Obesity is America’s fastest growing health threat. Although a primary health risk factor, obesity increases the probability of secondary health consequences such as stroke, diabetes mellitus and heart disease. Siberian hamsters offer a convenient model to study obesity, as they exhibit a photoperiod-driven reversal of obesity during the fall-winter months (i.e., short-days-SD). SD responses in the Siberian hamster, amongst others, include decreased adiposity and gonadal regression. The duration of the dark period is faithfully transmitted into a neuroendocrine melatonin (MEL) signal; that codes seasonal information. The brain communicates with body fat (white adipose tissue- WAT) via the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). The central MEL binding sites, however, necessary for the body fat/lipid mobilization responses during SDs are not precisely known, although melatonin receptor (MEL 1aR) mRNA has been co-localized with sympathetic outflow neurons of WAT in several forebrain areas. This dissertation aims to identify and to characterize the contribution of central sites that are important in seasonal responses in Siberian hamsters. Thus, I asked: Which specific brain sites are both sufficient and necessary to stimulate SD-like decreases in body, WAT and testes mass? Furthermore, I tested if SD-induced decreases in body fat mass are accompanied by increased energy expenditure, specifically brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. It is hoped that the identification of brain sites and mechanisms involved in the effortless reversal of obesity in these animals can be applied to treatment opportunities of human obesity.

This research project examined the role of environmental time cues and circadian rhythms in mediating seasonal adjustments in the body temperature and locomotoractivity patterns in the Australian sleepy lizard, Tiliqua rugosa (Gray 1827). The first component of this study investigated whether daily rhythms of behavioural thermoregulation and locomotor activity that T. rugosa displays in the field are endogenous circadian rhythms. In each season, there was significant variation in each of these rhythms in lizards released on laboratory thermal gradients under prevailing light-dark (LD) cycles. Both rhythms persisted when lizards were released in constant darkness (DD) and exhibited the same free-running period suggesting a single circadian pacemaker drives both rhythms. The first component of this study revealed that seasonal changes in the expression of daily behavioural thermoregulatory and locomotor activity rhythms are mediated by the circadian system in T. rugosa. The second component of this project comprised three experiments that determined the relative importance of 24 h LD and temperature cycles (TCs) in entraining the locomotor activity rhythm. In the first experiment, lizards were held under LD 12:12 and were subjected to either a TC of 33:15C in phase with the LD cycle or a reversed TC. Following LD 12:12, lizards were maintained under the same TCs but were subjected to DD. Activity was restricted to the thermophase in LD irrespective of the lighting regime and during the period of DD that followed, suggesting entrainment by the TC. In the second experiment, lizards were held under LD 12.5:11.5 and were subjected to one of three treatments; (1) constant 30C, (2) normal TC (30:20C), or (3) reversed TC. Following LD, all lizards were subjected to DD and constant 30C. Post-entrainment free-run records revealed that LD cycles and TCs both entrain locomotor activity rhythms of T. rugosa. Although there was large variation in the phasing of the rhythm in relation to the LD cycle in reversed TC lizards, TCs presented in phase with the LD cycle most accurately synchronised the rhythm to the photocycle. In the third experiment, lizards were held in DD at constant 30C before being subjected to a further period of DD and one of four treatments; (1) normal TC (06:00 h to 18:00 h thermophase), (2) delayed TC (12:00 h to 00:00 h thermophase), (3) advanced TC (00:00 h to 12:00 h thermophase) or (4) control (no TC, constant 30C). While control lizards continued to free-run in DD at constant temperature, locomotor rhythms of lizards subjected to TCs rapidly entrained to TCs irrespective of whether TCs were phase advanced or delayed by 6 h. The results of this experiment excluded the possibility that masking effects were responsible for locomotor responses of lizards to TCs. This study demonstrated that seasonal changes in the expression of this species‟ daily behavioural thermoregulatory and locomotor rhythms are mediated by a circadian system that is sensitive to both light and temperature. The sensitivity of the circadian system to temperature, in particular, may allow T. rugosa to restrict its activity to times of the year that are thermally favourable. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1521959 / Thesis(Ph.D.)-- University of Adelaide, School of Medical Sciences, 2010

