In this study I have examined teachers’ attitude to children in preschool. I have used the qualitative method focus groups to collect empirical data where the participants discussed freely about two fictitious cases. The cases is of such a nature that they could happen daily in the preschool and that they have no right or wrong answer in how teachers should act, instead there are many different ways to act in the situations. The approach a teacher has to the children proved to be about what kind of view on children they have and how it is influenced by external factors. The result shows that there are many different ways to perceive and relate to children in preschool, in this study I have found seven different categories. In the study I use a phenomenographically way of looking at the phenomenon. In a phenomenographically way of looking at a phenomenon you are interested of the second order perspective. With the second order perspective it means that you look at how the participants perceive the phenomenon. / I denna studie har jag undersökt pedagogers förhållningssätt till barnen i förskolan. Jag har använt mig av den kvalitativa metoden fokusgruppssamtal för att samla in empirin där deltagarna har fått diskutera fritt kring två fiktiva case. Casen är av sådan karaktär att de skulle kunna hända dagligen i förskolan och att de inte har något rätt eller fel i hur pedagogen ska handla utan det finns många olika sätt att agera i situationerna. Vilket förhållningssätt till barnen en pedagog har visade sig handla om vad denne har för barnsyn och hur pass påverkad pedagogen blir av yttre faktorer. Resultatet visar att det finns många olika sätt att uppfatta och förhålla sig till barn i förskolan, i den här studien har jag funnit sju olika kategorier. I studien använder jag mig av en fenomenografisk ansats och tittar i och med detta efter andra ordningens perspektiv. Med andra ordningens perspektiv menas att en tittar på hur deltagarna uppfattar fenomenet.

In this paper I have studied the two new religious phenomena, Temple of the Jedi Order and Whovianism, based on the cognitive concept of man dominated by schemas that characterize the outcome of adequate response to new situations. This principle is about how man faces new situations through old knowledge and experience of similar events. For this study, I analyzed selected stories in which individuals describe their religious interest and involvement in the Star Wars movies, and the related religious community Temple of the Jedi Order, as well as the television series Doctor Who, with the associated religious community Whovianism. This study was inspired by phenomenographic method by which researchers focus on the perceived and how it is conveyed in the respective story. The results of this study show that new religious phenomena, such as the Temple of the Jedi Order and Whovianism, can be explained using the theory of cognitive schemas.  The study shows that the individuals, whose stories have been examined, use ancient knowledge and experiences on the different aspects conveyed by Star Wars and Doctor Who and through this a new religious community is born.

The purpose of this study is to investigate some teachers in special school´s perceptions of the meeting of compulsory school and special school. In this study, ethnocentrism is used as a theoretical framework, the theory which is built on the meeting between groups and how they interact. The study has a phenomenographic onset, which is a qualitative method. The gathering of data was made through interviews, one to one. Five interviews were made and analyzed by the use of phenomenographic analysis. Five categories were identified: Inclusion, commitment and interest, knowledge about special school, to be forgotten, and differences in cognitive approach. In the sample space the underlying structures was discussed by ethnocentrism, as well as previous literature and research. Some common points of contact between ethnocentrism and previous research on the meeting could be found. What the study also found was that four out of five respondents felt a sense of belonging in school, while one felt that the Special school was excluded from the regular school. The respondents could all agree on the fact that several factors affected the meeting. These five categories could be seen as areas of improvement in schools that want to work in an inclusive manner. These factors were also lifted in previous research on special school and inclusion.

No description available.

In this study, teachers’ perceptions of digital tools in teaching of the hairdressing program are examined. The theoretical starting point for the essay is how the role of digitizing can be seen from a socio-cultural perspective. The collection of data has been made through interviews with a qualitative phenomonographic approach, and five hairdressing teachers in ages 28-57 in the hairdressing program have been interviewed. The result of this study emphasizes that teachers’ knowledge of digital tools’ functions are varied. The examination also point to a relation between teachers’ interest and actual use of digital tools when teaching. In the interviews, the teachers share different views concerning the role of digitizing when it comes to learning. Some see digital tools as a natural element in teaching as our society is becoming more and more digitizing. However, the perception is also that digital tools might pose a threat to the social profession that the students should be trained for.

