Corrections has always been conventionally known as an occupational discipline and not a profession. The organization of corrections has been spoken of as a penitentiary, bearing in mind that the models of the buildings were meant for punishment; with correctional officers recognized as guards. The role of the guards was that of the keeper of the keys and their duty was mainly custodial in nature. The occupation was mainly attractive to white males with a record of unemployment and not much education. The occupation was stable, and did not require for any extra skill. Certain researchers believe that the selection methods for prison warders were extremely relaxed with a small amount of empirical validity. There was also thinking that a correctional officer needed a 20/20 vision and an IQ of an imbecile. Conversely, it has been perceived that a correctional officer can be the most significant individual in the offender’s life, having an influence in refining or declining the success of the different treatment programs that an offender undergoes (Josi & Sechrest, 1998, p. 3). Corrections is a human service occupation. Therefore, human service workers need to have knowledge of human behaviour and be able to assess their perspectives on any behaviour wisely and thus formulate reliable estimations. This will give them the opportunity to enjoy suitable decision making powers and formulate a trend on professional behaviour. Their knowledge of human behaviour will also strengthen the capability to foresee behaviour and give special knowledge to prevent any hesitancy(Williamson, 1990, p. 43). The role of the correctional officers (security staff) has intensely changed over the past few decades.The correctional officer is in today's corrections, expected to balance security and still be responsible for changing the behaviour of offenders constructively (Josi & Sechrest, 1998, p. 11). In order to have a comprehensive understanding of the distinctive and contradictory role of the correctional officer, it is very important to appreciate the changes that have transpired in penal philosophy all through the centuries. Throughout the research, the researcher will make an effort to capture the heritage of corrections and the evolving systems of punishment of Europe, the United States of America and South Africa and look at the applications of the rehabilitation concept and how the Correctional Officer has been utilised as a skilled and knowledgeable professional in the whole process. The aim of the research being to determine the effect that correctional and professional officers have on rehabilitation of offenders and determine the process by which the Correctional environment can be transformed to a true profession of highest integrity and competence. Objectives for the study will be: • To analyse the history and development of Corrections internationally and its philosophical background • To examine the impact of the history of rehabilitation in the South African Corrections system, from the development of the first prisons in 1652 to the demilitarisation of prisons system in the 1990s, right through to the actualisation of the South African White Paper on Corrections, 2005 • To critically examine the professional status of the Corrections occupation against other existing professions. The issues on education, training, credentialing, autonomy, code of ethics and special expertise are some of the aspects that will be looked at as the primary criterion for professions • To explain the conception of rehabilitation and its development and application both internationally and nationally • To critically look at the importance of Corrections system while highlighting the mandated role of the Correctional officer and the duality of the role of balancing security and rehabilitation. The study will contribute on the basis of knowledge in particular regard to Education and Training of Correctional Officers. A model will be developed for South African Correctional Services Systems and predominant focus will be on the performance and education and training of Correctional Officers in South Africa. / Penology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Penology)

