La bataille de Diên Biên Phu est connue pour avoir été une défaite retentissante de la France en 1954. Certains aspects de cette bataille devenue une véritable affaire sont pourtant encore méconnus dans leurs formes et leurs conséquences, notamment ses dimensions humaine, sociale et même judiciaire. Il est tout d’abord intéressant de mieux connaitre les hommes qui ont participé au front comme à l’arrière, à cette bataille. « Ceux de Diên Biên Phu » représentent en effet un groupe social éphémère mais qui a fonctionné dans un contexte bien particulier pendant près de cinq mois et demi. Or, ce groupe présente des caractéristiques qui lui sont propres et qui dépendent à la fois de leur rôle de militaires et du contexte de bataille. Mieux connaitre ces soldats, c’est aussi s’intéresser à leur parcours bien avant la bataille et pour les survivants, bien après celle-ci. Toutefois, en 1954, la société militaire de Diên Biên Phu a connu un quotidien qu’il est possible de diviser en trois grandes périodes le définissant. La vie de l’avant-bataille n’est pas la même que celle menée dans les combats, elle-même différente de la vie de prisonniers de guerre. Diên Biên Phu peut ainsi être vu au prisme du vécu et du ressenti de ses combattants. Enfin, cette bataille a eu des conséquences bien au-delà du 7 mai 1954. Elle prend alors son sens « d’affaire ». Elle est devenue un mythe de l’Armée française mais la recherche des responsabilités qui s’est engagée alors en France met au jour des conflits bien plus anciens et personnels. Cette dernière composante de l’Affaire de Diên Biên Phu s’incarne dans un conflit entre les généraux Navarre et Cogny, anciens hauts responsables militaires en Indochine et parties prenantes de la bataille, qui les a menés jusqu’au tribunal. Des tranchées au prétoire, Diên Biên Phu est bien une grande affaire aux multiples acceptions. Elle n’est pas seulement la bataille de la fin de la guerre d’Indochine. Elle est également, peut-être même avant tout, une affaire de soldats, une affaire d’hommes et une affaire sociale, politique et judiciaire. / Diên Biên Phu is well known as a great French defeat in 1954. Nevertheless some aspects of this real case are still to discover, for example the human, social and legal aspects. At first, it is interesting to know better the men who were soldiers during the battle, those from the front as those stayed in Hanoi or Saigon. All of them represent a real society which worked in a special context during more than five months. This social group as his own characteristics which depend on his military functions and the battle itself. Knowing these men better, is also searching to know who they were before coming in Indochina and what they became even a long time after the battle of Diên Biên Phu. However, in 1954, the Diên Biên Phu’s military society had had three different lives during these five months : before the fights, they naturally had a different life than during the battle, and then, when the survivors became prisoners, they started another new part of their life. Diên Biên Phu can also be studied by the prism of the everyday life and the felt of the fighters. This battle had finally had consequences well beyond May 7th. Then, it becomes the “case”. Diên Biên Phu became one of the great military myth but in the same time, the research of the responsibilities in France has begun. This new case brings to light other older and more personal conflicts. The more important of these conflicts is the one between the two former chief generals in Indochina in charge of the battle, general Navarre and general Cogny. This very important personal and professional conflict led them to the court. From trenches to the court, Diên Biên Phu is an important and more complex case than just a battle camp. It is not just the fight which lid to the end of Indochina War. It is also and maybe more than anything else, a men’s business and a social, political and judicial affair.