<p><strong>Syftet </strong>var att beskriva hur sjuksköterskor inom palliativ hemsjukvård uppfattar ochlindrar andnöd hos cancerpatienter i sen palliativ fas.</p><p><strong>Metoden </strong>var kvalitativ med fenomenografis ansnats. Sex informanter från två palliativa hemsjukvårdsteam i Mellansverige valdes ut och intervjuades.</p><p><strong>Resultatet </strong>som representerar informanternas olika uppfattningar bestod av de fem kvalitativt skilda beskrivningskategorierna:</p><ul><li>Diskrepans i uppfattningen av andnöd som vanligt förekommande och svårt.</li><li>Fysiska och psykosociala faktorer orsakar andnöd.</li><li>Stödjande faktorer är betydelsefulla för sjuksköterksans arbete.</li><li>Känsla av osäkerhet och otillräcklighet.</li><li>Medicinska åtgärder prioriteras framför omvårdnadsåtgärder.</li></ul><p><strong>Slutsats:</strong> Studien visade att andnöd var ett komplext symtom som kräver enn mångfacetterad kompetens. Det framgår också att läkarstöd, kollegialt stöd, manualer, handledning oc erfarenhet stärkte informanternas omvårdnadsarbete och ökade förutsättningarna för att patientens andnöd lindrades på ett adekvat sätt. En god tillgång till de olika stödfaktorerna ökade dessutom informanternas möjlighet att hantera den ansträngda situation som uppstod i patientens hem.</p><p> </p>

Syftet var att beskriva hur sjuksköterskor inom palliativ hemsjukvård uppfattar ochlindrar andnöd hos cancerpatienter i sen palliativ fas. Metoden var kvalitativ med fenomenografis ansnats. Sex informanter från två palliativa hemsjukvårdsteam i Mellansverige valdes ut och intervjuades. Resultatet som representerar informanternas olika uppfattningar bestod av de fem kvalitativt skilda beskrivningskategorierna: Diskrepans i uppfattningen av andnöd som vanligt förekommande och svårt. Fysiska och psykosociala faktorer orsakar andnöd. Stödjande faktorer är betydelsefulla för sjuksköterksans arbete. Känsla av osäkerhet och otillräcklighet. Medicinska åtgärder prioriteras framför omvårdnadsåtgärder. Slutsats: Studien visade att andnöd var ett komplext symtom som kräver enn mångfacetterad kompetens. Det framgår också att läkarstöd, kollegialt stöd, manualer, handledning oc erfarenhet stärkte informanternas omvårdnadsarbete och ökade förutsättningarna för att patientens andnöd lindrades på ett adekvat sätt. En god tillgång till de olika stödfaktorerna ökade dessutom informanternas möjlighet att hantera den ansträngda situation som uppstod i patientens hem.

