This thesis investigates the function of number marking in Persian, within the framework of principles and parameters (P&P), and its relationship to inflectional and derivational number marking. Following the assumption in Distributed Morphology that inflectional and derivational morphology are not distinct, the distribution and properties of number marking in Persian provide evidence for both inflectional and derivational number marking. Assuming the two parameters of number marking (Wiltschko, 2007, 2008), number marking as a functional head and number marking as a modifier, I propose that number marking in Persian is mainly inflectional while number functions as a functional head; moreover, I propose that number marking in Persian can be derivational while number functions as a modifier. This explains that number morphology in Persian is not split to either inflectional or derivational. Rather, following Booij’s (1993, 1995) claim that inflectional morphology can be used contextually as well as inherently, I propose that number morphology in Persian is inflectional while number is a functional head; however, it has inherent residues as a modifier. Considering the functions of inflectional plural morphology in Persian, I argue that the functional category Number Phrase (NumP) is projected in Persian, and number is generated in the head of this functional category. Besides, Persian is a classifier language in which classifiers are in complementary distribution with plural marking. Following Borer’s (2005) discussion of the complementary distribution of plural marking and classifiers in Armenian, I argue that the head of NumP in Persian is either occupied by the plural maker or by full/empty classifiers. Moreover, I show that the presence of bare singulars/plurals in certain syntactic positions in Persian is related to the projection/non-projection of NumP.

In den letzten vier Jahrzehnten hat sich auf dem Gebiet der vergleichenden Phraseologieforschung eine kontinuierliche Entwicklung vollzogen, die sich auf den Forschungsbedarf der Übersetzungswissenschaft, der Lexikographie und der Fremdsprachendidaktik gründet. Vor allem seit den 1990er Jahren entstanden viele auf theoretischer und auch praktischer Ebene fundierte germanistische Studien. Zu nennen sind zum Beispiel Barbara Wotjaks „Verbale Phraseolexeme in System und Text“ (1992), Csaba Földes’ „Deutsche Phraseologie kontrastiv. Intra- und interlinguale Zugänge“ (1996) oder der von Harmut Lenk und Stephan Stein herausgegebene Band „Phraseologismen in Textsorten“ (2011). Zum Tschechischen liegen wichtige Untersuchungen vor wie die von Franz Schindler, „Das Sprichwort im heutigen Tschechischen. Empirische Untersuchung und semantische Beschreibung“ (1993) oder Helgunde Henschels „Die Phraseologie der tschechischen Sprache“ (1993).

Background: Grammars of Old English held at least until the 1960s that word orderin Anglo-Saxon texts was essentially “free”, that is, determined entirely or primarily by stylistic choice rather than syntactic rules.  Although prose word order has been shown to be regular in several models, the same cannot be said of poetry.  This study uses Nils-Lennart Johannesson’s Old English syntax model, operating within the Government and Binding framework, to establish whether the phrase structure of The Wanderer can fit into this model as it stands, and if not, whether a reasonably small number of additional parameters can be established in order to establish whether “free” word order is in evidence, or whether the word order of Old English poetry is regular in the same way as prose. Results: A full clause analysis showed that the majority of the clauses fit Johannesson’s model.  For those which did not, two modifications are recommended: non-compulsory movement of main verbs in main clauses from I to C; and the splitting and rightwards extraposition of the second part of coordinated NPs in which the first coordinated element is “light” and the second “heavy”.  This leaves a small number of clauses featuring constructions which do not occur frequently enough in the text to allow rules to be induced to explain them.  These must therefore be deemed irregular.  Conclusions:  While much of The Wanderer has been shown to be syntactically regular, some constructions could not be fitted into the existing model without the introduction of special parameters to excuse them.  This paper is intended as a pilot study for a larger project which will incorporate the other poems in the heroic tradition with the hope of inducing a complete syntax for them.  One part of that investigation will be to include these infrequent constructions in The Wanderer, to find comparable constructions in other poems and categorise them within the corpus.

