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The diploma work is dealing with an influence of postural muscles on preschool children singing expression as weel as on connection between a posture and a breathe. The aim of this diploma work is not just a clarification of this issue, but primaliry it is an aspiration of creating a methodology of exercises, which leads to an improvement of children`s singing. Experimental part of this diploma work is concerned with a verification of created methodology on constant group of preschool children. An audio CD with records of children singing expressions, which confirms reached verdicts, is included.

This dissertation thesis deals with the demands on teachers' voice and proper use of voice in the teacher's profession. The whole thesis consists of two parts: theoretical and practical. The theoretical part is divided into nine sections: the anatomy and physiology of the vocal tract, voice developement, comparison of spoken and singing voice, psychological impact on voice, voice defects and hygiene, voice reeducation, methods of voice diagnostics and voice acoustics. The research part presents the findings of acoustic voice measurement. Students (only women) of Faculty of Education in Prague participed in the research. The objective of this part was to asses the quality of students' voice and their voice readiness for future teaching.

Na primeira parte deste estudo, foram dissecados 30 polos superiores tireoideanos, de 15 cadáveres frescos, com o intuito de se identificar o ramo externo do nervo laríngeo superior (RELS) e analisar as suas relações anatômicas com o pedículo superior da glândula tireóide. Obedecendo a uma classificação eminentemente anátomo-cirúrgica, 1 nervo (3%) não foi localizado, 18 (60%) eram do Tipo 1 (cruzando os vasos tireoideanos superiores acima de 1 cm de um plano horizontal que passava pela borda do polo superior tireoideano), 5 (17%) eram do Tipo 2a (nervo a menos de 1 cm acima do plano acima descrito) e 6 (20%) eram do tipo 2b (nervo abaixo do plano). Esta última configuração anatômica foi considerada de alto risco de lesão iatrogênica durante uma hipotética tireoidectomia. A seguir, foi executado um estudo clínico, prospectivo e randomizado. Setenta e seis doentes, após uma avaliação fonoaudiológica completa pré-operatória, foram divididos em tres grupos. No Grupo 1, o polo superior foi dissecado pelo Autor com lupa, pesquisando-se o RELS, após a secção dos músculos pré-tireoideanos, por meio de um neuro-estimulador e observando-se a consequente contração do músculo crico-tireoídeo (MCf) no próprio campo operatório. No Grupo 2, o polo superior tireoideano foi dissecado por Médicos-Residentes de 20. Ano de Cirurgia Geral, estagiando na Disciplina de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (DCCP-HC FMUSP), sem qualquer tentativa para se individualizar o RELS. Os indivíduos do Grupo 3 foram operados obedecendo à mesma técnica descrita no grupo anterior, pelo Autor. No período pós-operatório, foi repetida a avaliação fonoaudiológica e realizada uma eletromiografia de ambos os MCT. Os doentes que tiveram uma lesão completa do RELS, comprovada pela ausência de atividade elétrica do MCT, sofreram novas avaliações fonoaudiológica e eletromiográfica tardias, 6 meses após a cirurgia. Nenhum caso do Grupo 1 apresentou lesão completa do RELS. No Grupo 2, 28% dos pacientes exibiram esta lesão, que foi definitiva em 57%. No Grupo 3, constataram-se lesões totais em 12% dos doentes; nenhuma das lesões analisadas tardiamente neste grupo foi definitiva. Quando comparados com os nervos não dissecados, houve um aumento estatisticamente significativo de lesões completas nos Grupos 2 (p=O,0002776) e 3 (p=O,0346393), enquanto que não houve diferença nos doentes do Grupo 1. A avaliação fonoaudiológica revelou uma melhora nos parâmetros dos casos do Grupo 1, mormente aqueles relacionados com a respiração. Observou-se