Jevgenija Adamová, Porovnávací analýza sémantických polí a významů barev na základě české, litevské a ruské frazeologie Abstract (in English): Presented dissertation concerns the topic of idioms contenting color(s) in Czech, Russian and Lithuanian languages. dissertation pursues the categories of colours such as: white; black; pink; red; green; gray or grey; yellow; blue; light blue, azure or sky-blue; brown and colour; likewise two "shades", as we decided to call them, such as light and dark and their equivalents in researched languages. Primary language of dissertation is Czech. Theoretical section offers a short introduction to issues dissertation deales with such as tradition of phraseologycal science in the Czech, Russian and Lithuanian languages and the traditions of the phraseography of those nations. It deals more in detail with Lithuanian phraseography since it was not as well researched in Czech dissertations, as other two were. The practical section of the thesis focuses on analysis of sematical fields of the categories of colours pursued. It analizes the corpora data (gathered from the national corpora of the three languages), which concerns the pursued categories. The dissertation is closed with conclusion and supplements. The supplement 1 is a Frequency glossary extracted from national...

O som no cinema gera expectativas, guia o espectador através das imagens e molda a recepção das cenas (BORDWELL; THOMPSON, 2008). Para que o espectador surdo ou ensurdecido tenha acesso a esse input ao assistir a uma produção audiovisual, a legenda para surdos e ensurdecidos (LSE) traduz os efeitos sonoros dos filmes (ARAÚJO, 2004). Em busca de um modelo de LSE que supra as necessidades do público alvo, foi realizada uma pesquisa com 34 surdos brasileiros (ARAÚJO; NASCIMENTO, 2011; ARAÚJO ET AL, 2013). Os resultados sugeriram que as traduções existentes analisadas de efeitos sonoros confundiam o espectador ou não acrescentavam informações relevantes. Levando em consideração a importância do som no cinema, realizou-se uma pesquisa para observar como essas traduções ocorriam em três filmes brasileiros comercializados em DVD (NASCIMENTO, 2013). Os resultados mostraram que a maioria dos efeitos sonoros encontrados nos filmes da pesquisa foram legendados sem uma preocupação aparente de ligar o som à sua significação na trama. Assim, com o propósito de auxiliar os legendistas nessas traduções, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal convencionar legendas para efeitos sonoros, além de estabelecer algumas diretrizes para a tarefa de traduzir sons em palavras. Acredita-se, ainda, que o processo de padronização das legendas também tornaria mais acessível as legendas em língua portuguesa para o público-alvo, pois unidades convencionadas são lidas de forma mais rápida (WOOD, 2015). Para isso, foi coletado um corpus comparável que foi analisado com o auxílio do software WordSmith Tools. Para facilitar as análises com o software, as legendas dos filmes foram etiquetadas a partir de categorias de proveniência do som. Para os ruídos, apresentamse as seguintes etiquetas: sons produzidos pelo homem, sons produzidos por objeto, sons produzidos por animais, sons produzidos pela natureza, sons ficcionais e silêncio. Para as músicas, as etiquetas são: música de fosso e música de tela. Essas etiquetas foram utilizadas como nódulos de busca e possibilitaram encontrar relevantes dados numéricos, tais como as categorias mais frequentemente legendadas no corpus: sons produzidos pelo homem e música de fosso. Portanto, esses são os sons cujas traduções foram convencionadas nessa pesquisa. / The sound in the cinema creates expectations, guides the spectator through images, and shapes the reception of scenes (BORDWELL; THOMPSON, 2008). So that deaf and hard of hearing public may have access to this input when watching an audiovisual production, the subtitle for the deaf and hard of hearing (SDH) translates the movies sound effects (ARAÚJO, 2004). In search for a SDH model that meets the spectators needs, a research has been conducted with 34 Brazilians deaf subjects (ARAÚJO; NASCIMENTO, 2011; ARAÚJO ET AL, 2013). The results suggested that the existent sound effects translations would mislead the spectator or would not contribute with relevant information. Taking into account the importance of the sound in the cinema, another research has been conduct in order to analyze how translations of sound effect were made in three commercialized DVDs in Brazil (NASCIMENTO, 2013). The results showed that most sound effects in the films were translated without connecting them to their meanings within the movie plot. Thus, in order to help translators with these translations, this researchs main objective is to conventionalize sound effects subtitles and stablish some guidelines to the sound into words task. Furthermore, it is believed that conventionalizing subtitles could render them more accessible as conventionalized units are read faster than non-conventionalized (WOOD, 2015). Therefore, a comparable corpus was collected and analyzed by means of WordSmith Tools software. In order to render the analysis simpler, the corpus was tagged following categories defined by the sound provenience. The following tags were applied to noise: sound produced by men, sound produced by objects, sound produced by nature, sound produced by animals, fictional sounds and silence. To music, the tags were background music and screen music. These tags were used as search words and rendered possible find relevant data, such as the most frequently translated categories within the corpus, which are: sounds produced by men and background music. Therefore, these are the sound categories whose translations were conventionalized in this research.

