O gênero Hypnea Lamouroux (1813) e particularmente a espécie H. musciformis (Wulfen) J.V.Lamouroux apresentam grande importância ecológica e econômica como matéria prima para a produção de carragenana, com ampla distribuição geográfica em águas tropicais e sub-tropicais ao redor do mundo. No entanto, a identificação das espécies de Hypnea com base apenas em dados morfológicos é dificultada devido à plasticidade fenotípica presente neste grupo e sua morfologia relativamente simples. Em vista disso, diversas ferramentas de estudo para delimitar espécies dentro do gênero e sua distribuição geográfica foram utilizados neste trabalho, para testar duas hipóteses principais: 1) Hypnea musciformis forma um complexo de espécies proximamente relacionadas, mas com distribuição geográfica distinta e 2) Os variantes morfológicos \"musciformis\" e \"nigrescens\" de H. pseudomusciformis que ocorrem na costa Brasileira correspondem a uma única espécie biológica. Com base em marcadores moleculares e análises morfológicas, confirmamos a ocorrência de nove espécies diferentes na costa do Brasil: H. brasiliensis, H. cervicornis, H. edeniana, H. flava, H. pseudomusciformis, H. platyclada, H. spinella, H. yokoyana e H. wynnei. E duas espécies não descritas, Hypnea sp.1 e Hypnea sp2. Além disso, dados de cruzamento com linhagens distintas de H. pseudomusciformis indicam a separação em duas espécies, sendo H. pseudomusciformis restrita ao Sudeste e Sul do país e H. sp. 5 restrita ao Nordeste, elevando o número total de espécies do país para 12. Análises filogeográficas mostram que H. musciformis possui distribuição ao longo do Hemisfério Norte, enquanto que H. pseudomusciformis possui distribuição ao longo do Hemisfério Sul. Além disso, foram detectados fortes padrões de estrutura genética e foram reconhecidas distintas zonas filogeográficas marinhas: a província do Uruguai, a província do sul do Brasil, a província do Rio de Janeiro, a província do leste do Brasil e a província do norte do Brasil. O grau de isolamento genético e distinção entre essas províncias variou consideravelmente. A maior diversidade genética foi encontrada na região de ressurgencia de Cabo Frio, no estado do Rio de Janeiro, uma região conhecida pela presença de um número diversificado de habitats microclimáticos distintos. Esses resultados corroboram a hipótese 1. Para testar a hipótese 2, foram coletados indivíduos das duas variantes morfológicas de H. pseudomusciformis, \"musciformis\" e \"nigrescens\" que foram cultivados in vitro nas mesmas condições. O histórico de vida de ambas as variantes morfológicas foi completado em aproximadamente 121 dias. Quando cultivados in vitro, as diferenças morfológicas entre as variantes \"musciformis\" e \"nigrescens\" foram atenuadas. O conteúdo de pigmentos fotossintetizantes (clorofila a, carotenóides e ficobiliproteínas), proteínas solúveis totais e capacidade antioxidante (DPPH, ABTS, capacidade de redução de Folin-Ciocalteu, FRAP e capacidade de quelação de ferro) também foram analisados para amostras dessas duas variantes morfológicas coletadas no campo e cultivadas in vitro. A variação \"nigrescens\" coletada no campo apresentou mais ficobiliproteínas, proteínas solúveis totais e apresentou maior atividade antioxidante para os ensaios ABTS e Folin-Ciocalteu do que a variação \"musciformis\". As amostras em cultura de ambas as variações morfológicas não mostraram diferenças significativas nos pigmentos e atividade antioxidante, exceto para aloficocianina, que foi maior em \"musciformis\". Estes dados indicam que as diferenças encontradas entre \"musciformis\" e \"nigrescens\" são principalmente devidas a pressões ambientais e representam um exemplo de plasticidade fenotípica. Além disso, foram realizados experimentos de cruzamento in vitro entre gametófitos de \"musciformis\" e \"nigrescens\". Esses cruzamentos resultaram na formação de cistocarpos, que após a liberação dos esporos, originaram novos tetrasporófitos, que posteriormente ficaram férteis liberando tetrásporos que se desenvolveram em novos gametófitos, confirmando os dados moleculares que mostram que essas variantes pertencem à mesma espécie biológica, corroborando a hipótese 2 / The genus Hypnea Lamouroux (1813) and particularly H. musciformis (Wulfen) J.V.Lamouroux present great economic and ecological importance as source for the production of carrageenan, with a wide geographic distribution in tropical and sub-tropical waters around the world. However, the identification of Hypnea species based only on morphological data is hampered by phenotypic plasticity and its relatively simple morphology. In this work, several approaches were used to study species of the genus Hypnea, based on two hypothesis: 1) The species H. musciformis is a complex of closely related species, but with a distinct geographic distribution. 