uma deterioração da performance vocal nos doentes do Grupo 2, que persistiu, em parte, na avaliação fonoaudiológica tardia. Já no Grupo 3 foi marcante uma piora estatisticamente significativa nas frequências mais altas e uma redução acentuada na extensão vocal, que foram atribuídas a lesões parciais do RELS, não detectadas pela avaliação eletromiográfica. Concluiu-se que a única forma eficaz de se prevenir uma lesão iatrogênica do RELS durante uma tireoidectomia foi a sua pesquisa sistemática e objetiva na região do polo superior, com O auxílio de um neuro-estimulador. / In the first part of this study, the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (RELS) was dissected in the region of 30 superior thyroid poles, in 15 fresh cadavers, with special attention for its anatomical relationship with the superior thyroid vessels. Four different kinds of nerves were found: Not localized - 1 (3%) nerve; Type 1 (crossing the superior thyroid vessels more than 1cm above a horizontal plane located at the upper limit of the superior thyroid pole) - 18 (60%); Type 2a (nerve situated less than 1 cm above the plane) - 5 (17%); Type 2b (nerve below the plane) - 6 (20%). This last relationship was considered to be \"high risk\", regarding an iatrogenic lesion during a hypothetical thyroidectomy. Then, a prospective randomized clinical study was undertaken. Seventy-six patients, after being submitted to a complete phonoaudiological evaluation, were divided in three groups. In Group 1, the superior thyroid pole was dissected by the Author with a loupe, searching the RELS with a nerve stimulator, after dividing the strap muscles to gain better exposure. The identification of the nerve was considered to be positive when a contraction of the cricothyroid muscle (MCT) was obtained. In Group 2, the superior thyroid pole was operated on by 2nd Year General Surgery Residents, training during a I-rnonth period at the Department of Head and Neck Surgery of Hospital das Clínicas of the University of São Paulo Medical School (DCCP-HC FMUSP), without any attempt to identify the RELS. In Group 3, the patients were operated on by the Author, according to the same technique described for the Group 2. In the postoperative period, the complete phonoaudiological evaluation was repeated and an electromiography of both MCTs was performed. Those cases who showed a complete lesion of the RELS, which was evident by the absence of any electrical activity of the MCT, underwent again both phonoaudiological and electromiographic evaluations, 6 months after the surgery. No patient in Group 1 showed any complete lesion of the RELS. In Group 2, 28% of the cases suffered this lesion, which was definitive in 57%. In Group 3, 12% of the patients had a complete paralysis of the nerve; none of the two lesions analyzed after 6 months (67%) proved to be definitive. A comparison of the three groups was established with the non-dissected nerves. A significant statistical difference was obtained in the Groups 2 (p=0.0002776) and 3 (p=0.00346393), clearly demonstrating an increased risk of lesion in these groups. No difference was observed between Group 1 and the non-dissected nerves group. An actual improvement in the vocal performance was noted in Goup 1, especially regarding respiratory characteristics. On the other hand, the vocal performance worsened in Group 2 patients, and this deterioration persisted, in part, also during the late evaluations. ln Group 3, there was a marked lowering of the highest frequencies, associated with a profound reduction in the vocal extension. These features were attributed to partial RELS lesions, which could not be detected by the electromiography. ln conclusion, the only effective way to prevent an iatrogenic lesion of the RELS during a thyroidectomy was, in this study, an objective and meticulous search of the nerve near the superior thyroid pole, using a nerve stimulator.