Le présent travail s’est proposé d’analyser avec les outils de la linguistique textuelle les autobiographies des jeunes Allemands de l’Est après 1989 souvent présentées comme inclassables dans le genre autobiographique. Il s’ouvre sur une description de la position interdisciplinaire adoptée dans ce travail de linguistique textuelle qui porte sur un corpus de textes relevant du discours littéraire tout en investissant des notions de l’analyse de discours s’inscrivant dans la tradition de Michel Foucault. Il se poursuit avec l’analyse des spécificités énonciatives, pragmatiques, thématiques et stylistiques des autobiographies des jeunes Allemands de l’Est après 1989, sur lesquelles se fonde leur appréhension en termes d’autobiographies contre-discursives, genre textuel désignant une sous-variante autobiographique produite par des auteurs-narrateurs marginalisés dans la réalité socio-historique, à destination du centre discursif, en réaction au discours dominant dont ils sont l’objet et qu’ils réfutent. Enfin ce travail propose une analyse détaillée des lexèmes nominaux composés ayant pour déterminant Ost- ou West- et à leur mise en texte dans les autobiographies des jeunes Allemands de l’Est après 1989. Parmi ces dénominations référant aux réalités de l’Est et de l’Ouest, certains complexes nominaux peuvent être qualifiés de composés phraséologiques : éléments linguistiques clés dans la diffusion des stéréotypes du discours sur l’Est, ils donnent lieu dans les textes du corpus à de nombreuses [dé]constructions lexicales permettant une critique du discours dominant, qui illustre la dimension défensive du contre-discours autobiographique est-allemand. / Through the use of text linguistics tools, this work aims to analyse the post 1989 autobiographies of young East Germans, which are often considered to be unclassifiable in the autobiographic genre. It starts with a description of the interdisciplinary position adopted in this text linguistics work. While focussing on a corpus of literary discourse texts it invests notions of discourse analysis which fall within the tradition of Michel Foucault. It continues with the analysis of the enunciative, pragmatic, thematic and stylistic specificities of these post 1989 autobiographies, which reveal, through a counter-discursive text type, the apprehension of their young East German authors. This text type refers to an autobiographic subvariant produced by author-narrators who have been marginalised from the social-historic reality, with a discursive purpose in reaction to the dominant discourse of which they are the objects and which they refute. La! stly, this work offers a detailed analysis of nominal compound lexemes having Ost- or West- as their determiner and their inclusion in the text of these post 1989 autobiographies of young East Germans. Among these denominations referring to East and West realities, certain nominal compounds can be qualified by phraseological compounds: as key linguistic elements in the diffusion of East discourse stereotypes they give rise, in the corpus texts, to numerous lexical [de]constructions which allow a criticism of the dominant discourse, thereby illustrating the defensive dimension of the East German counter-discourse autobiographies.

This diploma thesis focuses on teaching phrasemes in Czech language lessons in elementary schools especially in 7th grade. The thesis is divided into two parts, a theoretical one and research. The main goal of the theoretical part is to present the basic overview of phraseology as a linguistic discipline and didactic games as activating methods of education. The empirical part describes the creation and usage of didactical tools for teaching phrasemes and also summarizes the results of a survey.