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Nurses, midwives and clinical officers referred to as Mid-level Practioners (MLPs) play an important role in the health care system especially in rural Africa. With particular reference to rural Uganda, due to the large shortage of doctors, MLPs handle most of the duties usually meant for doctors, at health centre IV(s). From 2009 to 2011, two training interventions of MLPs were performed at 36 sites in Uganda by the Integrated Infectious Disease Capacity Building Evaluation (IDCAP). The two interventions were: Integrated Management of Infectious Diseases (IMID) and On-site Support Services (OSS) which aimed at improving MLPs’ case management for four diseases: HIV, TB, pneumonia and malaria. In this thesis, we have developed three mathematical models to investigate the effect of the two training interventions on these infectious diseases. All the models are formulated using systems of ordinary differential equations which are structured in three age groups: [0, 5), [5, 14) and [14, 50). We explored the effect of the two training interventions in the context of malaria-pneumonia, HIV-TB co-infections and the four diseases together. Our analysis shows that: i) For malaria-pneumonia, both IMID and the combination of IMID and OSS reduce the number of cases, deaths and prevalence of disease but have no effect on the incident episodes of disease. ii) Results from the HIVTB model propose that HIV and TB testing are important steps in quality of health care and are capable of offsetting slightly negative effects of reduction in ART enrollment and provision of treatment. iii) The HIV-TB-malaria-pneumonia (HTMP) model concurs with the results of the first two models and its results demonstrate that high coverage levels of the training interventions increase the positive effects that the interventions have on mortality and morbidity. Overall, our results suggest that training of MLPs is much more effective for the short term duration diseases such as malaria and pneumonia, where the baseline values for most of the performance indicators are ≥ 0.6, but not so much for long term duration diseases such as HIV and TB, whose baseline values for most of the performance indicators are < 0.6. The results further highlight that problems such as case detection and drug stock-outs need to be addressed in order for training to have substantial impact, especially in instances where the performance indicator proportions are low. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verpleegsters, vroedvroue en kliniese beamptes wat gesamentlik na verwys word as midvlak praktisyns (MVPs) , speel n belangrike rol in die gesondheidsorg sisteem, veral in landelike dele van Afrika. Met spesifieke verwysing na gesondheid sentrums in Uganda, waar daar te min dokters is, hanteer MVPs die meeste van die pligte wat eintlik deur dokters verrig moet word. Vanaf 2009 tot 2011 is twee opleidingsprogramme vir MVPs by 36 fasiliteite in Uganda deur die Integrated Infectious Disease Capacity Building Evaluation (IDCAP) organisasie aangebied. Die twee programme staan bekend as: Integrated Management of Infectious Diseases (IMID) and On-site Support Services (OSS). Beide die programme stel ten doel om die MVPs se pasint bestuur vir die siektes MIV, tuberkulose (TB), longontsteking en malaria te verbeter. Drie wiskundige modelle word in hierdie tesis ontwikkel om die effek van die opleidingsprogramme op hierdie oordraagbare siektes te ondersoek. Al die modelle word geformuleer deur gebruik te maak van stelsels van gewone differensiaal vergelykings wat gestruktureer is in drie ouderdomsgroepe: [0, 5), [5, 14) en [14, 50). Die effek van die opleidings programme word in die konteks van longontstekingmalaria mede-infeksie, MIV- TB mede-infeksie en al vier siektes gelyk, ondersoek. Die analise wys dat: i) Vir longontsteking-malaria mede-infeksie het beide IMID en die kombinasie van IMID en OSS die aantal siekte-gevalle, sterftes en die prevalensie van die siektes verminder, maar het geen effek op die insidensie van siekte-gevalle nie. ii) Resultate van die MIV-TB model dui aan dat MIV en TB toetsing n belangrike aspek van die gehalte van sorg is en dat dit die effense negatiewe effek van die afname in ART inskrywing en voorsiening van behandeling, teenstaan. iii) Die MIV-TB-longontsteking-malaria model (HTMP) stem ooreen met die resultate van die bogenoemde twee modelle en demonstreer dat ho dekking van die opleidingsprogramme die positiewe effek van die programme op mortaliteit en morbiditeit verhoog. In geheel stel die resultate van hierdie studie voor dat die opleiding van MVPs baie meer effektief is vir die korttermyn siektes soos malaria en longontsteking waarvoor die meeste van die beginwaardes van die prestasie-aanwysers ≥ 0.6 is, maar nie soveel vir lang-termyn siektes soos MIV en TB waarvoor die meeste van die beginwaarde van die prestasie-aanwysers < 0.6 is. Die resultate dui verder aan dat opleiding nie voldoende is wanneer die prestasie-aanwysers < 0.6 is nie en dat probleme soos die opsporing van siekte-gevalle en n gebrek aan medisyne by die klinieke aangespreek moet word vir opleiding om aansienlike impak te hê.