Na primeira parte deste estudo, foram dissecados 30 polos superiores tireoideanos, de 15 cadáveres frescos, com o intuito de se identificar o ramo externo do nervo laríngeo superior (RELS) e analisar as suas relações anatômicas com o pedículo superior da glândula tireóide. Obedecendo a uma classificação eminentemente anátomo-cirúrgica, 1 nervo (3%) não foi localizado, 18 (60%) eram do Tipo 1 (cruzando os vasos tireoideanos superiores acima de 1 cm de um plano horizontal que passava pela borda do polo superior tireoideano), 5 (17%) eram do Tipo 2a (nervo a menos de 1 cm acima do plano acima descrito) e 6 (20%) eram do tipo 2b (nervo abaixo do plano). Esta última configuração anatômica foi considerada de alto risco de lesão iatrogênica durante uma hipotética tireoidectomia. A seguir, foi executado um estudo clínico, prospectivo e randomizado. Setenta e seis doentes, após uma avaliação fonoaudiológica completa pré-operatória, foram divididos em tres grupos. No Grupo 1, o polo superior foi dissecado pelo Autor com lupa, pesquisando-se o RELS, após a secção dos músculos pré-tireoideanos, por meio de um neuro-estimulador e observando-se a consequente contração do músculo crico-tireoídeo (MCf) no próprio campo operatório. No Grupo 2, o polo superior tireoideano foi dissecado por Médicos-Residentes de 20. Ano de Cirurgia Geral, estagiando na Disciplina de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (DCCP-HC FMUSP), sem qualquer tentativa para se individualizar o RELS. Os indivíduos do Grupo 3 foram operados obedecendo à mesma técnica descrita no grupo anterior, pelo Autor. No período pós-operatório, foi repetida a avaliação fonoaudiológica e realizada uma eletromiografia de ambos os MCT. Os doentes que tiveram uma lesão completa do RELS, comprovada pela ausência de atividade elétrica do MCT, sofreram novas avaliações fonoaudiológica e eletromiográfica tardias, 6 meses após a cirurgia. Nenhum caso do Grupo 1 apresentou lesão completa do RELS. No Grupo 2, 28% dos pacientes exibiram esta lesão, que foi definitiva em 57%. No Grupo 3, constataram-se lesões totais em 12% dos doentes; nenhuma das lesões analisadas tardiamente neste grupo foi definitiva. Quando comparados com os nervos não dissecados, houve um aumento estatisticamente significativo de lesões completas nos Grupos 2 (p=O,0002776) e 3 (p=O,0346393), enquanto que não houve diferença nos doentes do Grupo 1. A avaliação fonoaudiológica revelou uma melhora nos parâmetros dos casos do Grupo 1, mormente aqueles relacionados com a respiração. Observou-se uma deterioração da performance vocal nos doentes do Grupo 2, que persistiu, em parte, na avaliação fonoaudiológica tardia. Já no Grupo 3 foi marcante uma piora estatisticamente significativa nas frequências mais altas e uma redução acentuada na extensão vocal, que foram atribuídas a lesões parciais do RELS, não detectadas pela avaliação eletromiográfica. Concluiu-se que a única forma eficaz de se prevenir uma lesão iatrogênica do RELS durante uma tireoidectomia foi a sua pesquisa sistemática e objetiva na região do polo superior, com O auxílio de um neuro-estimulador. / In the first part of this study, the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (RELS) was dissected in the region of 30 superior thyroid poles, in 15 fresh cadavers, with special attention for its anatomical relationship with the superior thyroid vessels. Four different kinds of nerves were found: Not localized - 1 (3%) nerve; Type 1 (crossing the superior thyroid vessels more than 1cm above a horizontal plane located at the upper limit of the superior thyroid pole) - 18 (60%); Type 2a (nerve situated less than 1 cm above the plane) - 5 (17%); Type 2b (nerve below the plane) - 6 (20%). This last relationship was considered to be \"high risk\", regarding an iatrogenic lesion during a hypothetical thyroidectomy. Then, a prospective randomized clinical study was undertaken. Seventy-six patients, after being submitted to a complete phonoaudiological evaluation, were divided in three groups. In Group 1, the superior thyroid pole was dissected by the Author with a loupe, searching the RELS with a nerve stimulator, after dividing the strap muscles to gain better exposure. The identification of the nerve was considered to be positive when a contraction of the cricothyroid muscle (MCT) was obtained. In Group 2, the superior thyroid pole was operated on by 2nd Year General Surgery Residents, training during a I-rnonth period at the Department of Head and Neck Surgery of Hospital das Clínicas of the University of São Paulo Medical School (DCCP-HC FMUSP), without any attempt to identify the RELS. In Group 3, the patients were