The master's dissertation aims to examine the amount of attention given to phrasemes within the selected textbooks intended for the second stage of primary schools. Subsequently, it introduces its own worksheet dedicated to such problematics.

Die vorliegende Dissertation widmet sich dem Thema Synonymie im besonderen Fall der phraseologischen Einheiten. Es handelt sich um eine korpusbasierte, empirische Untersuchung, die sich insbesondere mit der Frage beschäftigt, ob und inwiefern es möglich ist, sich typisch semantischen Kategorien wie Bedeutung, Idiomatizität, Bildlichkeit etc. über die Untersuchung typischer Verwendungsmuster zu nähern. Diese Themenstellung motiviert sich aus bisher in der linguistischen Literatur strittigen grundsätzlichen Aspekten der Diskussion um Bedeutung und Synonymie: Sie ist zum einen als Beitrag zum besseren Verständnis des Verhältnisses zwischen Verwendungsdaten und Bedeutung sowie zum Status traditioneller wörterbuchähnlicher Bedeutungsangaben innerhalb einer gebrauchsbasierten Semantik gedacht: Zum anderen geht es darum, detaillierte Erkenntnisse über die Übertragbarkeit des Konzepts Synonymie von Einzellexemen auf phraseologische Einheiten zu gewinnen. Unter der Annahme, dass menschliches Lernen bzw. Erschließen von Bedeutung primär empirisch funktioniert, ist die Analyse der Breite der Varianz des tatsächlichen kontextuellen Verhaltens phraseologischer Einheiten bei gleicher oder ähnlicher Bedeutung dazu geeignet, detaillierte Erkenntnisse über die Korrelation zwischen Bedeutungs- und Verwendungsaspekten sowie über den Einfluss phraseologiespezifischer Eigenschaften zu gewinnen. Ausgangspunkt der Untersuchung ist eine Gruppe phraseologischer Einheiten, die in Wörterbüchern als bedeutungsähnlich bzw. synonym klassifiziert werden. Unter diesen phraseologischen Einheiten finden sich Ausdrücke unterschiedlicher Bildlichkeit, Idiomatizität und morphosyntaktischer Struktur, von denen einige aus mehreren Inhaltswörtern bestehen, wie etwa jmd. schüttelt etw. aus dem Ärmel, jmd. hat etw. mit der Muttermilch eingesogen und jmd. weiß Bescheid, während andere lediglich Verbindungen eines Inhaltswortes mit einem oder mehreren Funktionswörtern und dem Verb haben oder sein darstellen. Zur letzteren Gruppe gehören unter anderem Ausdrücke wie jmd. hat das Zeug zu etw., jmd. ist auf Zack und jmd. ist vom Fach. Diese Heterogenität der zu untersuchenden Ausdrücke bezüglich ihres phraseologischen Status macht sie zu einem geeigneten Gegenstand der differenzierten Betrachtung der Rolle phraseologiespezifischer Eigenschaften für die Beschreibung von Bedeutung und Synonymie. Die Untersuchung besteht im ersten Schritt in einer detaillierten Annotation aller Vorkommenskontexte der phraseologischen Einheiten im Korpus des DWDS (Berlin-Brandeburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, www.dwds.de) auf Basis einer Reihe vordefinierter Analysekriterien. Aus dieser Annotation wird in einem zweiten Schritt eine Beschreibung der typischen Verwendungsmerkmale jeder einzelnen lexikalischen Einheit gewonnen. Gleichzeitig enstehen nach einer festgelegten Methode Bedeutungsbeschreibungen in Form von Paraphrasen, die auf elementare Bedeutungsbestandteile reduziert werden. Diese Bedeutungs- und Verwendungsbeschreibungen der untersuchten phraseologschen Einheiten bilden die Basis für den dritten Teil der Arbeit, in der die beiden Beschreibungsebenen aufeinander bezogen werden. Im Ergebnis zeigt die Arbeit, dass a) Zwischen Verwendung und Bedeutung lexikalischer (phraseologischer) Einheiten identifizierbare systematische Korrelationen bestehen, die einen datenzentrierten Zugang zur Untersuchung und Beschreibung lexikalischer Semantik ermöglichen. b) Innerhalb einer Gruppe von Synonymen so wie auch innerhalb einer erweiterten Menge quasisynonymer Ausdrücke jedem einzelnen Element ein eigener Platz zukommt, der dieses Element von allen anderen Elementen unterscheidet. c) Die Verwendungsdaten einer phraseologischen Einheit positive Evidenz für den individuellen Grad der Relevanz der Merkmale Festigkeit, Idiomatizität und Motiviertheit einer phraseologischen Einheit liefern. / The present Ph.D.