The subject matter of the diploma thesis is the bare noun phrase and its referential properties with focus to (in)definiteness. The aim is to present an empirical evaluation of factors that influence the interpretation of definiteness of bare noun phrases in Czech. The first part of the thesis recounts on existing theories of reference and definiteness, both in general and with focus to Czech as a language without obligatory determination. Our basic assumption is that the interpretation of definiteness of bare noun phrases is based on their position within a syntactic and semantic sentence structure, topic-focus articulation and word- or situational context. We focus on the relation between definiteness and an absolute position within a sentence, a verb-relative position and modification of the NP. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

This thesis focuses on the description of the three basic aspects of the word order in the Czech Sign Language in the contrast with the spoken Czech Language. On the basis of the empiric research the prototypical word order is described for the declarative sentences, topicalization and the order of the signs in the nominal phrase in the Czech Sign Language. The research consists of the video material recording 15 native speakers of the Czech Sign Language of various age. The results are compared with the situation in the three other sign languages - the American, British and Australian Sign Language. The part of this piece of work is a DVD containing particular excerpted examples of utterances, which the deaf signers have used in the research.

Esta dissertação investiga nomes nus e classificadores numerais do chinês mandarim, assim como a distinção lexical entre nomes contáveis e massivos do chinês. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar e avaliar as possíveis denotações dos nominais do chinês mandarim. O texto é divido em três partes. Na primeira, investigam-se nomes nus do chinês mandarim, que manifestam número geral. Defende-se que o número geral não ocorre em sintagmas nominais em que existe numeral. No Chinês mandarim, nomes nus podem ser interpretados como indefinidos, definidos e genéricos de acordo com suas posições sintáticas e contextos em que ocorrem. A hipótese defendida na segunda parte da dissertação é a de que, no chinês mandarim, há distinção lexical entre nomes contáveis e massivos. Um fator importante na distinção contável-massivo do chinês mandarim é a presença de classificadores e suas relações com os nomes. Defende-se que a combinação entre os nomes e os classificadores é seletiva e, com base nisso, os nomes comuns do chinês podem ser divididos em nomes contáveis, nomes massivos, nomes coletivos, nomes abstratos e nomes próprios. Além de classificador, mais uma evidência para a contabilidade dos nomes do chinês é o morfema men. A terceira parte da dissertação avalia a presença de classificador nos sintagmas nominais com numerais. Defende-se que diferentes grupos de classificadores possuem diferentes funções: classificadores individuais são marcadores gramaticais de contabilidade e não têm a função individualizadora e, os outros grupos têm suas restrições na combinação com os nomes. A combinação entre numeral e classificador pode ser tratada como um núcleo complexo que ocorre morfologicamente como um item lexical, mas o numeral pode-se omitir dentro deste complexo e classificador não. Sendo assim, Os classificadores devem ser tratados como um sufixo na sua ocorrência dentro do complexo [Num-CL], mas como um clítico em outras ocorrências. / This dissertation investigates bare nouns and numeral classifiers in Mandarin Chinese, as well as the lexical distinction between count and mass nouns of Chinese. The goal of this work is to study and assess the possible denotations of nominals in Mandarin Chinese. The dissertation is divided in three parts. In the first part, the bare nominals in Mandarin Chinese will be investigated and they have general number. We argue that the general number can not happen in noun phrases when they contain numerals. In Mandarin Chinese, the bare nouns can be interpreted as indefinites, definites and generics, according to their syntactic positions and contexts in that they happen. The hypothesis presented in the second part of this dissertation is that in Mandarin Chinese, there is the lexical distinction between count and mass nouns. One important factor in this count-mass distinction of Mandarin Chinese is the presence of classifiers and their relationships with the nouns. We argue that, based on the selective combination between names and classifiers, the common nouns of Chinese can be divided in count nouns, mass nouns, collective nouns, abstract nouns and proper nouns. Besides the classifier, one more evidence for the accounting of Chinese\'s names is the morpheme men. The third part of the dissertation assesses the classifiers presence in the noun phrases with numerals. We argue that, different groups of classifiers have different functions: the individual classifiers are grammatical markers of accounting and they do not have the individualizing function, while the other groups have their restrictions in the combination with the nouns. The combination between the numeral and the classifier can be treated as a complex head that happens morphologically as a lexical item, but the numeral in which can be omitted in some contexts and the classifier can not. Thus, the classifiers should be treated as a suffix in his occurrence with the complex [Num-CL], but as a clitic in other occurrences.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 1981. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND HUMANITIES. / Vita. / Bibliography: leaves 712-718. / by Luigi Burzio. / Ph.D.