operated on by the Author, according to the same technique described for the Group 2. In the postoperative period, the complete phonoaudiological evaluation was repeated and an electromiography of both MCTs was performed. Those cases who showed a complete lesion of the RELS, which was evident by the absence of any electrical activity of the MCT, underwent again both phonoaudiological and electromiographic evaluations, 6 months after the surgery. No patient in Group 1 showed any complete lesion of the RELS. In Group 2, 28% of the cases suffered this lesion, which was definitive in 57%. In Group 3, 12% of the patients had a complete paralysis of the nerve; none of the two lesions analyzed after 6 months (67%) proved to be definitive. A comparison of the three groups was established with the non-dissected nerves. A significant statistical difference was obtained in the Groups 2 (p=0.0002776) and 3 (p=0.00346393), clearly demonstrating an increased risk of lesion in these groups. No difference was observed between Group 1 and the non-dissected nerves group. An actual improvement in the vocal performance was noted in Goup 1, especially regarding respiratory characteristics. On the other hand, the vocal performance worsened in Group 2 patients, and this deterioration persisted, in part, also during the late evaluations. ln Group 3, there was a marked lowering of the highest frequencies, associated with a profound reduction in the vocal extension. These features were attributed to partial RELS lesions, which could not be detected by the electromiography. ln conclusion, the only effective way to prevent an iatrogenic lesion of the RELS during a thyroidectomy was, in this study, an objective and meticulous search of the nerve near the superior thyroid pole, using a nerve stimulator.

This doctoral thesis focuses on computational modelling of human vocal folds and vocal tract functions using finite element method (FEM). Human voice is crucial in human communication. Therefore one of the main targets of current medicine is creation of artificial vocal folds, which would substitute the original vocal folds. The computational modelling can be used to understand principles of voice production, determination of parameters that the artificial vocal folds have to meet and verification of their functionality. First part of this thesis focuses on modelling of human voice creation by whisper. Influence of intraglottal gap on eigenvalues distribution for individual vowels was analysed using FEM vocal tract and trachea model. Further there is presented two-dimensional (2D) finite element model of the flow-induced self-oscillation of the human vocal folds in interaction with acoustic spaces of the vocal tract. The 2D vocal tract model was created on the basis of converting the data from magnetic resonance images (MRI). Explicit coupling scheme with separated solvers for structure and fluid domain was used for modelling of the fluid-structure interaction. Created computational model comprises: large deformations of the vocal folds tissue, contact between vocal folds, fluid-structure interaction, morphing the fluid mesh according to the vocal-fold motion (Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian approach), unsteady viscous compressible or incompressible airflow described by the Navier-Stokes equations and airflow separation during glottis closure. This model is used to analyse the influence of stiffness and damping changes in individual vocal fold tissue layers (in particular in superficial lamina propria). Part of this computational analysis is also comparison of vocal folds behaviour for compressible and incompressible flow model. Videokymograms (VKG) are subsequently created from obtained results of FEM calculations which enable to compare individual variants between themselves and with motion of real human vocal folds. In next part of this thesis is presented three-dimensional (3D) finite element model of the flow-induced self-oscillation of the human vocal folds. This 3D model was created from a previous 2D model by extrude to the third direction. Using this model was again compared influence of compressible and incompressible flow model on vocal folds motion and generated sound by using videokymograms and acoustic spectra. The last part of this thesis focuses on the possibility to replace missing natural source voice in form reed-based element. Behaviour of reed-based element was analysed using computational modelling and using measurements on experimental physical model. The physical model enables changes in setting gap between reed and reed stop and performing acoustical and optical measurements.