2) The morphological variants \"musciformis\" and \"nigrescens\" of H. pseudomusciformis occurring on the Brazilian coast correspond to a single biological species. Based on DNA barcode molecular markers and morphological analyzes, we confirmed the occurrence of nine different species for the genus Hypnea on the coast of Brazil: H. brasiliensis, H. cervicornis, H. edeniana, H. flava, H. pseudomusciformis, H. platyclada, H. spinella, H. yokoyana and H. wynnei. And two undescribed species, H. sp.1 and H. sp2. In addition, cross-breeding tests were made within two linaeges of H. pseudomusciformis , the resultus indicate the segregation in two distint species, with H. pseudomusciformis restrict to Southeast and South of the country and H. sp. 5 to Northeast, elevating the total number of species to 12. Phylogeographic analyzes show that H. musciformis is distributed in the Northern Hemisphere of the planet, while H. pseudomusciformis is distributed in the Southern Hemisphere. In addition, strong patterns of genetic structure were detected and distinct marine phytogeographic zones were recognized: the province of Uruguay, the province of southern Brazil, the province of Rio de Janeiro, the province of eastern Brazil and the province of northern Brazil. The degree of genetic isolation and distinction between these provinces varied considerably. The greatest genetic diversity was found in Cabo Frio, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, a upwelling region known for the presence of a diverse number of distinct microclimatic habitats. These results corroborate hypothesis 1. To test hypothesis 2, individuals of the two morphological variants of H. pseudomusciformis, \"musciformis\" and \"nigrescens\" were collected and kept under the same in vitro culture conditions. The life history of both morphological variants was completed in approximately 121 days. When cultured in vitro, the morphological differences between the \"musciformis\" and \"nigrescens\" variants were attenuated. The content of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, carotenoids and phycobiliproteins), total soluble proteins and antioxidant capacity (DPPH, ABTS, reduction capacity of Folin-Ciocalteu, FRAP and iron chelation capacity) were also analyzed for samples of these two morphological variants collected in the field and from in vitro cultures. The \"nigrescens\" variation collected in the field showed more phycobiliproteins, total soluble proteins and presented greater antioxidant activity for ABTS and Folin-Ciocalteu than the \"musciformis\" variation. Samples maintained in vitro of both morphological variations did not show significant differences in pigment and antioxidant activity, except for allophycocyanin, which was higher in \"musciformis\". These data indicate that the differences found between \"musciformis\" and \"nigrescens\" are due to environmental pressures and represent an example of phenotypic plasticity. In addition, in vitro crossing experiments were performed between gametophytes of \"musciformis\" and \"nigrescens\". These crossings generated cystocarps and, after the spores were released, new tetrasporophytes were observed, which later produced tetraspores that germinated forming new gametophytes, confirming the molecular data that show that these variants belong to the same biological species, corroborating the hypothesis 2

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:38:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 THAIS GUIMARAES DE CASTRO.pdf: 13614820 bytes, checksum: 32a8409344e14615a4b71779806ea4b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-09 / Tibouchina papyrus (Melastomataceae) is an endemic tree of cerrado rupestre, restricted to Serra Dourada (SD) and Pirineus (SP), in Goiás, and Natividade (NT) in Tocantins. This work s objective was to study the variability and genetic structure of T. papyrus, based on the polymorphism of non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA. We sampled 16 individuals in six subpopulations of T. papyrus in three localities of occurrence. The individuals were sequenced for the intergenic regions psbA/trnH, trnC/ycf6 and trnS/trnG, whose fragments were 268pb, 294pb and 580pb, respectively. For the 96 individuals studied, we found 11 different haplotypes for the three sequenced regions combined. Serra Dourada showed a higher genetic diversity (h = 0.837; = 0.0012 ± 0.0008), followed by Pirineus (h = 0.762, = 0.0012 ± 0.0009) and Natividade (h = 0.591, = 0,0013 ± 0.0009). Network program analysis showed groups geographically distinct, no sharing of haplotypes between localities, and the analysis of variance showed a high differentiation between subpopulations (!ST = 0.684; p <0.001), with the largest variation occurring between populations (68.39% AMOVA). There is no sign of recent retraction in populations size followed by expansion (Tajima D and Mismatch Distribution). Despite the high genetic diversity shown in this study, the populations of T. papyrus probably are historically isolated and its expansion is restricted by the distribution of favorable habitat, which represents a risk to long-term persistence of populations. / Tibouchina papyrus (Melastomataceae) é uma árvore endêmica de cerrado rupestre, restrita às Serras Dourada (SD) e dos Pirineus (SP), em Goiás, e Natividade (NT) em Tocantins. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a variabilidade e estrutura genética de T. papyrus, baseada no polimorfismo de regiões não codificantes do DNA de cloroplasto. Foram amostrados 16 indivíduos em seis subpopulações de T. papyrus nas três localidades de ocorrência da espécie. Os indivíduos foram sequenciados para as regiões intergênicas psbA/trnH, trnC/ycf6 e trnS/trnG, cujos fragmentos apresentaram 268pb, 294pb e 580pb, respectivamente. Para os 96 indivíduos estudados, foram encontrados 11 diferentes haplótipos para as três regiões sequenciadas combinadas. Serra dourada apresentou maior diversidade genética (h = 0,837; &#960; = 0,0012 ± 0,0008), seguida de Pirineus (h = 0,762, &#960; = 0,0012 ± 0,0009) e Natividade (h = 0,591, &#960; = 0,0013 ± 0,0009). A análise no programa Network mostrou agrupamentos geograficamente distintos, sem compartilhamento de haplótipos entre localidades, e a análise de variância mostrou uma alta diferenciação entre as subpopulações (!ST = 0,684; p < 0,001), sendo que a maior variação ocorre entre subpopulações (68.39%, AMOVA). Não há sinal de retração recente no tamanho das subpopulações seguido por expansão (Tajima D e Mismatch Distribution). Apesar da alta diversidade genética indicada neste trabalho, as subpopulações de T. papyrus provavelmente estão isoladas historicamente e sua expansão é restrita pela distribuição do habitat favorável o que representa um risco a persistência em longo prazo das subpopulações.

O Brasil abrange grande diversidade de espécies da família Orchidaceae, onde o gênero Cattleya se destaca devido a reconhecida importância horticultural e espécies altamente relacionadas de difícil delimitação taxonômica. Anteriormente, Cattleya loddigesii e C. harrisoniana foram reconhecidas como espécies distintas devido à descontinuidade morfológica, fenológica e distribuição geográfica. Entretanto, esses critérios não são suficientes para determinar com clareza a delimitação dessas espécies, uma vez que existem populações com características morfológicas e fenológicas intermediárias consideradas introgredidas. Com o intuito de esclarecer o relacionamento entre C. loddigesii e C. harrisoniana, a relação das populações introgredidas, a estruturação das populações, bem como padrões filogeográficos envolvidos, análises filogeográficas baseadas em sequencias de DNA de cloroplasto (cpDNA) e DNA nuclear ribossomal (ITS) foram utilizadas. No total, foram amostrados 130 indivíduos das duas espécies distribuídos em 17 populações. Os resultados obtidos suportam a distinção entre as plantas, onde a árvore de estimativa de tempo de divergência para ITS separou mais evidentemente em clados distintos as duas espécies, corroborando a alta estruturação encontrada pela AMOVA (&Phi;CT = 0,597), distribuição haplotípica e análises bayesianas. Apesar disso, os resultados para cpDNA não evidenciaram claramente essa distinção. Os resultados obtidos pelo software Migrate também suportam a distinção das espécies e, ainda, sugerem que as populações introgredidas são mais relacionadas com C. loddigesii. Ademais, os dados sugerem que a estruturação populacional encontrada segue o modelo de isolamento por distância, assim como sugeriram as análises de clados aninhados - NCPA e bayesiana. Ademais, os resultados de estruturação para ambas as regiões, e as possíveis incongruências entre os resultados de cpDNA e ITS estão indicando que existe maior número de indivíduos híbridos e introgressão, necessitando de novos estudos para corroborar essas evidências. Uma das possíveis razões pelo amplo compartilhamento de haplótipos, principalmente para cpDNA, pode ter sido devido à conectividade mantida através das populações introgredidas. Além disso, a reprodução alogâmica, a dispersão por abelhas e a dispersão de sementes pelo vento a longas distâncias podem também ter contribuído para a conexão entre elas. Os resultados da reconstrução filogeográfica, bem como o número de migrantes sugerem que as populações se dispersaram em direção ao Norte-Sul em períodos glaciais do Pleistoceno. Além