-dissertation addresses the subject of synonymy in the special case on Multi-Word Expressions. As a corpus-based, empirical study, it focusses around the question if and how it is possible to approach semantic categories such as meaning, idiomaticity and metaphoricity by analysing the characteristic usage patterns of a lexical unit. The study is driven by basic unresolved issues in the linguistic discussion on meaning and synonymy: On the one hand, it contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between usage data and meaning as well as on the status of traditional dictionary-like definitions in empirical semantics. On the other hand, it provides detailed insights on the applicability of the linguistc concept of synonymy - as it has been discussed for single lexemes – to lexicalized Multi-Word Expressions. On the basis of the assumption that human learning and grasping of meaning is a basically empirical process, the analysis of the variability of contextual behaviour of Multi-Word Expressions with identical or similar meaning constitutes a suitable way of gaining insights on the correlation between meaning and use as well as on the influence of specific properties of Multi-Word Expressions. The study starts out from a group of phraseological units that have been classified as synonymous in German phraseological dictionaries. These expressions differ their degree of idiomaticity, metaphoricity and morphosyntactic structure. Some of them – e.g. 'jmd. schüttelt etw. aus dem Ärmel' or 'jmd. hat etw. mit der Muttermilch eingesogen' (sb. does sth. with great ease) - comprise several content words whereas others are composed of only one content word together with one or more function words and the verb 'haven' (have) or 'sein' (be) – as it is the case for 'jmd. ist auf Zack', jmd. hat das Zeug zu etw.' and 'jmd. ist vom Fach' (sb. is able/competent in sth.). Their heterogeneity makes them a very good starting point for the research on the role played by phraseology-specific properties for meaning and synonymy. As a first step, the author realizes a detailed annotation of all occurrences of the these Multi-Word Expressions in the corpus of the DWDS (Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and the Humanities, www.dwds.de), using a series of predefined analysis criteria. From this analysis, she gains a description of their typical usage traits. In parallel, a neatly defined methodology leads to a set of meaning descriptions on the basis of dictionary paraphrases that are reduced to their elementary meaning components. In the last part of the study., these meaning and usage descriptions are then correlated yielding the following conclusions: a) Between meaning descriptions and usage patterns, systematic correlations can be devised that allow a data-driven approach to the semantics of lexical units. b)Within a group of synonyms, each element has its unique place, determined by its characteristic usage patterns. c) The usage data of a multi-word unit provide positive evidence forrr the degree of idiomaticity, morphosyntactic stability and metaphoricity of the expression.