The thesis is dedicated to the specifics of Paralinguistics. In the research there discussed the features of paralinguistic devices in different types of mixed texts in English and Chinese, their impact on the verbal communication in both oral and written language. The structure of the work consists of two chapters: theoretical and practical. The theoretical part examines the theoretical background of the research, the basic concepts and essence of Paralinguistics, classification of paralinguistic devices, concept and essence of mixed texts and their variety. In the second chapter, on the basis of practical materials, there determined and analyzed, cases, the use of certain paralinguistic devices, their functions, interaction with the verbal component of the text and results. The main resultss of the thesis are presented and published in the scientific article "Non-verbal Communication in Business Relations with China" at the International Scientific and Practical Conference "Discovery Science Research" (Petrozavodsk, Russia, 2020). Awarded by Diploma I. / Данное магистерское диссертационное исследование посвящено специфике науки «паралингвистика». В ходе исследования рассматриваются особенности паралингвистических средств в разных типах смешанных текстов на английском и китайском языках, их влияние на вербальную сторону коммуникации как в устной, так и в письменной речи. Структура работы состоит из двух глав: теоретической и практической. В теоретической части рассматриваются теоретические предпосылки изучения, основные понятия и сущность паралингвистики, классификация паралингвистических средств, понятие и сущность смешанных текстов, и их разновидность. Во второй главе на основе практических материалов определяются и анализируются ситуации, применение тех или иных паралингвистических средств, их функции, взаимодействие с вербальной составляющей текста и результаты. Основные положения диссертационного исследования представлены и опубликованы в научной статье «Невербальная коммуникация в деловых отношениях с Китаем» на Международной научно-практической конференции «Discovery Science Research» (г. Петрозаводск, 2020 г.). Диплом I степени.

Die Physik der Lauterzeugung (Phonation) wurde mit Hilfe der Theorie der Nichtlinearen Dynamik untersucht. Digitale Hochgeschwindigkeitsaufnamen von Schwingungen in menschlichen und nichtmenschlichen Kehlkoepfen, digitale Bildanalyse, Signalanalyse und Modenanalyse wurden zur quantitativen Beschreibung nichtlinearer Phaenomene eingesetzt. Es wurden nichtlineare Phaenomene bei stimmkranker (pathologischer) menschlicher Lauterzeugung untersucht, wie auch in stimmgesunden Singstimmen und in Kehlkoepfen von nichtmenschlichen Saeugetieren mit Stimmlippen-Membranen. Durch Bifurkationsanalyse eines einfachen mathematischen Modells fuer Stimmlippen mit Membranen konnten beobachtete Lautmuster nichtmenschlicher Saeugetiere qualitativ "nichtlinear gefittet" werden. Die Schwerpunkte dieser Arbeit waren: 1. die Klassifikation von Lautmustern in zeitgenoessischer Vokalmusik, um Erzeugungsmechanismen fuer komplexe Stimmklaenge zu erklaeren, die im kuenstlerischen Kontext vorkommen. Im besonderen war die Rolle der Quelle-Trakt-Kopplung von Interesse; 2. Instabilitaeten in Stimmpatienten, die durch Asymmetrien in einzelnen Stimmlippen wie auch zwischen den Stimmlippen verursacht wurden; 3. dynamische Effekte von duennen, leichten und schwingenden Stimmlippen-Membranen, vertikalen Fortsaetzen der Stimmlippen bei Saeugetieren. Stimmlippen-Membrane finden sich in Kehlkoepfen von Fledermaeusen und Primaten, wo sie einerseits zur Ultraschallerzeugung verwendet werden und andererseits fuer eine grosse Lautvielfalt sorgen. Ein Stimmlippen-Membran-Modell wurde entwickelt, um dieses diverse Lautrepertoire zu reproduzieren. Dieses Modell zeigte zwei Stimmregister. Ueber die Geometry der Stimmlippen-Membrane konnte der subglottale Einsatzdruck minimiert werden und der Druckbereich fuer Phonationen vergroessert werden. Numerische Simulationen demonstrierten, dass das phaenomenologische Stimm-Membran-Modell das Lautrepertoire von Fledermaeusen und Primaten qualitativ reproduzieren konnte. / In this thesis, the physics of phonation was discussed using the theory of nonlinear dynamics. Digital high speed recordings of human and nonhuman laryneal oscillations, image processing, signal analysis, and modal analysis have been used to quantitatively describe nonlinear phenomena in pathological human phonation, healthy voices in singing, and nonhuman mammalian larynges with vocal membranes. Bifurcation analysis of a simple mathematical model for vocal folds with vocal membranes allowed a qualitative ''nonlinear fit'' of observed vocalization patterns in nonhuman mammals. The main focus of the present work was on: 1. the classification of vocalizations of contemporary vocal music to provide insight to production mechanisms of complex sonorities in artistic contexts, especially to nonlinear source-tract coupling; 2. pathological voice instabilities induced by asymmetries within single vocal folds and between vocal folds; 3. the dynamic effects of thin, lightweight, and vibrating vocal membranes as upward extensions of vocal folds in nonhuman mammals. In nonhuman mammals, vocal membranes are one widespread morphological variation of vocal folds. In bats they are responsible to produce ultrasonic echolocation calls. In nonhuman primates they facilitate the production of highly diverse vocalizations. A vocal membrane model was developed to understand the production of these complex calls. Two voice registers were found in the vocal membrane model. The vocal membrane geometry could minimize phonation onset pressure and enlarge the phonatory pressure range of the model. Numerical simulations of the model revealed instabilities that qualitatively resembled observed vocalization patterns in bats and primates.