Submitted by MARIA LETICIA GUINDALINI MELLONI null (letmell@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-01-14T15:02:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Maria_Letícia_Guindalini_Melloni.pdf: 683985 bytes, checksum: 53424c1e6da45d38a2d516aeb0a405fd (MD5) / Rejected by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: A versão do trabalho submetida ao Repositório Institucional UNESP deve conter o texto completo. A Coordenadoria Geral de Bibliotecas se encarregará de disponibilizar apenas o conteúdo parcial que segundo a Portaria UNESP 396 de 10 de setembro de 2015 consiste em: Artigo 3º V - conteúdo parcial: as páginas pré-textuais (a folha de rosto, a dedicatória, os agradecimentos, a epígrafe, o resumo na língua vernácula, o resumo em língua estrangeira, as listas de ilustrações, de tabelas, de abreviaturas, de siglas e de símbolos e o sumário), a introdução, a conclusão ou as considerações finais e as referências do trabalho. Lembrando que: é necessário informar no formulário de submissão que a versão do trabalho a ser disponibilizada deve ser a parcial e indicar em quanto tempo a versão integral deverá ser disponibilizada, ao atingir a data limite o sistema automaticamente disponibilizará a versão completa do trabalho. Caso necessite prorrogar o prazo para disponibilização do texto completo, de acordo com o artigo 6º da Portaria UNESP 396: A data para a disponibilização do conteúdo integral poderá ser prorrogada por até mais 2 (dois) anos mediante a apresentação, via ofício, de justificativa pelo Autor ao programa de pós-graduação com no mínimo 90 (noventa) dias de antecedência à data informada para a disponibilização do conteúdo integral. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-01-18T11:30:25Z (GMT) / Submitted by MARIA LETICIA GUINDALINI MELLONI null (letmell@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-01-18T11:52:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Maria_Letícia_Guindalini_Melloni.pdf: 1866484 bytes, checksum: 4990d42ce801ec4b8fe8d516cb7568d4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-01-18T13:48:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 melloni_mlg_dr_jabo_par.pdf: 733459 bytes, checksum: d8b36f206c9b78d184a6e2627f86b26d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-18T13:48:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 melloni_mlg_dr_jabo_par.pdf: 733459 bytes, checksum: d8b36f206c9b78d184a6e2627f86b26d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Com o intuito de aumentar o conhecimento da rede gênica envolvida no controle do florescimento em cana-de-açúcar, diferentes cultivares de cana-de-açúcar foram submetidos a tratamentos fotoperiódicos de indução e não indução do florescimento em câmara de fotoperíodo. Aos 5, 10 e 20 dias de indução, a folha +1 e a bainha foliar foram coletadas para a identificação de fragmentos diferencialmente expressos (FDEs) por meio da técnica de cDNA-AFLP entre e dentro dos tratamentos fotoperiódicos. Um total de 162 fragmentos foram selecionados e reamplificados. Destes, 63 FDEs tiveram sucesso na reação de reamplificação e foram clonados e sequenciados. As sequências foram confrontadas com seis bancos de sequências: 1. Transcritos do projeto SUCEST ;2. Proteínas do genoma de sorgo; 3. BAC de cana-de-açúcar; 4. Proteínas do genoma de arroz, 5. Proteínas presentes no Phytozome e 6. NCBI. A busca por similaridade se deu pelo uso da ferramenta BLASTn (e-value 1e-5) nos casos do banco SUCEST e dos BACs de cana-de-açúcar e BLASTx (e-value 1e-5) para os demais bancos. Dentre os 63 FDEs, 23 corresponderam a sequências de genes enquanto os outros 40 representam sequências que não estão depositadas nestes bancos (no hits). A maioria das 23 sequencias apresenta similaridade com genes que codificam proteínas hipotéticas ou preditas em diversos organismos. Com base na análise do domínio da proteína realizada pelo Pfam, seis sequências podem estar associadas ao metabolismo da indução do florescimento. Dentre estas as sequencias LM-19, LM-40 e LM-53 se destacaram. A LM-19 possui similaridade com o gene que codifica uma proteína com o domínio DNAJ sendo que proteína com este domínio é considerada mediador da integração dos sinais do florescimento em Arabidopsis thaliana. LM-40 possui similaridade com o gene que codifica proteína de domínio (F-BOX); estudos indicam forte relação deste domínio aos processos de indução ao florescimento. LM-53 tem um domínio de proteína predita semelhante ao domínio da proteína codificada pelo gene CONSTANS que regula a expressão de FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), que codifica o florígeno em Arabidopsis thaliana e em algumas outras espécies. De maneira geral, a técnica do cDNA-AFLP foi eficiente, na identificação de FDEs ao longo dos tratamentos fotoperiódicos de indução e não indução do florescimento. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que as sequencias LM-19, LM-40 e LM-53 estão vinculadas aos metabolismos de indução do florescimento. É provável que a maioria dos FDEs obtidos possam estar envolvidos nos metabolismos da indução do florescimento, porém ainda não foram identificados na literatura. / In order to increase the knowledge of the gene network involved in sugarcane flowering induction, sugarcane cultivars were submitted to different photoperiod treatments of flowering induction and non-induction in a photoperiod facility. At 5, 10 and 20 days of induction, the +1 leaf and the leaf sheath were collected for the identification of different transcript-derived fragments (TDFs) within and between the photoperiod treatments to apply the cDNA-AFLP technique. A total of 162 TDFs were selected and re-amplified. Of these, 63 TDFs were successful in re-amplification and were cloned and sequenced. The sequences were confronted against 6 sequence databanks (SUCEST transcripts; Sorghum genome proteins; Sugarcane BACs; proteins from rice genome; Phytozome and NCBI). Similarity search was done by using the BLASTn (e-value 1e-5) tool for the SUCEST databank and sugarcane BACs while BLASTx (e-value 1e-5) was use for the other banks. Among the 63 TDFs, 23 corresponded to gene sequences while the remaining 40 represent sequences