Esta pesquisa discute a avaliação da pós-graduação no Brasil, analisando, de um lado, o sistema de avaliação da CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) e, de outro, a opinião da comunidade científica sobre esse sistema, focando especificamente nos critérios e instrumentos utilizados para esse fim. Pretendeu-se, com esta abordagem, contribuir para o aprimoramento do sistema de avaliação nacional da pós-graduação, tornando a avaliação um processo pactuado entre a CAPES e os programas de pós-graduação no Brasil. Para isso, foram confrontados os procedimentos utilizados no sistema de avaliação expressos nos documentos da CAPES e documentos das áreas de avaliação, com as opiniões da comunidade acadêmica apresentadas em artigos de periódicos e monografias. Foram estabelecidos como referenciais teóricos da pesquisa os conceitos de campo científico de Bourdieu e o de avaliação de Dahler- Larsen. O corpus da pesquisa foi coletado em três fontes: documentos criados pela CAPES, que contextualizam a pós-graduação e sua avaliação (PNPG 2011-2020); os Documentos de área elaborados pelas 48 áreas de avaliação e as críticas da comunidade acadêmica publicados em artigos de periódicos científicos. O corpus foi analisado e sistematizado por meio do método de Análise de Conteúdo. A análise teve como fio condutor os seis quesitos de avaliação de programas de pós-graduação da CAPES: Proposta do programa, Corpo docente, Corpo discente, teses e dissertações, Produção intelectual, Inserção social, e Internacionalização, bem como a Avaliação como um todo. Buscou-se identificar os comentários positivos, os comentários negativos e as sugestões da comunidade acadêmica. O quesito Produção intelectual foi o que recebeu a maior quantidade de críticas, identificando-se, portanto, como o foco das dúvidas e comentários da comunidade acadêmica. Os quesitos Proposta do programa, Corpo docente, Corpo discente, teses e dissertações, Inserção social, e Internacionalização receberam menor quantidade de comentários. Os resultados mostram que a avaliação, como um todo, apesar das críticas, é reconhecida como necessária pela comunidade acadêmica. Como contribuição final, foram feitas sugestões para aprimorar a enunciação dos quesitos e critérios de avaliação, de forma a promover sua melhor compreensão e transparência. / This research discusses the graduate evaluation in Brazil, analyzing, on the one hand, the evaluation system of CAPES (Higher Education Personnel Training Coordination) and, on the other, the opinion of the scientific community about this system, specifically focusing on criteria and instruments used for this purpose. It was intended, with this approach, contribute to the improvement of the national evaluation system, in order to make evaluation a process agreed between CAPES and graduate programs in Brazil. For this, they were confronted the procedures used in evaluation system expressed in the Capes documents and documents of the evaluation areas, with the views of the academic community presented in journal papers and monographs. The concepts of scientific field (Bourdieu) and evaluation society (Dahler-Larsen) were used as theoretical background of this research. The corpus of the research was collected from three sources: the documents created by CAPES which contextualize the evaluation process (PNPG 2011-2020), the documents prepared by the 48 evaluation areas and criticisms of the academic community published in scientific journals. The corpus was analyzed and systematized through the method of Content Analysis. The analysis was to thread the six evaluation items of graduate programs of CAPES: Program proposal, Faculty, Students, Theses and dissertations, Intellectual production, Social insertion, and Internationalization. One tried to identify the positive comments, negative comments and suggestions of the academic community. The item Intellectual Production has received the highest amount of criticism, becoming therefore the focus of the questions and comments of the academic community. The items Program proposal, Faculty, Students, Theses and dissertations, Social insertion, and Internationalization received fewer comments. The results show that evaluation, despite criticism, is recognized as necessary by the academic community. As a final contribution, suggestions were made to enhance the formulation of the evaluation criteria in order to promote their better understanding and transparency.