A l'heure actuelle, de nombreuses entreprises commercialisent des matériaux polyuréthanes pour diverses applications. Le polyuréthane se place au sixième rang des polymères les plus produits au monde. Néanmoins, ces matériaux sont préparés à partir de monomères dangereux : les isocyanates. Ces derniers sont toxiques ou même parfois CMR (Cancérigène, Mutagène, Reprotoxique) et représentent un danger pour l'environnement, le formulateur et l'utilisateur. Pour protéger leurs employés et consommateurs et dans le cadre de la législation REACH, Bostik et Arkema, les deux entreprises du consortium CYRRENAS financé par l’Agence Nationale de la Recherche, visent à substituer les isocyanates dans les polyuréthanes et ainsi former des matériaux Non-Isocyanate PolyUrethane (NIPU). Parmi les différentes voies d’accès aux NIPUs, la voie novatrice carbonate cyclique/amine a été envisagée afin de synthétiser des matériaux polyhydroxyuréthanes (PHU). Une étude approfondie par des analyses spectrométriques (RMN) et thermiques (DSC) sur des réactions modèles entre des mono-carbonates cycliques et des mono-amines ont permis de mettre en évidence les paramètres influençant la réactivité ainsi que les limitations de cette technologie. Ce manuscrit s’intéresse également à l’élaboration de matériaux PHU, à leurs propriétés mécaniques, thermomécaniques et d'adhésion sur différents supports. Le polyuréthane est également très largement employé sous forme de mousses flexibles et rigides qui représentent 2/3 du marché mondial des matériaux polyuréthane. Dans cette optique, les premières mousses PHUs ont été élaborées et caractérisées. Enfin, dans le but de pallier la limitation de la synthèse des PHUs, une nouvelle approche de formulation de matériaux a été mise au point à partir de pré-polymères amino-téléchéliques contenant des groupements hydroxyuréthanes et des extendeurs de chaîne bio-sourcés. Les matériaux résultant de cette formulation sont appelés H-NIPUs. / Polyurethane ranks as the sixth most produced polymer in the world. Nevertheless, these materials are obtained from harmful monomers: isocyanates. Isocyanates are toxic and sometimes CMR (Carcinogenic, Mutagenic, Reprotoxic) and represent a danger for the environment, the formulator and the final user. To protect their employees and consumers and in the context of the REACH regulation , Bostik and Arkema, the two companies of the consortium CYRRENAS funded by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche, target the substitution of isocyanates in polyurethanes and thus the production of Non-Isocyanates Polyurethane (NIPU) materials. Among the different access routes to NIPUs, the innovative cyclic carbonate/amine way was considered in order to synthesize polyhydroxyurethane (PHU) materials. A detailed study by spectrometric (NMR) and thermic (DSC) analyses on model reactions between mono-cyclic carbonates and mono-amines allowed to bring to light the parameters influencing the reactivity as well as the limitations of this technology. This manuscript also focuses on the elaboration of flexible and rigid PHU materials, on their thermal, mechanical, thermomechanical and adhesive properties on different substrates. The polyurethane is also very largely employed in flexible and rigid foams which represent 2/3 of the worldwide market. In this context, the first PHU foams were synthesized and thermally and mechanically characterized. Finally, with the objective to circumvent the limitations of the PHU synthesis, a new approach for the formulation of polyurethanes without isocyanates was developed from aminotelechelic prepolymers containing hydroxyurethane moieties and biobased epoxidized compounds used as chain extenders. The materials resulting from this formulation are called H-NIPUs.

Thesis (M.A.)--Ohio State University, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 142-151). Also available via the Internet.

En 1945, le génie militaire français est devenu l’arme des communications. À leur arrivée en Indochine, malgré la pauvreté de leurs effectifs, les formations du génie œuvrent donc au rétablissement des itinéraires. Cependant, la nature même de la guerre d’Indochine et les caractéristiques propres au milieu physique des pays de la péninsule indochinoise obligent le génie à s’adapter, tout en assurant de plus en plus de responsabilités. À partir de 1951, la menace chinoise comme le renforcement du corps de bataille viêt-minh font apparaître de nouvelles missions qui se traduisent par l’équipement du théâtre d’opérations, rendu possible par l’arrivée de l’aide américaine. En dépit de la montée en puissance du génie d’Extrême-Orient, la perte progressive de la liberté d’action du corps expéditionnaire se solde par la défaite des Français. Enfin, entre 1954 et 1956, les sapeurs accueillent les réfugiés et les unités du corps expéditionnaire en provenance du Nord-Vietnam puis, procèdent à l’évacuation de l’Indochine. / In 1945, French army engineers became the routes building branch. From the moment they arrive in Indochina, engineers reestablish itineraries, in spite of a limited number personnel. However the deep nature of the Indochina war and the particular of south-eastern Asian terrain force the engineers to adapt while they take more and more responsibilities. By 1951, the Chinese threat and the reinforcement of the Viet-Minh result in new missions which necessitate a development of infrastructures on the theatre, thanks to American support. Despite the increasing presence of the engineers, the French defeat is caused by a progressive restrain of the movement for the expeditionary corps. Eventually between 1954 and 1956, the engineers gather the refugees and the expeditionary corps units from North-Vietnam and manage the evacuation from Indochina.