that are not deposited in these banks (no hits). The majority of the 23 sequences showed similarity with genes coding for hypothetical or predicted proteins of different organisms. Based on the protein domain analysis conducted by Pfam, six sequences may be associated with flowering induction metabolism. Among these: LM-19, LM-40 and LM-53 sequences stood out. LM-19 has similarity to the gene encoding a protein with DnaJ domain. Proteins having this domain are considered as an integrating floral signals mediator in Arabidopsis thaliana. LM-40 has similarity to the gene encoding a protein with (F-BOX) domain. This domain has a strong relationship in flowering induction processes. LM-53 has one of the predicted protein domain similar to the domain of the protein encoded by the CONSTANS gene which governs the expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), this later one encodes the florigen. Generally the cDNA-AFLP technique was effective in identifying TDFs across the flowering inductive and non-inductive photoperiodic treatments. The results suggest that LM-19, LM-40 and LM-53 sequences are linked to flowering induction metabolisms. Probably, most of the TDF here obtained may be involved in the flowering induction metabolism, although not yet been identified in the literature. / FAPESP: 2013/24020-0

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:30:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 580862 bytes, checksum: 4783d186535e90ade4bb67745e5a648f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-21 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The species Mahanarva fimbriolata (Stal, 1854), known as the spittlebug roots, is reported as a pest in sugarcane-producing regions of the country. What strategies and tactics of management are achieved, the study of photoperiod on the biology of these cercopids becomes essential. Thus, the aim of this work: (1) determine the effect of different photophases on immature and adults of this insect, and (2) get the life table of fertility in fluctuating conditions of temperature and relative humidity (27 ± 7 ° C 90 ± 10%) and controlled photoperiod, in cultivars of cane sugar RB739735. For the phases, the shorter day length (12 h), was responsible for promoting the development period. Regardless of the number of sunny hours, in which nymphs were submitted, the cycle of these nymphs was always higher than that of males. Similarly for the longevity of females, same result was obtained, however, for a total longevity, this was significantly higher in the light regime 13:00 / 13:00. The sex ratio was similar in all photophases studied. The average total cycle, nymphs + adults who remained on treatment 12:00 / 13:00, had extended their overall development. The fecundity was the only parameter not affected by different lighting conditions. The best photoperiodic condition for the production of eggs was the normal light regime 13:00 / 12:00; the average number of diapausing eggs, there was no significant difference between the treatments tested, the same happened to the types of inviable eggs. When underwent nymphs and adults, respectively, 12:00 L/13: 00L, 13:00 L/12: 00L, 12:00 L/12: 13:00 L/13 and 00L: 00L, the values obtained for the net rate reproduction (R0) were 1.94, 2.29, 1.95 and 1.17, the finite rate (λ) was 1.017, 1.020, 1.020 and 1.008. For the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) reported values of 0.017, 0.020, 0.017 and 0.008 and the average interval between generations (T) 39.99, 40.22, 40.43 and 39.26, and the time required for the population to double in number of individuals (TD) of 40.77, 34.66, 40.77 and 91.00 days. / A espécie Mahanarva fimbriolata (Stal, 1854), conhecida como cigarrinhadas-raízes, é reportada como praga nas regiões produtoras de cana do país. Para que estratégias e táticas de manejo sejam alcançadas, o estudo da fotofase sobre a biologia destes cercopídeos torna-se imprescindível. Assim, objetivou-se neste trabalho: (1) determinar o efeito de diferentes fotofases sobre os imaturos e adultos deste inseto; e (2) obter tabela de vida de fertilidade em condições oscilantes de temperatura e umidade relativa (27 ± 7°C, 90 ± 10%) e controladas de fotofase, em cultivares de cana-de- açúcar RB739735. Para a fase ninfal, o menor comprimento do dia (12 h), foi responsável por promover o maior período de desenvolvimento. Independentemente do número de horas-luz, em que ninfas foram submetidas, o ciclo ninfal destas foi sempre superior ao dos machos. Similarmente para a longevidade das fêmeas, mesmo resultado foi registrado, entretanto, para a longevidade média total, esta foi significativamente maior no regime de luz 13:00/13:00. A razão sexual foi semelhante em todas as fotofases estudadas. Quanto ao ciclo médio total, ninfas + adultos que permaneceram no tratamento 12:00/13:00, tiveram seu desenvolvimento total ampliado. A fecundidade foi o único parâmetro não afetado pelas diferentes condições de luminosidade. A melhor condição fotoperiódica para a produção de ovos normais foi o regime de luz 13:00/12:00; quanto à média de ovos diapáusicos, não foram registradas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos testados, o mesmo ocorrendo para os tipos de ovos inviáveis. Quando submeteu- se ninfas e adultos, respectivamente, a 12:00L/13:00L, 13:00L/12:00L, 12:00L/12:00L e 13:00L/13:00L, os valores obtidos para a taxa líquida de reprodução (R0) foram de 1,94; 2,29; 1,95 e 1,17; a taxa finita (λ) foi de 1,017; 1,020; 1,020 e 1,008. Para a taxa intrínseca de aumento (rm) registraram-se valores de 0,017; 0,020; 0,017 e 0,008 e para o intervalo médio entre gerações (T) de 39,99; 40,22; 40,43 e 39,26; sendo o tempo necessário para a população duplicar em número de indivíduos (TD) de 40,77; 34,66; 40,77 e 91,00 dias.