Esta pesquisa discute a avaliação da pós-graduação no Brasil, analisando, de um lado, o sistema de avaliação da CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) e, de outro, a opinião da comunidade científica sobre esse sistema, focando especificamente nos critérios e instrumentos utilizados para esse fim. Pretendeu-se, com esta abordagem, contribuir para o aprimoramento do sistema de avaliação nacional da pós-graduação, tornando a avaliação um processo pactuado entre a CAPES e os programas de pós-graduação no Brasil. Para isso, foram confrontados os procedimentos utilizados no sistema de avaliação expressos nos documentos da CAPES e documentos das áreas de avaliação, com as opiniões da comunidade acadêmica apresentadas em artigos de periódicos e monografias. Foram estabelecidos como referenciais teóricos da pesquisa os conceitos de campo científico de Bourdieu e o de avaliação de Dahler- Larsen. O corpus da pesquisa foi coletado em três fontes: documentos criados pela CAPES, que contextualizam a pós-graduação e sua avaliação (PNPG 2011-2020); os Documentos de área elaborados pelas 48 áreas de avaliação e as críticas da comunidade acadêmica publicados em artigos de periódicos científicos. O corpus foi analisado e sistematizado por meio do método de Análise de Conteúdo. A análise teve como fio condutor os seis quesitos de avaliação de programas de pós-graduação da CAPES: Proposta do programa, Corpo docente, Corpo discente, teses e dissertações, Produção intelectual, Inserção social, e Internacionalização, bem como a Avaliação como um todo. Buscou-se identificar os comentários positivos, os comentários negativos e as sugestões da comunidade acadêmica. O quesito Produção intelectual foi o que recebeu a maior quantidade de críticas, identificando-se, portanto, como o foco das dúvidas e comentários da comunidade acadêmica. Os quesitos Proposta do programa, Corpo docente, Corpo discente, teses e dissertações, Inserção social, e Internacionalização receberam menor quantidade de comentários. Os resultados mostram que a avaliação, como um todo, apesar das críticas, é reconhecida como necessária pela comunidade acadêmica. Como contribuição final, foram feitas sugestões para aprimorar a enunciação dos quesitos e critérios de avaliação, de forma a promover sua melhor compreensão e transparência. / This research discusses the graduate evaluation in Brazil, analyzing, on the one hand, the evaluation system of CAPES (Higher Education Personnel Training Coordination) and, on the other, the opinion of the scientific community about this system, specifically focusing on criteria and instruments used for this purpose. It was intended, with this approach, contribute to the improvement of the national evaluation system, in order to make evaluation a process agreed between CAPES and graduate programs in Brazil. For this, they were confronted the procedures used in evaluation system expressed in the Capes documents and documents of the evaluation areas, with the views of the academic community presented in journal papers and monographs. The concepts of scientific field (Bourdieu) and evaluation society (Dahler-Larsen) were used as theoretical background of this research. The corpus of the research was collected from three sources: the documents created by CAPES which contextualize the evaluation process (PNPG 2011-2020), the documents prepared by the 48 evaluation areas and criticisms of the academic community published in scientific journals. The corpus was analyzed and systematized through the method of Content Analysis. The analysis was to thread the six evaluation items of graduate programs of CAPES: Program proposal, Faculty, Students, Theses and dissertations, Intellectual production, Social insertion, and Internationalization. One tried to identify the positive comments, negative comments and suggestions of the academic community. The item Intellectual Production has received the highest amount of criticism, becoming therefore the focus of the questions and comments of the academic community. The items Program proposal, Faculty, Students, Theses and dissertations, Social insertion, and Internationalization received fewer comments. The results show that evaluation, despite criticism, is recognized as necessary by the academic community. As a final contribution, suggestions were made to enhance the formulation of the evaluation criteria in order to promote their better understanding and transparency.