Hensikten med denne studien er å få mer kunnskaputifra et folkehelseperspektiv, om hvordan forståelsen og bruken av fenomenet mobbing, kan påvirke hvordan barnet opplever trivsel i barnehagen. Metode: I arbeidet ble fenomenografi brukt som tilnærmingsmetode, samt triangulering og emergent design. Pedagoger fra to barnehager, utvalgt på bakgrunn av ulik deltagelse i kurs i forhold til fenomenet, ble intervjuet med semistrukturel intervju guide. Dokumenter angående mobbeforebyggende arbeid ble analysert. En pedagogisk mobbeforebyggende undervisningstime for fire og femåringer ble observert. Ansatte innen statlige, fylkesmannsetaten og kommunale avdelinger, med legal, kontrollerende eller støttende mandat ble oppsporet og intervjuet angående deres mandat og rolle i det mobbeforebyggende arbeid forbarnehage. Resultat: Ansvaret for mobbeforebyggende arbeid funnet å væreopp til barnehagelederes egetiniativ. I forhold til folkehelsearbeid på systemnivåer fremkom det et svakt lovmessig mandat for at statlig, fylkesmannsetaten og kommunalt nivå skalkunne kontrolere og forebygge mobbing i barnehagen. Alle tre eksterne nivå hadde struktur for å distribuere oppdatert informasjonangående mobbeforebygging til barnehagene. Innhenting av informasjon var opp til den individuelle barnehage.Bruk av mobbebegrepet i barnehagemiljøet gav emosjonell respons angående aksept av mobbing. Ulik aksept gaulik bruk av begrepet. Dette påvirket innhentingen av tilrettelagt mobbeforebyggende informasjon og utvikling av barnehagens policy. Bruk av ulike definisjoner av mobbebegrepet ga rom for varierte tolkninger av episodermed hensyn til psykososial adferd blandt barna. Konklusjonen: Den svake lovhjemmel for kontroll fra stat, fylkesmann og kommune av barnehagens psykososiale miljø medfører at barnehagen og dens stab emosjonelle tolkning av mobbing blir grunleggende for mobbeforbygging i teoriog praksis. Derved blir det opptil foreldrene å sjekke ut det forebyggende mobbearbeid i den enkelte barnehagen. / Aim: This study aimed to explore how the use and understanding of bullying can influence a child’s ability to thrivein the psychosocial milieu of childcare centers. Method: This study used a phenomenographic approach, including triangulation and emergent design. Usinga semi-structured interview guide, we interviewed staff membersat two childcare centerswith different attendancerates, who had attended prior information sessions regarding the phenomenon.We analyzed documents regarding anti-bullyingpolicies and observed a pedagogic anti-bullyingprogram session for 4-and 5-year-old children. We also identified and interviewed personnel at different external department levels, all havinga legislative, controlling, or supporting mandate for anti-bullyingpolicies, regarding their role in creating a safe psychosocial milieu in childcare. Result: Regarding public health, data analyses revealed a weak legislative mandate at the external state level. Consequently, weak mandates for legislative and control at the county and council levels hindered enforcement ofa safe psychosocial milieu for children in childcare facilities. All three governmental levels distributed positive, encouraging, and updated information to each childcare center, but application of information occurred only at the initiative of each center. The use of bullying terminology in the childcare facility generated an emotional response, resulting in different levels of acceptance and different use of terminology describing bulling. This influenced the center’s use of governmental information and the creation of their own anti-bulling policy. Utilization of different terminology allowed varied interpretations of incidents regarding psychosocial behavior among the children. Conclusions: Weak legislative control regarding governmental enforcement of children’s right to a safe psychosocial milieu leaves the development and utilization of anti-bullying policies in the hands of individual childcare centers. Presently, parents must check each childcare center regarding anti-bullyingpolicy. / <p>ISBN 978-91-86739-96-6</p>

Evangelical churches hold evangelism as a hallmark of their movement, but evangelism and conversion rates are in decline. Might this decline be the result of absent or inadequate evangelistic equipping on the part of the church? This project presents a phenomenographic analysis and critique on how congregations are being equipped for evangelism. It employs both surveys of congregational members as well as pastoral leaders. Follow-up interviews with pastoral leaders have also been used to clarify findings from the initial surveys. These interviews have been analyzed to discover the qualitatively different understandings that are evident in the data regarding the phenomenon of evangelistic equipping. These understandings are categorized, and a description of each category type is provided. The results of these findings provide a more expansive understanding of the equipping task and offer specific ways in which the task of evangelistic equipping can be expanded to serve the Evangelical church better.