by Esther Mee Kwan Cheung. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 219-236). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Ce travail de thèse, inscrit entre littérature comparée, théâtre et philosophie, est fondé sur l'analyse d'une notion polysémique : la mimèsis. Il s'agit en effet d'étudier le traitement de cette notion dans le corpus philosophique de Lacoue-Labarthe et de trouver là un point de départ pour l'analyse de ses textes littéraires (Phrase, L'''Allégorie'' et Préface à la Disparition). La première partie est consacrée à une mise au point philosophique dont le but est de situer la pensée de la mimèsis de Lacoue-Labarthe par rapport à la philosophie grecque (Platon, Aristote) et allemande (de Winckelmann à Heidegger, en passant par Schiller, Hölderlin, le romantisme ou Hegel). Nous observons ainsi combien, dépassant une interprétation productive (la Darstellung) ou passive (la Nachahmung) de la mimèsis, Lacoue-Labarthe propose de voir la représentation littéraire et théâtrale comme le produit d'un « mime de rien », où « rien » est compris comme ce qui échappe à toute représentation possible. Les deuxième et troisième parties approfondissent la manière dont ce « rien » trouve un écho dans ses textes littéraires. Plusieurs analyses formelles sont alors menées : influence de la traduction sur la versification du texte poétique et théâtral, développements sur l'esthétique du sublime qui guide l'auteur, évocation des rapports de ses textes avec les pratiques de la musique, de l'opéra et de l'oratorio, mise en rapport, enfin, de son écriture, avec le genre de la « biographie » littéraire et artistique. / This literary, theatrical and philosophical work is founded on the analysis of a polysemous concept : the mimèsis. In this phd, we try to study the treatment of this concept in the philosophical corpus of Lacoue-Labarthe and to see the links between his philosophy and his literary texts : Phrase, L' « Allegorie » and Préface à la Disparition). The firts part is devoted to a philosophical approche. We try to understand the formation of Lacoue-Labarthe's thought compared to Greeks (Plato, Aristote) and Germans (Winckelmann, Heidegger, Schiller, Hölderlin, romanticism and Hegel). Exceeding a productive (Darstellung) and a passivates (Nachahmung) interpretation of the mimèsis, Lacoue-Labarthe proposes to see the literary and theatrical representation like the product of a « mime de rien » (« mimes of nothing »), where « nothing » is understood as what escapes any possible representation. Several formal analyses are then explore : influence of the translation on the versification, description of the sublime esthetics of Lacoue-Labarthe, links between Lacoue-Labarthe's texts and music, opera or oratorio, links between « writing » and « biography ».