O imageamento por tensor de difusão (DTI) por ressonância magnética (RM) é um método de aquisição recente e de utilização bastante reduzida nos serviços que possuem equipamentos os softwares paro DTI. A partir desta situação notou-se a necessidade de um guia para os profissionais envolvidos RM; que servisse como fonte de consulta para auxiliar na aquisição do DTI. Para criação deste guia um referencial fez necessário e foi obtido apenas como norteador por meio de um questionário aplicado a profissionais que trabalham com RM, de uma clínica de Curitiba. Através do questionário foi possível levantar que conceitos e parâmetros o guia poderia explanar, notoriamente precisando dar ênfase aos parâmetros básicos da técnica, as formas de reconstrução dos dados e as formas de visualização. O guia foi montado explicando o processo de aquisição do DTI, os principais parâmetros envolvidos e os termos comuns aos exames desta natureza. Também foram elaboradas 15 perguntas frequentes sobre o DTI, com tabelas de consulta rápida. O resultado final é um guia de fácil manuseio e entendimento que visa auxiliar os profissionais da área a pesquisarem, apreenderem e utilizarem a técnica de imageamento por tensor de difusão. Apesar de pronto, existe ainda a necessidade de introduzir o guia e coletar sugestões e ainda aprimorar os questionamentos iniciais aos profissionais da área de modo a enriquecer o guia. / Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) by magnetic resonance (MR) is a recent method of acquisition whose utilization has been fairly reduced in services that use equipment with DTI software. From this situation, one observed the need to develop a guide for professionals involved in MR, which would serve as a reference source to assist in the acquisition of DTI. In order to make this guide, a reference was necessary to be given a steer and it was obtained through a questionnaire administered to professionals who work with MRI in a clinic in Curitiba. Through the questionnaire, it was possible to raise the concepts and parameters the guide could explain, especially emphasizing technique basic parameters, forms of data reconstruction and visualization forms. The guide was made explaining the acquisition of DTI, the main parameters involved and the common terms for these kinds of tests. In addition, 15 commonly asked questions about the DTI were prepared with quick reference tables. The final result is an easy-to-understand guide which aims to help the area professionals to search, apprehend and use the diffusion tensor imaging technique. Although it is ready, there is the need to introduce the guide and collect suggestions, and still, improve the professionals’ early questions to enhance the guide.

The purpose of this study is to explore and describe the knowledge, attitudes and experiences of health care workers who care for patients receiving treatment under DOTS strategy at public health facilities in the Windhoek District of the Khomas Region. A qualitative explorative, descriptive and contextual research design was used in this study. A purposive sampling was used to select participants who met the inclusion criteria for the study. The inclusion criteria was to be a health care worker who at the time of the study was working with patients who are on DOT for at least 6 months. A semi-structured interview guide was used to collect data. The study was conducted in the Windhoek district of the Khomas region, with a sample of 14 health care workers. Data was analysed by means of content analysis, a process of organizing and integrating narrative, qualitative data according to emerging themes and concepts. The three themes, which emerged from data analysis, were the knowledge of health care workers regarding the implementation of DOTS, the attitudes of health care workers towards patients on DOT which may affect the success of their treatments, and the experiences of health care workers when attending to patients on DOTS. The findings from the study may be used to engage stakeholders to address the shortcomings that exist in the implementation of the DOTS strategy in the district. / Health Studies / M.A. (Nursing Science)

Text in Afrikaans / Werkontleding word onderneem om die onderskeie funksies wat in 'n instelling uitgevoer word, te ontleed en te groepeer as pligte van individuele betrekkings wat in die proses ge1dentifiseer word. Inligting wat op grond van werkontleding verkry is, kan daartoe bydra dat die uitvoering van personeelfunksies doeltreffend en effektief geskied. 'n Li teratuurstudie en empiriese narvorsing is in hierdie·studie onderneem om te bepaal wat die rol van werkontleding in die ui tvoering van funksionele personeelbedrywighede in die Stadsraad van Lichtenburg is. Empiriese navorsing is onderneem in al die Departemente van die Stadsraad van Lichtenburg. Ten einde die doel van die studie te verwesenlik is vier navorsingsvrae gestel. Deur middel van vraelyste wat aan die teikengroep gestuur is, is data oor die navorsingsvrae ingesamel. Die empiriese studie het daarop gedui dat inligting verkry op grond van werkontleding wel kan bydra tot die effektiewe uitvoering van funksionele personeelbedrywighede. Dies studie het egter ui tgewys dat nie alle leidinggewende amptenare bewus is dat die inligting op grond van werkontleding verkry,. die uitvoering van hul personeelfunksies kan vergemaklik nie. / respective functions performed in an institution, as duties of individual jobs identified in the process. Information gathered on the basis of the job analysis, can contribute to the fact that the performing of personnel functions transpires efficiently and effectively. A literature study as well as empiricial research were undertaken in this study to determine ' what the role of job analyses is in the performing of functional personnel activities in the City Council of Lichtenburg. .on the basis of job analysis can definitely contribute to the effective performing of functional personnel activities. The study indicated however, that not all leadinq officials were aware that information gathered on the basis of job analysis, could expedite the performing of their personnel functions. / Public Administration and Management / M.Admin. (Public Administration)

This project analyzed the materials and training currently being taught in a 8 hour history and principles of law enforcement course at the San Bernardino County Sheriff's Department Training Academy, in conjunction with San Bernardino Valley College.