In diesem durch Erlebnisse aus der Zeit seiner Kriegsgefangenschaft in Frankreich (1914-1920) inspirierten Text erläutert Peters die ursprüngliche Bedeutung der plattdeutschen Redensart „to Stock doon“ und der hochdeutschen Redensart „etwas auf dem Kerbholz haben“.

Magistro studijų baigiamojo darbo „Broniaus Kalinausko asmenybė ir mokslinė veikla“ tikslas – pateikti B. Kalinausko biografijos fragmentus bei atskleisti, koks kalbininko indėlis į lietuvių kalbos frazeologiją, sintaksę, kalbos kultūrą. Taip pat apžvelgti B. Kalinausko metodinius darbus, skirtus tiek mokytojams, tiek mokiniams. Darbe stengiamasi ne tik pabrėžti B. Kalinausko skelbtas idėjas, jo požiūrį į tam tikrus kalbos dalykus, bet ir palyginti iškeltas mintis su vėlesnių kalbininkų darbais, atskleisti, koks pamatas padėtas tolimesniems lietuvių kalbos tyrinėjimams. Atkreipiamas dėmesys į tai, kaip B.Kalinausko pateikta lietuvių kalbos frazeologijos klasifikacija pakito iki šių dienų, kaip kitos iškeltos idėjos įsitvirtino lietuvių kalbotyroje. Analizuojami sintaksės, metodikos darbai, straipsniai, susiję su kalbos praktika. Darbo pabaigoje pateikiami kalbininką pažinojusių žmonių prisiminimai, kurie leidžia geriau pažinti B. Kalinausko asmenybę. / The main purpose of a final master‘s degree thesis „The personality and scientific activities of Bronius Kalinauskas“ is to introduce to B. Kalinauskas biographical snippets and to disclose any linguist‘s contribution to the Lithuanian language phraseology, syntax and language culture. It is also an overview of B. Kalinauskas methodological work, for both teachers and students. This thesis attempts to emphasize not only B. Kalinauskas published ideas, his approach to certain language issues, but also in relation to the ideas raised in the subsequent work of linguists, to reveal what lay the foundation for further research in Lithuanian language. The attention is drawn to it how B. Kalinauskas the Lithuanian language phraseology clasification changed to these days. There are also analysed syntax, methodology works, articles related to the language practice. The end of a final master‘s degree thesis provides memories of his acquaintances, which allows a better understanding of B. Kalinauskas personality.

Speakers of Persian, like speakers of other languages, utilise Routine Politeness Formulae (RPF) to negotiate central interpersonal interactions. RPF in Persian have not received any systematic description as to their forms, their functions, their typical conditions of use and their discourse structure rules. Bridging this gap, for the first time, RPF from five frequently-used speech acts – namely, greeting, leave-taking, apologizing, thanking and requesting – are documented in this thesis. Data were derived from Persian soap operas and from role-plays with native speakers, and were entered into a database for further analysis. The analysis is qualitative and the data are conceived of as phraseological units to be represented as dictionary entries. The study of the aforementioned speech acts and their related array of RPF reveals the dynamics of interpersonal polite behaviour among Persians, reflecting the following socio-cultural values prevalent in Iranian society: (i) its group-oriented nature, (ii) a tendency towards positive (solidarity) politeness, (iii) sensitivity to remaining in people’s debt, (iv) sensitivity to giving trouble to others, (v) a high premium on reciprocity in interpersonal communications, (vi) the importance of seniority in terms of age and social status, and (vii) differentiation between members of the ‘inner circle’ and the ‘outer circle’. This thesis also reveals the dominance of the strategy of self-lowering and other-elevating. Almost all RPF in Persian allow for the use of this pervasive strategy, which is also manifested by two further sub-strategies: (i) a propensity to exaggerate favours received from others, and (ii) giving precedence to others over oneself. Finally, it is suggested that Islamic teachings have significantly influenced the formation and use of certain RPF. The dictionary resulting from this work can serve as a resource for researchers in sociolinguistics and pragmatics, and for the teaching of Persian to non-Persian speakers.

Jevgenija Adamová, Porovnávací analýza sémantických polí a významů barev na základě české, litevské a ruské frazeologie Abstract (in English): Presented dissertation concerns the topic of idioms contenting color(s) in Czech, Russian and Lithuanian languages. Dissertation pursues the categories of colours such as: white; black; pink; red; green; gray or grey; yellow; blue; light blue, azure or sky-blue; brown and colour; likewise two "shades", as we decided to call them, such as light and dark and their equivalents in researched languages. Primary language of dissertation is Czech. Theoretical section offers a short introduction to the issues dissertation deales with such as tradition of phraseological science in the Czech, Russian and Lithuanian languages and the traditions of the phraseography of those nations. It deals more in detail with Lithuanian phraseography since it was not as well researched in Czech dissertations, as other two were. The practical section of the thesis focuses on analysis of sematical fields of the categories of colours pursued. It analizes the corpora data (gathered from the national corpora of the three languages), which concerns the pursued categories. The dissertation is closed with conclusion and supplements. The supplement 1 is a Frequency glossary extracted from national...