Pierre Schoendoerffer fait irruption dans le paysage médiatique en 1965 avec La 317ème section ; ce film met en scène une section locale supplétive à la fin de la guerre d’Indochine. Avec ses œuvres suivantes, jusqu’à Là-haut, sorti en 2004, le cinéaste poursuit un récit qui va de l’Indochine à l’Algérie, du Vietnam en guerre aux mers du grand Nord. C’est le destin d’une génération que Pierre Schoendoerffer porte à l’écran, de ces officiers qui, adolescents sous l’Occupation, sont devenus des hommes dans la guerre d’Indochine et ont dû faire des choix décisifs en Algérie. Alors qu’aucun imaginaire national n’émerge vraiment sur cette période, son œuvre occupe une place originale. Le parcours du réalisateur lui-même fascine les critiques et le public : né en 1928, Pierre Schoendoerffer est entré dans le cinéma par la guerre, en devenant caméraman pour le Service Presse-Information des Armées en Indochine en 1952. Fait prisonnier à Dien Bien Phu, c’est avant tout pour ceux qu’il a vu mourir à ses côtés qu’il dit vouloir témoigner. La manière dont son œuvre est reçue et comprise est révélatrice des évolutions de la mémoire sur ces guerres de décolonisation. L’œuvre de Pierre Schoendoerffer marque incontestablement son public, même si certains films remportent un succès mitigé. Dans le vide de représentations sur la guerre d’Indochine et alors que la guerre d’Algérie demeure une blessure ouverte dans l’imaginaire nationale, sa fresque contribue à l’édification d’une mythologie. / Pierre Schoendoerffer burst into the media landscape in 1965 with La 317ème section (The 317th platoon), a film about a local auxiliary platoon at the end of the First Indochina War. In his next works, till the last one Là-haut – a movie released in 2004 –, the movie maker carried on a tale from Indochina to Algerian, from Vietnam at war to the Arctic Seas. Thus, the destiny of a whole generation has been screened by Pierre Schoendoerffer : officers who were in their teens during the Occupation have become men in Indochina War and, as such, faced decisive choices in Algerian. While no national mythe really emerged during this period, his work takes a special meaning. The very development of the director’s art fascinates critics as well as the audience: war led Pierre Schoendoerffer (he was born in 1928) to cinema as he was a cameraman for the Service Presse-Information des Armées en Indochine, i.e. the Military Information Department in Indochina, in 1952. Captured in Dien Bien Phu, he pledged above all those who were killed around him to testimony. The way his work was welcome and understood is a good illustration of how memory on decolonization evolved. Pierre Schoendoerffer’s cinema undoubtedly reached its audience, even though some movies happened to meet a lesser/minor success. In the context of lack of representations of Indochina War, and while Algerian War remained an open wound in the imagined community, his fresque contributed to build a mythology.

