describe the natural history of females’ positive extrinsic and intrinsic adaptation from childhood to adulthood, with a focus on typical positive patterns of adaptation and how these patterns develop within the same individual. The sample consisted of about 500 Swedish girls and data were taken at age 13, 15, and 43 from the longitudinal research program Individual Development and Adaptation (IDA). Variable-oriented methods were used to study basic relationships among factors both within age and between childhood and adulthood and person-oriented methods were used to study typical patterns of adaptation and how these patterns develop, using cluster analyses and cross-tabulation of clusters. The overall results show, as expected, more distinct typical positive adaptation patterns in the intrinsic than the extrinsic area in both childhood and adulthood. Significant longitudinal developmental streams between typical positive adaptation patterns in childhood and adulthood were found and these are discussed from a dynamic system perspective suggesting the interaction between factors thru reinforcing feedback processes.</p>

An area within psychology that looks at the strengths and positive sides of human life has emerged the last decade. It is called positive psychology and one area related to that is positive adaptation. The main purpose of this paper is to describe the natural history of females’ positive extrinsic and intrinsic adaptation from childhood to adulthood, with a focus on typical positive patterns of adaptation and how these patterns develop within the same individual. The sample consisted of about 500 Swedish girls and data were taken at age 13, 15, and 43 from the longitudinal research program Individual Development and Adaptation (IDA). Variable-oriented methods were used to study basic relationships among factors both within age and between childhood and adulthood and person-oriented methods were used to study typical patterns of adaptation and how these patterns develop, using cluster analyses and cross-tabulation of clusters. The overall results show, as expected, more distinct typical positive adaptation patterns in the intrinsic than the extrinsic area in both childhood and adulthood. Significant longitudinal developmental streams between typical positive adaptation patterns in childhood and adulthood were found and these are discussed from a dynamic system perspective suggesting the interaction between factors thru reinforcing feedback processes.

In the present research, I examined individuals' evaluative responses toward traditional representations of environmentalists (e.g., tree-huggers and radical activists) as well as less typical but more mainstream environmentalists. Undergraduate students read about one of three types of environmentalists (i.e., radical activist, tree-hugger, or mainstream environmentalist). Participants then rated the extent to which they liked the individual they read about. Results revealed that participants evaluated the tree-hugger and radical activist less favourably than a typical student. In contrast, participants responded as favourably toward the mainstream environmentalist as they did toward a typical student. These findings indicate that individuals have distinct impressions of different types of environmentalists: Whereas mainstream environmentalists may receive favourable evaluations from individuals, stereotypical environmentalists may elicit negative reactions and even alienate members of the public.

In the present research, I examined individuals' evaluative responses toward traditional representations of environmentalists (e.g., tree-huggers and radical activists) as well as less typical but more mainstream environmentalists. Undergraduate students read about one of three types of environmentalists (i.e., radical activist, tree-hugger, or mainstream environmentalist). Participants then rated the extent to which they liked the individual they read about. Results revealed that participants evaluated the tree-hugger and radical activist less favourably than a typical student. In contrast, participants responded as favourably toward the mainstream environmentalist as they did toward a typical student. These findings indicate that individuals have distinct impressions of different types of environmentalists: Whereas mainstream environmentalists may receive favourable evaluations from individuals, stereotypical environmentalists may elicit negative reactions and even alienate members of the public.

This article takes a closer look at interactions defined as domestic violence. The intension is to understand how using violence at home can be legitimized with the point of departure of the violent person. The article is therefore based on interviews with three people who have used violence towards a family member. Their stories illuminate processes divided into three phases; in the first phase, the informants perceived the situation which leads to violence as characterized by stress and a feeling of being inferior. In the second phase, the act of violent itself is a way of communicate a disagreement, the target being control over a chaotic situation and its actors. In the third phase, when explaining the events in a retro perspective, it is not referred to as violence, and it is not discussed within the home. The informant tends to normalize the use of aggressive behavior with a group acceptance. Their individual legitimization techniques are related to group and societal aspects in the discussion. To prevent further violence, I argue, the violent people need an established place within the healthcare system in Norway.

This article takes a closer look at interactions defined as domestic violence. The intension is to understand how using violence at home can be legitimized with the point of departure of the violent person. The article is therefore based on interviews with three people who have used violence towards a family member. Their stories illuminate processes divided into three phases; in the first phase, the informants perceived the situation which leads to violence as characterized by stress and a feeling of being inferior. In the second phase, the act of violent itself is a way of communicate a disagreement, the target being control over a chaotic situation and its actors. In the third phase, when explaining the events in a retro perspective, it is not referred to as violence, and it is not discussed within the home. The informant tends to normalize the use of aggressive behavior with a group acceptance. Their individual legitimization techniques are related to group and societal aspects in the discussion. To prevent further violence, I argue, the violent people need an established place within the healthcare system in Norway.

Yrket som kriminalvårdare innebär många arbetsuppgifter som bör grundas i ett professionellt förhållningssätt. Kriminalvårdaren skall förhålla sig personligt men inte privat gentemot intagna samt skilja på person och gärning i bemötandet. Ett professionellt förhållningssätt präglas av verksamhetens riktlinjer och normer så väl som individuella värderingar och intressen. Syftet var att beskriva kriminalvårdares individuella uppfattningar om att utöva professionalitet samt skilja på att vara personlig och privat i sitt yrkesutövande. Teoretiska utgångspunkter har tagits i den symboliska interaktionismen och teorin om spegeljag. Studien gavs en kvalitativ ansats för att skapa en djupare förståelse för kriminalvårdares individuella uppfattningar. För att beskriva dessa uppfattningar genomfördes åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer med kriminalvårdare anställda vid en medelstor anstalt i Sverige, samtliga med erfarenhet av klientnära arbete. Intervjuerna analyserades för att kategorisera innehållet och kunna redovisa resultatet under fyra förutbestämda teman. En positiv förstärkning av självbilden hos kriminalvårdaren skapas, då denne upplever en förmåga till initiativ och en vilja till att utveckla sitt eget förhållningssätt gentemot intagna. Studiens resultat har visat att respekt och ett korrekt bemötande utgör en gemensam grund i hur kriminalvårdare ser på professionalitet. Deltagarnas framförda uppfattningar om att skilja på person och gärning visar att detta sker omedvetet. Detaljer om kriminalvårdarens familjeförhållanden ansågs vara alltför privata att tala med intagna om. Deltagarna ansåg sig ha utvecklat ett bättre förhållningssätt och en tydligare professionalitet över tid.

Social housing wait lists are indicative of the need for affordable housing in communities across Ontario. Growing wait lists also suggest that existing social housing supply and programs are not a solution to immediate or foreseeable housing problems for most low-income households. As a result, many households turn to shelters or make do with what they are able to find in the private market, often spending more than 30% of their income on rent. The focus of this study is one-person households under the age of 65 who make up approximately 40% of the applicants on Ontario social housing wait lists. This cohort has the longest wait times. What are the housing experiences of this demographic while they wait? How do municipalities respond and what do community advocates say about this response? This study addresses these questions through key informant interviews conducted with single non-senior social housing applicants, community advocates and policy-makers, doing so comparatively for two CMAs: Guelph and Kingston. Examining homelessness through a critical lens of neoliberalism, this study concludes with policy recommendations to address urban housing issues for low-income singles.