This study examines phrase and larger formal structures in the first movement of Leo Brouwer’s Elegio de la Danza (1964), a work that draws on tonal and post-tonal traditions. By adapting key features of the tonal motive, as described by Douglass Green, and the tonal period, as proposed by Green and William Caplin, the model seeks to provide a tool for the discussion of phrases and larger forms in Brouwer’s work. An analysis of primary parameters, such as melody, harmony, and rhythm, provides the means to discuss how the composer articulates beginnings and endings of statements and responses, which are then grouped into antecedent and consequent phrases. These periods articulate large-scale sections, which outline a ternary formal design. Secondary parameters (dynamics, tempo markings, instrumental markings) further contribute to the identification of formal structures in Brouwer’s work.

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The present study is based on a translation into Swedish of three French journalistic articles on energy sobriety. The study aims at comparing the source and the target texts, with regard to clause frequency and the use of various clause and phrase categories. This analysis is linked to the structural differences between the two languages, that have been stated by researchers in contrastive linguistics. The clause and phrase categories in focus have been defined by Olof Eriksson (1997), and used as translation units in his contrastive study on the French and Swedish languages.  The results of the analysis prove that the Swedish translation is characterised by a considerably higher clause frequency than the French source texts. The reason is that the translation has led to more phrases being replaced by clauses, than the opposite. This divergency is conform to the stated differences between French and Swedish – a conclusion that also can be drawn regarding the most frequent shifts from phrase to clause categories, especially the ones including a participle phrase. However, not all observed shifts are obligatory, which means that the results could be somewhat different if the analysis was based on a translation conducted by someone else. In a future study, it would therefore be interesting to extend the analysis to include several versions of the same translated text.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Denna uppsats analyserar nyckelord som ett modernt sociolingvistiskt fenomen och derasfunktion som samhällets spegel, dess kultur och politik under en viss tid.De ryska nyckelorden och fraserna för perioden 2016-2021 har valts ut och beskrivits. Detdiskuteras huruvida dessa nyckelord har en koppling till de viktigaste händelserna i Rysslandoch i världen för åren 2016-2021 och huruvida de reflekterar det sätt som vi ser omvärlden påoch samt vilka tematiska grupper de aktuella nyckelorden hör till. Metoden som används iuppsatsen kallas för härledd/kompilerad data där bakgrunden till forskningen ärutgångspunkten för analysen och jämförelsen. Google Trends tas i anspråk för att samlastatistiskt data om hur pass nyckelorden i uppsatsen är överensstämmande med nyckelorden isökmaskinen. Analysen visar att de undersökta nyckelorden har en betydelsefull relation till dehuvudsakliga händelserna under de nämnda åren eftersom minst ett av nyckelorden hade endirekt eller indirekt koppling till de årens viktigaste händelser. De dominanta ämnena förnyckelorden visade sig vara politisk eller så utgjorde de en blandning av politik och samhälle.Slutligen kan det konkluderas att nyckelorden vi använder är en signifikant del av av ennations ordförråd och dess politiskt och kulturellt tankesätt. / This thesis analyses keywords as a modern sociolinguistic phenomenon and their function asthe mirror of society, its culture and politics over a period of time. The keywords and phrasesfor the period of 2016-2021 are selected and described. It is discussed whether thesekeywords have a relation to the main events in Russia and the world years 2016-2021, dokeywords in general reflect the way we perceive the outer world and which thematic groupsthe keywords in question belong to. The method used in the thesis is called thederived/compiled data where the research background is the starting point for the analysisand comparison. Google Trends is accustomed to gather statistical data over how thekeywords in question are coherent with the keywords in the search engine. The analysis shows that the researched keywords do have a crucial relation to the events on-going in the years mentioned as at least one of keywords had a direct or indirect relation tomain events of these years. The dominant subject of the keywords is thought to be political ora blend between politics and society. Finally it can be concluded that the keywords we use -are a meaningful part of a nation's vocabulary and its political and cultural mindset.

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