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:40:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 979095 bytes, checksum: 3a151213305949a41f217bad3aad1698 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-11 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Chrysanthemum is the most commercialized specie of cut flower and as potted plants. The plant is sensitive to the day length for flowering induction, and classified as a short-day plant. This enables the flowering control, and consequently the schedule of the production time. The cut flowers crop production is based on long-day length to induce vegetative development to obtain necessary characteristics for commercialization. The plant height and fresh mass are very influenced by the long-day length and variety. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the production and quality of the chrysanthemum cut flower, cultivated in greenhouse conditions with different long-day number. The experimental design was randomized completed blocks, with split-splot arrangement. The plots were the long-day period (21, 28, 35, 42 and 49 days) and the sub-plot were the varieties (Calabria, Dragon, Sheena, Apricot Repin and Rebasco), with three replicates and five plants by experimental unit. Significant difference was observed among the long-days periods for all traits, except for the number of internodes in short-day. For the most traits was observed significant different among varieties, and for the interaction varieties x periods. The long-day periods influence all the traits, it shows that the methodology was adequate and provided the desired effects of this plants development. The long-day effects caused differences responses among the varieties. The stem with better quality was observed in Dragon at 21 long-days, Calabria at 28, Apricot Repin at 35 and Sheena at 49 long-days. The variety Rebasco did not achieve the commercial quality standard in neither of periods. The variety Dragon when produced with 21 long-days reduced the production cicle in 25 days, keeping the stem quality. / O crisântemo é uma das espécies mais comercializadas para corte de flor e a mais cultivada em vaso. A planta é sensível ao comprimento do dia para indução ao florescimento, sendo classificada como planta de dia curto o que possibilita o controle do florescimento, e, consequentemente, a programação da produção, em função do mercado. No cultivo para corte de flor, utilizam-se dias longos para induzir o crescimento vegetativo de forma que a planta atinja as características necessárias para a comercialização, particularmente altura e massa fresca das hastes. Desse modo, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a produção e qualidade de hastes florais de variedades de crisântemos de corte, cultivados em casa de vegetação, sob diferentes períodos de dias longos. Foi utilizado o delineamento de blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas, em que as parcelas foram constituídas dos períodos de dias longos (21, 28, 35, 42 e 49 dias) e as subparcelas das variedades (Calabria, Dragon, Sheena, Apricot Repin e Rebasco), com 3 repetições e 5 plantas/unidade experimental. Houve diferença significativa entre os períodos de dias longos para todas as características, exceto para número de entrenós desenvolvidos durante dia curto. Também houve diferença significativa entre as variedades e a interação variedades x períodos para a maioria das características. Os períodos de dias longos influenciaram todas as características, demonstrando que a metodologia utilizada no experimento proporcionou os efeitos desejados no crescimento e desenvolvimento das hastes. Os períodos de dias longos causaram diferentes respostas nas variedades. Observou-se que a produção de hastes de melhor qualidade ocorreu nas variedades Dragon, Calabria, Apricot Repin e Sheena quando submetidas a 21, 28, 35 e 49 dias longos, respectivamente. A variedade Rebasco não atingiu o padrão de qualidade exigido pelo mercado em nenhum dos períodos. A variedade Dragon, conduzida com 21 dias longos, reduziu seu ciclo de produção em 25 dias, mantendo a qualidade das hastes.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:24:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCA14MA139.pdf: 23015 bytes, checksum: 79359edb3078879f5ca9aa0338da2c45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-01 / With the objective of evaluate the effect of continuous and intermittent lighting programs on the production and quality egg of laying hens in the early lay pullets rearing in open poultry house, a trial was conducted at Aviculture Section of Santa Catarina State University, Lages, SC, Brazil. Were used 420 laying hens with 21 weeks during seven periods of 28 days, they were submitted to three different lighting programs in a completely randomized design with 10 replications. The continuous program with 16 hour photoperiod (daylight + artificial light) and escotoperiod eight hours. The intermitente lighting program of 30 minutes had two photophases of 30 min between natural light and main night eight hours and two escotofases and intermitente lighting of 15 minutes, this program is similar to the previous program, with two photophases 15 min between natural light, a main night eight hours and two escotofases. The avaliation was based on the feed intake (g/bird/day), egg production (%/bird/day), egg weight (g), feed