Leung Chung-hong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 178-193). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.i / ABSTRACT (English version) --- p.ii / ABSTRACT (Chinese version) --- p.iii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv / LIST OF TABLES --- p.x / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xi / LIST OF APPENDICES --- p.xii / Chapter CHAPTER ONE: --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Phraseology and second language acquisition --- p.1 / Chapter 1.3 --- Phrasal verbs in ESL/EFL students --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4 --- The proposed particle-based learning (PBL) of phrasal verbs --- p.5 / Chapter 1.5 --- Cognitive semantic framework for PBL --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- The theory of conceptual metaphors --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- The theory of image schemas --- p.7 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- A cognitive semantic approach to teaching phrasal verbs --- p.8 / Chapter 1.6 --- Research gaps and research implications --- p.9 / Chapter 1.7 --- Organization of this thesis --- p.10 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO: --- ESL/EFL LEARNING OF ENGLISH PHRASAL VERBS --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2 --- General views on phrasal verbs in ESL/EFL learning --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Phrasal verbs in SLA research --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- ESL/EFL learners' phraseological incompetence and ignorance --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Summary --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3 --- Avoidance behaviour of phrasal verbs in ESL/EFL learners --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Definition of avoidance --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Causes of avoidance --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Four previous studies on avoidance of phrasal verbs --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.3.1 --- Dagut and Laufer's study (1985) --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3.3.2 --- Hulstijn and Marchena's study (1989) --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3.3.3 --- Laufer and Eliasson's study (1993) --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3.3.4 --- Liao and Fukuya's study (2002) --- p.27 / Chapter 2.4 --- Avoidance of figurative phrasal verbs --- p.28 / Chapter 2.5 --- Summary --- p.31 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE: --- "PHRASAL VERBS, CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS AND IMAGE SCHEMAS" --- p.33 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2 --- Phrasal verbs as a category of multi-word verbs --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3 --- Multi-word verbs --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- The syntactic frame of multi-word verbs --- p.36 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- The semantic frame of multi-word verbs --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Summary --- p.37 / Chapter 3.4 --- Defining phrasal verbs --- p.39 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- """VPC and literal + figurative"" as phrasal verbs" --- p.41 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- """VPC + VPP and literal + figurative"" as phrasal verbs" --- p.46 / Chapter 3.5 --- A cognitive approach to the understanding of phrasal verbs (Part I) --- p.49 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- The meaning of the particles in phrasal verbs --- p.50 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- "The metaphorical extension of the spatial, prototypical particles" --- p.51 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- A cognitive schematic representation of particles in phrasal verbs --- p.54 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Summary --- p.58 / Chapter 3.6 --- The theory of conceptual metaphors --- p.59 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Metaphor as ordinary everyday language --- p.59 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Conceptual metaphor as a cross-domain mapping --- p.61 / Chapter 3.7 --- The theory of image schemas --- p.64 / Chapter 3.7.1 --- Image schemas as the basis for thought and understanding --- p.65 / Chapter 3.7.2 --- Examples of image schemas --- p.66 / Chapter 3.7.2.1 --- The PATH schema --- p.66 / Chapter 3.7.2.2 --- The CONTAINER schema --- p.68 / Chapter 3.7.3 --- Image schemas as the underlying logic of conceptual metaphors --- p.69 / Chapter 3.7.4 --- Image schemas in relation to words --- p.71 / Chapter 3.7.5 --- Summary: A hierarchical framework --- p.72 / Chapter 3.8 --- A cognitive approach to the understanding of phrasal verbs (Part II) --- p.74 / Chapter 3.8.1 --- A new classification of phrasal verbs based on the cognitive semantic framework --- p.74 / Chapter 3.8.2 --- Rationale for the particle-based learning (PBL) --- p.77 / Chapter 3.8.3 --- The particle-based learning model (PBLM) --- p.80 / Chapter 3.8.4 --- Conclusion --- p.86 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR: --- RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND METHODOLOGY --- p.87 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.87 / Chapter 4.2 --- Metaphorical competence and motivation --- p.87 / Chapter 4.3 --- Research questions and hypotheses --- p.89 / Chapter 4.4 --- Research methodology --- p.91 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Subjects --- p.91 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Materials --- p.91 / Chapter 4.4.2.1 --- Elicitation of phrasal verbs for test --- p.91 / Chapter 4.4.2.2 --- Materials design --- p.95 / Chapter 4.4.2.2.1 --- Pre-test paper --- p.95 / Chapter 4.4.2.2.2 --- Teaching and learning paper --- p.96 / Chapter 4.4.2.2.3 --- Post-test paper --- p.98 / Chapter 4.4.2.2.4 --- Questionnaire --- p.99 / Chapter 4.4.2.2.5 --- One-week delay test paper --- p.99 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Procedures --- p.99 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Scoring system --- p.103 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE: --- GENERAL RESULTS FROM SPSS --- p.105 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.105 / Chapter 5.2 --- Results of pre-test and pro-test --- p.106 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- The output of SPSS --- p.106 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- General description --- p.107 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results of Hypothesis1 --- p.108 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- The output of SPSS --- p.108 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- General description --- p.109 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Conclusion --- p.110 / Chapter 5.4 --- Results of Hypothesis2 --- p.110 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- The output of SPSS --- p.110 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- General description --- p.111 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Conclusion --- p.112 / Chapter 5.5 --- Results of Hypothesis 3 --- p.112 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- The mean score for each question --- p.113 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- The output of SPSS --- p.114 / Chapter 5.5.3 --- General description --- p.114 / Chapter 5.5.4 --- Conclusion --- p.114 / Chapter 5.6 --- Summary --- p.115 / Chapter CHAPTER SIX: --- GENERAL DISCUSSIONS OF RESULTS --- p.117 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.117 / Chapter 6.2 --- Discussion of Hypothesis1 --- p.117 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- General evaluation of Hypothesis1 --- p.117 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Conceptual metaphors and image schemas as embodied motivation --- p.119 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- English as a satellite-framed language --- p.123 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Visualization and dual coding theory --- p.124 / Chapter 6.2.5 --- Consolidation and elaboration in vocabulary acquisition --- p.127 / Chapter 6.3 --- Discussion of Hypothesis2 --- p.130 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- General evaluation of Hypothesis2 --- p.130 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- The cognitive linguistic view on polysemous words --- p.132 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- Effective guessing based on core meaning --- p.135 / Chapter 6.4 --- Discussion of Hypothesis3 --- p.136 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- General evaluation of Hypothesis3 --- p.136 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Discussion of six questions of questionnaire --- p.137 / Chapter 6.4.3 --- Fallacies in traditional phrasal verb learning --- p.140 / Chapter 6.4.4 --- Metaphoric triangle for phrasal verb learning --- p.142 / Chapter 6.5 --- Summary --- p.144 / Chapter CHAPTER SEVEN: --- PEDAGOGICAL IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSION --- p.149 / Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.149 / Chapter 7.2 --- Traditional approach to phrasal verbs in Hong Kong English textbooks --- p.150 / Chapter 7.3 --- Pedagogical implications of PBL on phrasal verb learning --- p.155 / Chapter 7.3.1 --- Forewords to pedagogical application of PBL --- p.156 / Chapter 7.3.2 --- Sample learning materials --- p.158 / Chapter 7.3.2.1 --- Sample One (lower intermediate to intermediate level) --- p.159 / Chapter 7.3.2.2 --- Sample Two (upper intermediate to advanced level) --- p.165 / Chapter 7.3 --- Conclusion to pedagogical implications --- p.171 / Chapter 7.4 --- An overall conclusion of the present study --- p.173 / Chapter 7.4.1 --- Limitations --- p.173 / Chapter 7.4.2 --- Suggestions for future research --- p.175 / Chapter 7.4.3 --- Author's expectation of PBL on phrasal verb learning --- p.176 / REFERENCES --- p.178 / APPENDICES 1-19 --- p.194