Med bakgrund i att begreppet matematiksvårigheter tycks tolkas olika och att det inte helt och hållet är klarlagt hur en lämplig undervisning ska bedrivas för elever med matematiksvårigheter så syftar detta självständiga arbete till att studera det närmare. Syftet med uppsatsen är att fånga speciallärarnas tankar och kunskap om fenomenet matematiksvårigheter och undersöka vilka undervisningsstrategier som kan användas för att stödja elever i matematiksvårigheter inom matematikämnet. Baserat på syftet av studien ska följande frågeställningar besvaras hur speciallärare uppfattar fenomenet matematiksvårigheter? Hur beskriver speciallärare relevant matematikundervisning för elever med matematiksvårigheter? För att uppnå syftet och besvara frågeställningarna har intervju samt fenomenografisk- och tematisk analys tillämpats. Intervjuerna genomfördes genom videokommunikation. Intervjuer genomfördes av sex olika speciallärare alla med speciallärarexamen, verksamma i olika kommuner runt om i Sverige. Svaren på frågorna 1–4 analyserades genom fenomenografisk analys och resterande intervjufrågor analyserades genom tematisk analys. Genom fenomenografisk analys framkom speciallärarnas uppfattningar om orsaker till matematiksvårigheter både gällande generella- och specifika matematiksvårigheter. Det som framkom är bland annat att utformningen av matematikundervisningen arbetssätt och lärmiljö kan bidra till att eleverna utvecklar matematiksvårigheter. Slutsats ur studien är att speciallärarnas erfarenheter och uppfattningar om orsaker till matematiksvårigheter tycks vara för stort elevantal, tidsbrist och bristen på studiero. En annan orsak till specifika matematiksvårigheter är att fel diagnostisering. Vidare framträdde speciallärarnas beskrivningar och upplevelser av relevant undervisningsstrategier genom tematisk analys. Sådan matematikundervisning är enligt speciallärarna att eleverna guidas från det konkreta till mer abstrakta delar i undervisningen och stegvis lösa matematiska uppgifter i explicit undervisning. Det är rimligt att anta att både explicit undervisning och undervisning som guidar eleverna från konkret och abstrakt stöttar elevernas kognitiva utveckling vilket är det mest relevanta och framgångsrika undervisningsstrategier för elever i matematiksvårigheter. / Given that the concept of mathematical difficulties seems to be interpreted differently and that it is not entirely clear how a suitable teaching should be conducted for students with mathematical difficulties, this independent work aims to study it in more detail. The purpose of the essay is to capture the special needs teachers' thoughts and knowledge about the phenomenon of mathematics difficulties and to investigate which teaching strategies are used to support students in mathematics difficulties in the subject of mathematics. Based on the purpose of the study, the following questions should be answered how special needs teachers perceive the phenomenon of mathematics difficulties? How do special needs teachers describe relevant mathematics teaching for students? To achieve the purpose and answer questions, phenomenographic interviews, transcription, phenomenographic and thematic analysis have been applied. Phenomenographic interviews conducted in video communication. The interviews were completed by six different special teachers, all of whom received special teacher degrees in different municipalities around Sweden. The results of the data collection were divided into the interview questions. Questions 1–4 were analyzed by phenomenographic analysis and the remaining interview questions were analyzed by thematic analysis.Through phenomenographic analysis, the special teachers' perceptions of causes of mathematical difficulties emerged, both regarding general and specific mathematical difficulties. It emerged, among other things, that the design of mathematics teaching working methods and learning environment can contribute to students developing mathematical difficulties. Another reason for specific mathematical difficulties is that incorrect diagnosis can lead to students having difficulties. Furthermore, descriptions and experiences of the special teachers went through thematic analysis. The relevant mathematics teaching according to the special teachers is that the students are guided from the concrete to the abstract parts of the teaching and explicit teaching. Some conclusions from the study are that it is possible to assume that the special teachers' experiences and perceptions that the reason why mathematical difficulties can arise is due to the design of the teaching regarding student number, lack of time and study leave. Also, that these problematic factors must change in the school world to reduce the number of students who end up in mathematics difficulties. It is also likely to assume that students with specific math difficulties do not need to be diagnosed to counteract misdiagnosis as a causal explanation for students ending up in math difficulties. The students in mathematics difficulties can, regardless of diagnosis, receive the support needed to stimulate and lead students in the subject of mathematics according to the Education Act. It is further reasonable to assume that both explicit teaching and teaching that guides student from concrete and abstract support students' cognitive development, which is the most relevant and successful teaching strategies for students in mathematics difficulties.