conversion (g/g), egg mass (g), specific gravity (g/cm³), albumen height (mm), Haugh unit, egg componente yield (%), organ index (%) and the means compared by Tukey test (5%). The results presented for feed conversion, specific gravity, weight of fresh egg and stored for 14 and 28 days, egg yield componentes and organs index showed no difference (P>0.05). The intermitente lighting programs 30 minutes and 15 minutes showed significant differences (P<0.05) for feed intake in the second, sixth and seventh trial period, but no significant differences (P>0.05) in egg production. The egg weight, egg mass, showed no significant difference (P>0.05) as well as albumen height and Haugh unit showed no significant difference (P>0.05) for continuous and intermitente lighting programs 30 min and 15 min. Intermittent lighting programs applied in laying hens in the early lay pullets rearing in open poultry house not adversely affect the production performance, egg quality and internal organs of birds, as well as shorten the use of artificial lighting, reducing energy consumption / Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de programas de iluminação contínuo e intermitentes sobre produção e qualidade de ovos de poedeiras comerciais semipesadas em início de postura criadas em galpão aberto, realizou-se um trabalho no Setor de Avicultura da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages - SC. Utilizou-se 420 galinhas de 21 semanas de idade durante sete períodos de 28 dias, as quais foram submetidas a três diferentes programas de iluminação em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com 10 repetições. O programa contínuo contou com fotoperíodo de 16 horas (luz natural + luz artificial) e escotoperíodo de oito horas. O programa de iluminação intermitente 30 minutos teve duas fotofases de30min entre a luz natural e uma noite principal de oito horas e duas escotofases e o programa de iluminação intermitente 15 minutos, semelhante ao programa anterior, com duas fotofases de 15min entre a luz natural, uma noite principal de oito horas e duas escotofases. Avaliou-se o consumo de ração (g/ave/dia), produção de ovos (%/ave/dia), peso dos ovos (g), conversão alimentar (g/g), massa de ovos (g), gravidade específica (g/cm³), altura de albúmen (mm), unidade Haugh, rendimento dos componentes do ovo (%), índice de órgãos (%) sendo as médias comparadas pelo teste Tukey (5%). Os resultados apresentados para conversão alimentar, gravidade específica, peso de ovo fresco e armazenado por 14 e 28 dias, rendimento dos componentes do ovo e índices de órgãos não apresentaram diferença (P>0,05). Os programas de iluminação intermitente 30 min e intermitente 15 min apresentaram diferenças significativas (P<0,05) para consumo de ração no segundo, sexto e sétimo período experimental, porém não apresentaram diferenças significativas (P>0,05) na produção de ovos. O peso de ovo, massa do ovo, não apresentou diferença significativa (P>0,05), assim como altura de albúmen e unidade Haugh não apresentaram diferença significativa (P>0,05) para os programas de iluminação contínuo e intermitentes 30min e 15min. Programas de iluminação intermitentes aplicados em poedeiras semipesadas ao início da postura criadas em galpões abertos não afetam negativamente o desempenho zootécnico, a qualidade de ovos e órgãos internos das aves, além de diminuir o tempo de uso de iluminação artificial, reduzindo o consumo de energia elétrica

Wing polymorphism of semiaquatic bugs is affected by environmental factors as temperature, photoperiod, population density or permanency of habitat. The heritability has its own specific part, too. A lot of field studies suggest that crucial effect on wing polymorphism has temperature, but laboratory experiments often do not confirm this hypothesis. The main aim of this thesis was to describe the effect of environmental factors (photoperiod, temperature and permanency of habitat) on wing polymorphism of Microvelia reticulata, additionally of Gerris lacustris. The partial tasks included description of effect of mentioned abiotic factors on mortality and rate of development. The individuals of both species were kept at combinations of two levels of temperature, photoperiod and permanency of habitat (overall at eight treatments) from first larval instar to adult. All adults of Microvelia reticulata emerged as apterous, so there was no response of wing polymorphism to tested environmental factors. The main influence of heritability is presumable. Only ten individuals of G. lacustris developed into the adult stage, so it was impossible to describe the influence of abiotic factors on wing polymorphism, mortality and lenght of development in this species. Mortality of individuals of M. reticulata was significantly influenced by the type of substrate. Only 3.5% of individuals survived when reared on wet filter paper, while 80.5% on the water surface. Both other factors (temperature, photoperiod) had no effect on total mortality. There was no difference between mortality of males and females, so it is impossible to note sexual dependent mortality. The lenght of development did not differ between sexes either. Lenght of development was significantly affected by temperature, as low temperature reduces development of M. reticulata. The fastest development showed nymphs of second instar and slowest development nymphs of fifth instar at all treatments. Since the effect of abiotic factors on wing polymorphism was not found in M. reticulata, it would be sufficient to study the effect of heritability on development of wings in this species in the future.