This paper is to evaluate the sales program at Arrowhead Credit Union, and make recommendations for enhancing and improving it. This paper provide guidance and direction to assist the Arrowhead Credit Unions transition to a sales focused organization.

Corrections has always been conventionally known as an occupational discipline and not a profession. The organization of corrections has been spoken of as a penitentiary, bearing in mind that the models of the buildings were meant for punishment; with correctional officers recognized as guards. The role of the guards was that of the keeper of the keys and their duty was mainly custodial in nature. The occupation was mainly attractive to white males with a record of unemployment and not much education. The occupation was stable, and did not require for any extra skill. Certain researchers believe that the selection methods for prison warders were extremely relaxed with a small amount of empirical validity. There was also thinking that a correctional officer needed a 20/20 vision and an IQ of an imbecile. Conversely, it has been perceived that a correctional officer can be the most significant individual in the offender’s life, having an influence in refining or declining the success of the different treatment programs that an offender undergoes (Josi & Sechrest, 1998, p. 3). Corrections is a human service occupation. Therefore, human service workers need to have knowledge of human behaviour and be able to assess their perspectives on any behaviour wisely and thus formulate reliable estimations. This will give them the opportunity to enjoy suitable decision making powers and formulate a trend on professional behaviour. Their knowledge of human behaviour will also strengthen the capability to foresee behaviour and give special knowledge to prevent any hesitancy(Williamson, 1990, p. 43). The role of the correctional officers (security staff) has intensely changed over the past few decades.The correctional officer is in today's corrections, expected to balance security and still be responsible for changing the behaviour of offenders constructively (Josi & Sechrest, 1998, p. 11). In order to have a comprehensive understanding of the distinctive and contradictory role of the correctional officer, it is very important to appreciate the changes that have transpired in penal philosophy all through the centuries. Throughout the research, the researcher will make an effort to capture the heritage of corrections and the evolving systems of punishment of Europe, the United States of America and South Africa and look at the applications of the rehabilitation concept and how the Correctional Officer has been utilised as a skilled and knowledgeable professional in the whole process. The aim of the research being to determine the effect that correctional and professional officers have on rehabilitation of offenders and determine the process by which the Correctional environment can be transformed to a true profession of highest integrity and competence. Objectives for the study will be: • To analyse the history and development of Corrections internationally and its philosophical background • To examine the impact of the history of rehabilitation in the South African Corrections system, from the development of the first prisons in 1652 to the demilitarisation of prisons system in the 1990s, right through to the actualisation of the South African White Paper on Corrections, 2005 • To critically examine the professional status of the Corrections occupation against other existing professions. The issues on education, training, credentialing, autonomy, code of ethics and special expertise are some of the aspects that will be looked at as the primary criterion for professions • To explain the conception of rehabilitation and its development and application both internationally and nationally • To critically look at the importance of Corrections system while highlighting the mandated role of the Correctional officer and the duality of the role of balancing security and rehabilitation. The study will contribute on the basis of knowledge in particular regard to Education and Training of Correctional Officers. A model will be developed for South African Correctional Services Systems and predominant focus will be on the performance and education and training of Correctional Officers in South Africa. / Penology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Penology)