This paper introduces the results of a project initiated by Cantho University (CTU) on the introduction of micro-credits for addressing the environmental pollution in Vietnam’s craft villages. At Tan Phu Dong, a traditional rice powder production village in Sa Dec, Dong Thap, all wastes from domestic and production activities and animal husbandry were freely disposed into open water sources. This practice led to a negative impact on the local environment. With the financial support provided by the Bread for the World (BfdW), a micro-credit program was initiated in which farmers could borrow money to construct a biogas plant to treat animal husbandry and domestic wastes. In addition, the staff transferred biogas plant construction technology to the local masons and organized training courses on biogas plant operation and maintenance and biogas usage for the farmers and the local officials. 61 farmers borrowed money from the program to construct their biogas plants, followed by more than 250 farmers that constructed their biogas plants by their own finance after realizing the positive benefits of biogas plants. As result, the environmental pollution issue was solved step-by-step, thereby helping enhance the living conditions of the local community. / Bài báo này trình bày biện pháp sử dụng nguồn quỹ tín dụng nhỏ để các hộ dân cải thiện tình trạng ô nhiễm môi trường ở các làng nghề Việt Nam. Tại làng nghề làm bột Tân Phú Đông - Sa Đéc - Đồng Tháp, các loại chất thải sinh hoạt, chất thải sản xuất và chăn nuôi xả thải bừa bãi đã gây ô nhiễm môi trường nghiêm trọng. Với kinh phí tài trợ từ tổ chức Bánh mỳ cho thế giới (BfdW), các cán bộ trường Đại học Cần Thơ đã tổ chức cho người dân luân phiên vay vốn để xây dựng hầm ủ khí sinh học xử lý chất thải chăn nuôi và chất thải sinh hoạt. Bên cạnh đó còn tổ chức các lớp tập huấn chuyển giao công nghệ xây hầm ủ khí sinh học cho thợ xây địa phương, hướng dẫn vận hành và bảo dưỡng hầm ủ cho người dân và cán bộ địa phương. Thông qua nguồn vốn vay của dự án, có 61 hộ dân đã xây dựng hầm ủ khí sinh học và trên 250 hộ dân khác đã tự đầu tư xây dựng khi thấy được lợi ích của hầm ủ. Nhờ đó tình trạng ô nhiễm môi trường từng bước được giải quyết góp phần cải thiện điều kiện sống của người dân tại địa phương.

This paper introduces the results of a project initiated by Cantho University (CTU) on the introduction of micro-credits for addressing the environmental pollution in Vietnam’s craft villages. At Tan Phu Dong, a traditional rice powder production village in Sa Dec, Dong Thap, all wastes from domestic and production activities and animal husbandry were freely disposed into open water sources. This practice led to a negative impact on the local environment. With the financial support provided by the Bread for the World (BfdW), a micro-credit program was initiated in which farmers could borrow money to construct a biogas plant to treat animal husbandry and domestic wastes. In addition, the staff transferred biogas plant construction technology to the local masons and organized training courses on biogas plant operation and maintenance and biogas usage for the farmers and the local officials. 61 farmers borrowed money from the program to construct their biogas plants, followed by more than 250 farmers that constructed their biogas plants by their own finance after realizing the positive benefits of biogas plants. As result, the environmental pollution issue was solved step-by-step, thereby helping enhance the living conditions of the local community. / Bài báo này trình bày biện pháp sử dụng nguồn quỹ tín dụng nhỏ để các hộ dân cải thiện tình trạng ô nhiễm môi trường ở các làng nghề Việt Nam. Tại làng nghề làm bột Tân Phú Đông - Sa Đéc - Đồng Tháp, các loại chất thải sinh hoạt, chất thải sản xuất và chăn nuôi xả thải bừa bãi đã gây ô nhiễm môi trường nghiêm trọng. Với kinh phí tài trợ từ tổ chức Bánh mỳ cho thế giới (BfdW), các cán bộ trường Đại học Cần Thơ đã tổ chức cho người dân luân phiên vay vốn để xây dựng hầm ủ khí sinh học xử lý chất thải chăn nuôi và chất thải sinh hoạt. Bên cạnh đó còn tổ chức các lớp tập huấn chuyển giao công nghệ xây hầm ủ khí sinh học cho thợ xây địa phương, hướng dẫn vận hành và bảo dưỡng hầm ủ cho người dân và cán bộ địa phương. Thông qua nguồn vốn vay của dự án, có 61 hộ dân đã xây dựng hầm ủ khí sinh học và trên 250 hộ dân khác đã tự đầu tư xây dựng khi thấy được lợi ích của hầm ủ. Nhờ đó tình trạng ô nhiễm môi trường từng bước được giải quyết góp phần cải thiện điều kiện sống của người dân tại địa phương.