Orientador: Elenice Aparecida de Moraes Ferrari / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T04:52:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Canova_Fernando.pdf: 32640695 bytes, checksum: 6c06f9d94ba0675ea059bb7d42685788 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Uma grande parte do conhecimento sobre as bases e mecanismos neurais dos processos de aprendizagem, memória e amnésia fundamenta-se na investigação dos correlatos neurais do comportamento de animais não humanos em situações aversivas. Vários estudos têm resultados sugestivos de que o condicionamento clássico aversivo é afetado pelo sistema de temporização circadiana. As análises do condicionamento clássico aversivo e da resposta condicionada de congelamento (FRZ) são úteis para as análises do comportamento e dos processos mecanismos neurais subjacentes. Estudos prévios mostraram a indução da expressão de Zenk no hipocampo de pombos pelo treino em condicionamento clássico aversivo e pelo teste no contexto aversivo. O presente estudo investigou as variações dia - noite na aquisição e na evocação do condicionamento clássico aversivo e na expressão da proteína Zenk no hipocampo. O Experimento I avaliou o condicionamento ao contexto em pombos divididos em grupos condicionados (EC), controle (CC) e manipulação (CM) e o Experimento II investigou o condicionamento aversivo ao som previamente associado ao choque utilizando de animais que receberam som-choque pareados (EP), som-choque não pareados (NP) ou som(GS). Nos dois experimentos foi utilizado o fotoperíodo com pulsos de luz (15 min) às 6h (ZT00) e às 18h (ZT12), sendo as sessões realizadas nos horários ZT02 e ZT14. Os resultados do Experimento I indicaram diferença significativa na ocorrência de congelamento entre os grupos (p<0,05), mas não entre os horários (p>0,05). Comparações entre bloco final do treino e bloco inicial do teste mostraram queda significativa na ocorrência de congelamento no bloco inicial do teste no grupo EC ZT02 (p<0,05, mas não no EC ZT14 (p>0,05). A análise de células Zenk positivas no hipocampo mostrou aumento significativo na região HpV em relação a HpD do grupo EC ZT02 em comparação aos demais grupos (p<0,05), demonstrando uma diferença significativa de horário. Houve aumento significativo na marcação de núcleos Zenk-positivos em HpVM do grupo EC ZT02 em comparação aos demais grupos (p<0,05) e em relação a HpVL (p<0,05). No Experimento II houve maior ocorrência de exploração cautelosa nos grupos EP e NP (p>0,05) em comparação aos grupos GS (p<0,05) e diferença significativa na ocorrência de congelamento entre os grupos EP e GS (p<0,05), mas não entre os horários (p>0,05). A marcação de núcleos Zenk-positivos em HpV foi maior do que em HpD nos animais que receberam som e choque pareados ou não-pareados (p<0,05). Não houve diferenças significativas na marcação de Zenk em HpVL e HpVM nos diferentes grupos e nos dois horários (p>0,05). Os dois experimentos indicaram a expressão de diferentes padrões comportamentais frente ao contexto aversivo condicionado e ao som aversivo condicionado. As variações na expressão de Zenk são indicativas de ativação diferencial de HpD, HpVM e HpVL durante a evocação da memória do contexto e do som. A existência de variações dia - noite na ocorrência de condicionamento ao contexto e na expressão de Zenk no hipocampo sugere uma modulação do sistema temporizador circadiano sobre esses processos. Palavras-Chave: Condicionamento clássico aversivo; Hipocampo; Proteína Zenk; Fotoperiodo esqueleto / Abstract: Part of the knowledge about the mechanisms and neural basis of learning, memory and amnesia is based on the investigation of neural correlates of the behavior of non human animals in aversive situations. Moreover, many studies suggest that these behavioral processes are affected by the circadian timing system. The procedures of classical aversive conditioning and analysis of the conditioned freezing response are useful for the study of behavior and the underlying neural mechanisms. Previous studies showed the induction of Zenk expression in the hippocampus of pigeons after training in classical aversive conditioning. This study investigated day - night variations in the acquisition and retrieval of aversive classical conditioning and in the expression of Zenk protein in the hippocampus of pigeons. The Experiment I evaluated the conditioning to the context in pigeons attributed to conditioned (COND), control (CC) or naive groups (N). The Experiment II investigated the aversive conditioning to the tone in groups of pigeons that received toneshock pairing (PS), unpaired tone and shock (NPS) or tone alone (TS). In both experiments a photoperiod was used with pulses of light (15 min) at 6h (ZT00) and 18h (ZT12) and the sessions were conducted at ZT02 and ZT14. The results of the Experiment I indicated between group differences in the occurrence of freezing (p<0.05). A significant decrease in freezing