Detta är en kvalitativ studie med kvantitativa inslag med syftet att undersöka sångares upplevelser avnedsjungning efter högintensiv sång. Till en början har specifikt designade sångövningar förmedlats till sex medverkande sångare om fyra kvinnor och två män under individuella sånglektioner. Deltagarna har i en variant av crossover design skattat sin dagliga rösthälsa i EASE- självskattningsformulär för friska röster. Testperioden om tre veckor följdes sedan av kvalitativa intervjuer. Resultat visar att även om sångares vardag är komplex, i och med inre och yttre påverkande faktorer, har nedsjungning en upplevd effekt i avseendet förbättrad rösthälsa efter högintensiv sång. Detta gäller särskilt de kvinnliga sångarna som beskriver att nedsjungning bidragit till en mer samlad röst med minskad heshet och svullnad. Vidare rapporteras om större lätthet inför att sjunga i lägre delen av bröstregistret, en mer egaliserad röst och en förbättrad tal- och magstödsteknik tillsammans med större lätthet inför påföljande sångpass. Nedsjungning ses också ha skapat ett andrum i vardagen där minskad stress, prestationskrav och resultatinriktning omvänts till en samlad känsla av avslut. Likväl är begrepp som nedsjungning, att sjunga ned, kyla ned, eller att stretcha rösten nya begrepp som rekommenderas att vidare studeras och förmedlas till elever och studenter, framför allt då föreliggande studies resultat visar tydliga attitydskillnader avseende rösthälsa och röstvård emellan de olika könen. / This is a study regarding singers' experiences of a vocal-cool down routine preceded with a heavy vocal load. The study is mainly based on a qualitative approach with quantitative elements. At first individual singing lessons where held, whereas specifically designed vocal-cool down exercises were taught to six participating singers; four women and two men. With a modification of a crossover design the singers in this study have estimated their daily voice health in the Evaluation of the Ability to Sing Easily survey (EASE). After a three week period of tests the singers were interviewed. The result of this study shows that even if singers' everyday lives are complex due to internal and external factors, vocal- cool down where perceived as an improvement of voice health. It is mainly the female singers' that describes an increased vocal well-being, with less hoarseness and swollen vocal folds after a heavy vocal load, followed by a vocal -cool down routine. Furthermore a greater sense of ease was reported in terms of transitions between registers in the singing voice, where fatigue in the surrounding muscles also decreased alongside with a positive impact on the speaking voice, reaching lower notes in chest register and extended diaphragm breathing. The vocal cool-down routine itself also gave an unexpected finding in terms of being contemplative and relaxing for the singers; creating a breathing space in everyday life where stress, performance anxiety and other concerns where easier to let go of, with an overall feeling of closure. Vocal cool down, cooling down the voice, vocal stretch, or warming down your voice are all relatively new concepts that are recommended to be studied further, spread and taught to students and pupils, - especially as the result in this study indicates clear differences in attitudes regarding voice health in-between the male and female genders.