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the media bias of the selected Czech newspapers. The study is conducted through a modified method for the measurement of the media bias, introduced by Gentzkow and Shapiro (2010). The media bias here means the use of the politically loaded language in the newspapers. The method is based on the comparison between the partisan language of the political parties represented in Parliament and language of the selected newspapers. This is carried out by comparing the phrases frequencies in the parliamentary speeches assigned to a coalition or an opposition and in the newspaper content. The analysis of the statistical dependence of newspaper's language and the partisan speech provides the evidence that Hospodářské noviny and Lidové noviny use language more similar to a coalition. Content of Mladá fronta Dnes, Blesk, Právo a Haló appear to be closer to an opposition parties.

Esta dissertação investiga nomes nus e classificadores numerais do chinês mandarim, assim como a distinção lexical entre nomes contáveis e massivos do chinês. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar e avaliar as possíveis denotações dos nominais do chinês mandarim. O texto é divido em três partes. Na primeira, investigam-se nomes nus do chinês mandarim, que manifestam número geral. Defende-se que o número geral não ocorre em sintagmas nominais em que existe numeral. No Chinês mandarim, nomes nus podem ser interpretados como indefinidos, definidos e genéricos de acordo com suas posições sintáticas e contextos em que ocorrem. A hipótese defendida na segunda parte da dissertação é a de que, no chinês mandarim, há distinção lexical entre nomes contáveis e massivos. Um fator importante na distinção contável-massivo do chinês mandarim é a presença de classificadores e suas relações com os nomes. Defende-se que a combinação entre os nomes e os classificadores é seletiva e, com base nisso, os nomes comuns do chinês podem ser divididos em nomes contáveis, nomes massivos, nomes coletivos, nomes abstratos e nomes próprios. Além de classificador, mais uma evidência para a contabilidade dos nomes do chinês é o morfema men. A terceira parte da dissertação avalia a presença de classificador nos sintagmas nominais com numerais. Defende-se que diferentes grupos de classificadores possuem diferentes funções: classificadores individuais são marcadores gramaticais de contabilidade e não têm a função individualizadora e, os outros grupos têm suas restrições na combinação com os nomes. A combinação entre numeral e classificador pode ser tratada como um núcleo complexo que ocorre morfologicamente como um item lexical, mas o numeral pode-se omitir dentro deste complexo e classificador não. Sendo assim, Os classificadores devem ser tratados como um sufixo na sua ocorrência dentro do complexo [Num-CL], mas como um clítico em outras ocorrências. / This dissertation investigates bare nouns and numeral classifiers in Mandarin Chinese, as well as the lexical distinction between count and mass nouns of Chinese. The goal of this work is to study and assess the possible denotations of nominals in Mandarin Chinese. The dissertation is divided in three parts. In the first part, the bare nominals in Mandarin Chinese will be investigated and they have general number. We argue that the general number can not happen in noun phrases when they contain numerals. In Mandarin Chinese, the bare nouns can be interpreted as indefinites, definites and generics, according to their syntactic positions and contexts in that they happen. The hypothesis presented in the second part of this dissertation is that in Mandarin Chinese, there is the lexical distinction between count and mass nouns. One important factor in this count-mass distinction of Mandarin Chinese is the presence of classifiers and their relationships with the nouns. We argue that, based on the selective combination between names and classifiers, the common nouns of Chinese can be divided in count nouns, mass nouns, collective nouns, abstract nouns and proper nouns. Besides the classifier, one more evidence for the accounting of Chinese\'s names is the morpheme men. The third part of the dissertation assesses the classifiers presence in the noun phrases with numerals. We argue that, different groups of classifiers have different functions: the individual classifiers are grammatical markers of accounting and they do not have the individualizing function, while the other groups have their restrictions in the combination with the nouns. The combination between the numeral and the classifier can be treated as a complex head that happens morphologically as a lexical item, but the numeral in which can be omitted in some contexts and the classifier can not. Thus, the classifiers should be treated as a suffix in his occurrence with the complex [Num-CL], but as a clitic in other occurrences.

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