was observed in the initial block of the test as compared to the final block of the training session of the COND ZT02 (p<0.05), but not in the COND ZT14 group (p>0.05). The analysis of the Zenk-positive nuclei in the hippocampus showed a significant increase in the HpV of the COND ZT02 group compared with the other groups (p<0.05), indicating a significant time difference when compared to COND ZT14 (p<0.05). Higher density of Zenk-positive nuclei was found in HpVM of COND ZT02 group compared to HpVL (p<0.001) and to HpVM of other groups (p<0.05). Experiment II data showed higher occurrence of exploratory risk assessment in PS and NPS groups (p>0.05) as compared to TS (P<0.5). The occurrence of freezing in the PS groups was different from TS groups (p<0,05), but not from NPS groups (p>0.05). No significant time of the day variation of freezing was detected (p> 0.05). Zenk- positive nuclei densities were higher in HpV than in HpD in the animals trained with paired or unpaired tone and shock stimulation (p <0.05). These PS and NPS groups showed no significant differences in the density of labeling of Zenk-positive nuclei in HpVL as compared to HpVM (p>0.05). Data from both experiments showed different behavioral patterns during the exposure to the conditioned aversive context and to the conditioned aversive tone. The variations in Zenk expression indicate differential activation of the HpD, HpVL and HpVM regions during retrieval of aversive memory of the context and of the tone. The day-night variation in the conditioned freezing to the context as well as in Zenk expression in the hippocampus suggests a modulation of these processes by the circadian timing system. Keywords: Classical aversive conditioning; Hippocampus; Zenk protein. Skeleton photoperiod / Universidade Estadual de Campi / Fisiologia / Mestre em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_alexandra_alves_cantos.pdf: 1317574 bytes, checksum: 62dbb23b4f8352e1b319ab6739d8c5a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-17 / This study aimed to determine the conditions for seed germination test and evaluate the best substrate for the production of seedlings of species of Quillaja brasiliensis (A.St. - Hil & Tul) Mart. The seeds of Q. brasiliensis were sown four replications of 25 seeds in paper substrates and sand as recommended by the RAS. Sowing was between paper, on paper, between sand and on sand subjected to a constant temperature of 20 º C. First count of germination (PCG) was analyzed, and germination speed index (GSI), mean germination time (MGT) and determination of moisture content of the batch worked (U ).Two arrays were used for seed collection, located on the edge of the riparian zone of the Arroio Lavras do Sul, RS. For the assessment of germination in different substrates for the production of seedlings via seed , the following materials and compositions : T1 : Vermiculite , T2 : Coconut Fiber , T3 : Commercial Substrate , T4 : 50% carbonized rice husk ( CAC ) + 50 % vermiculite , T5 : 50 % CCS and 50 % coconut fiber. The tests were performed in trays of polystyrene, four replicates of 36 seeds were used. Each seed was covered with a layer of 1 cm substrate for testing for germination and seedling performance. The experiment was conducted for 120 days, during this period, the trays remained in the laboratory, receiving natural light (indirect) and subject to fluctuations in temperature and RH (%) of the environment . The following variables were analyzed to compare the performance of substrates: shoot height, ratio of height of shoot and root, length of taproot, number of lateral roots , number of leaves. In the assessment of seedling competitions we sought to determine the influence of the number of seeds per cell in 72 cells polystyrene tray with vermiculite + carbonized rice husk ( CAC) in 50:50 ( % ) in the emergence of seedlings. Seed of the same batch of those used in the performance tests as a function of substrate were used. Seeds were distributed in four replicates of 11 cells, distributed by treatments: T1 : one seed per cell, T2 : two seeds per cell, T3 : three seeds per cell and T4 : four seeds per cell. The experiment was conducted for 60 days and assessed according to the seedling emergence or not and depending on the number of cells in which seedlings had emerged. The moisture content was determined by the use of two replicates 1g of intact seeds. It was concluded that for the test laboratory germination the seeds are sown in the paper substrate and methodologies on paper and paper roll. The first count of germination should be performed on the sixth day after sowing and the test ended on the 14th day after sowing. The indicated photoperiod is 16 hours of light at a constant temperature of 20 ° C. To assess the production of seedlings it is concluded that expanded vermiculite is a suitable substrate. In the production of seedlings is recommended to use the trays three seeds per cell and subsequently perform thinning with removal of the less vigorous seedlings. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar as condições para condução do teste de germinação de sementes e avaliar o melhor substrato para a produção de mudas de Quillaja brasiliensis. A semeadura foi realizada em quatro repetições de 25 sementes, nos substratos papel e areia, nas metodologias entre papel; sobre papel; entre areia e sobre areia, submetidas à temperatura constante de 20ºC. Foi analisados primeira contagem da germinação (PCG); índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG); tempo médio de germinação (TMG) e o grau de umidade do lote (U). Na germinação em diferentes substratos para a produção de mudas via sementes, foram empregados os seguintes materiais e composições: T1: Vermiculita; T2: Fibra de coco; T3: Substrato comercial; T4: 50% de casca de arroz carbonizada (CAC) + 50% de vermiculita; T5: 50% de CAC e 50% de fibra de coco. Os testes foram realizados em bandejas de poliestileno, utilizando quatro repetições de 36 sementes. O experimento foi conduzido durante 120 dias e as bandejas permaneceram no laboratório, recebendo luz natural e sujeitas às flutuações da temperatura e UR (%) do ambiente. Para comparar o desempenho dos substratos, foram analisados: altura da parte aérea; razão entre altura da parte aérea e raiz; comprimento de raiz principal; número de raízes laterais e número de folhas. Na avaliação de competição entre plântulas determinou-se a influência do número de sementes por célula em bandeja, com o substrato vermiculita + casca de arroz carbonizada (CAC), na proporção 50:50 (%), na emergência de plântulas. As sementes foram distribuídas em quatro repetições de 11 células, distribuídos pelos tratamentos: T1: uma semente por célula; T2: duas sementes por célula; T3: três sementes por célula e T4: quatro sementes por célula. O experimento, conduzido por 60 dias, foi avaliado pela emergência ou não das plântulas e em função do número de células nas quais havia plântulas emergidas. O grau de umidade foi determinado em duas repetições de 1g de sementes intactas. Concluiu-se que, para o teste de germinação, as sementes sejam semeadas em substrato papel, nas metodologias sobre papel e rolo de papel. A primeira contagem da germinação deve ser realizada no sexto dia e o teste encerrado no 14º dia após semeadura. O fotoperíodo indicado é 16 horas de luz, em temperatura constante de 20ºC. Para a avaliação da produção de mudas, a vermiculita expandida é o substrato adequado. Na produção de mudas é recomendável utilizar nas bandejas três sementes por célula e, posteriormente, realizar o raleio, com remoção das plântulas menos vigorosas.

This thesis deals with important factors that affect the temporal organization of emergence and early survival of Baltic salmon (Salmo salar L.). The study population was obtained from the Norrfors hatchery (63°50'N,20°05'E), Umeälven (Ume river) in Northern Sweden. The main objectives of the thesis has been to study; a: the effect of female and egg characteristics on embryonic survival, b: the effect of egg size, temperature and photoperiod on the emergence pattern and c: the impact of early or late emergence on survival in relation to predation and limited territorial space. The main results are summarized as follows: (1) Fecundity and egg size increased with increasing weight of females. No effect of female size were found on egg colour. Longer impoundment and later stripping increase egg colour. Egg mortality was not correlated with egg colour. Stripping date was found to have the strongest effect on mortality. (2) Egg size had no effect on the timing of emergence but fry of different egg size emerged synchronously. Fry from large eggs left the gravel as heavier fry and with a larger proportion of yolk left compared to fry from small eggs. (3) The number of days and number of degree days from hatching to 50% emergence decreased exponentially with increasing temperature. Synchronization of emergence increased with increasing temperature. Fry emerged with more yolk at 12 °C compared to 6 °C. (4) Eggs kept in a LD 16:8 light regime hatched mainly during the light period, while eggs kept in constant darkness hatched continously over a 24 hour period. Alevins kept at different light regimes (light&gt;4h) from hatching until emergence left the gravel during the dark period. Daylength had no effect on the annual onset of emergence. (5) In a laboratory stream channel, predator presence at emergence increased mortality especially in early emerging fry. If the predator was introduced after completed emergence high mortality was noted among late emerging fry. The presence of fish predators and a limited territorial space for fry seemed to make early and late emergence hazardous and to favour a "peak" emergence. In the presence of a predator the fry changed their behaviour by reducing their swimming activity. / digitalisering@umu.se