disso, a alta diversidade e a diferenciação das populações do extremo Sul de SP indicam indícios de uma possível zona de refúgio neste local. / Brazil covers a wide range of species of the orchid family, where the Cattleya genus stands out due to a recognized horticultural importance and highly related species difficult taxonomic delimitation. Previously, Cattleya loddigesii and C. harrisoniana were recognized as distinct species due to morphological, phenological and geographical distribution discontinuity. However, these criteria are not sufficient to determine clearly the identification of these species, as there are populations with intermediate morphological and phenological characteristics considered introgressed. In order to clarify the relationship between C. loddigesii and C. harrisoniana, the ratio of introgressed populations, the population structure and the phylogeographic patterns involved, phylogeographic analyses based on chloroplast DNA sequences (cpDNA) and ribosomal nuclear DNA (ITS), were used. Overall, we sampled 130 individuals of the two species distributed into 17 populations. Results support the distinction between plants, where the tree of divergence time estimate for ITS separated the two species more clearly into distinct clades, corroborating the high structure found by AMOVA (&Phi;CT = 0.597), haplotype distribution and Bayesian analyses. Nevertheless, the results for cpDNA did not demonstrated that distinction clearly. The results obtained by the Migrate software also support the species distinction and suggest that the introgressed populations are more closely related to C. loddigesii. Furthermore, the data suggest that the population structure found follows the isolation by distance model, as also suggested in the nested clades - NCPA and Bayesian analyses. Furthermore, the population structure results for both regions, plus possible inconsistencies between the cpDNA and ITS results, may indicate that there is a greater number of hybrid individuals and introgression, requiring new studies to corroborate this evidence. One of the possible reasons for the broad sharing of haplotypes, especially for cpDNA, may have been due to connectivity maintained through introgressed populations. Furthermore, the allogamous reproduction, the dispersal by bees and dispersal of seeds by wind over long distances may also have contributed to the connection between them. The results of phylogeographic reconstruction, as well as the number of migrants suggest that the population is dispersed towards North-South in glacial periods of the Pleistocene. In addition, the high diversity and differentiation of populations of the Southern tip of SP indicate evidence of a possible refuge zone at this area.

Há controvérsia sobre os processos responsáveis pela atual distribuição de Florestas Tropicais Sazonalmente Secas (FTSS) na América do Sul. Este tipo de vegetação compreende uma grande proporção de todas as espécies neotropicais. Entender o que modela a sua distribuição pode fornecer novas perspectivas para a evolução deste bioma e contribuirpara os aspectos de sua conservação. O trabalho avaliou a evolução deste bioma no sul do Brasil, onde as FTSS e as Florestas Tropicais (FT) são amplamente intercaladas. Para isso, foi reconstruídaa história filogeográfica do cacto, Cereus hildmannianus, uma espécie característica e abundante das FTSS. Métodos de datação molecular, estrutura populacional e filogeografia foram realizadas para avaliar os eventos histórico-demográficospor meio de uma amostragem densa que compreendeu 24 populações e cerca de 150 amostrasde, pelo menos, uma dentre as seis regiões genômicas nuclear e cloroplastidiais selecionadas. A partir disso, foi investigado um possível cenário da dinâmica populacional de C. hildmannianus. Os resultados indicam uma separação da espécie em dois grupos principais (ST: 0,788) com eventos de expansão populacional: umem regiões costeiras e o outro no interior do sul do Brasil, concondante com a distribuição dos núcleos das FTSS. O tempo do ancestral comum mais recente de C. hildmannianus, há 2,56 milhões de anos, remete a especiação deste ao período pré-Glacial. Os resultados do padrão de distribuição de C. hildmannianus foram concordantes com as áreas de endemismo para outros táxons das FTSS. Os eventos de dispersão e de vicariância entre as FTSS e as FT podem estar associados às mudanças paleoclimáticas durante os períodos glaciais do Quaternário, promovendo eventos de retração/expansão nestas florestas. A compreensão desses padrões na história biogeográfica de populações naturais podem auxiliar futuros planos de conservação deste bioma, na América do Sul. / There is controversy about the processes responsible for the current distribution of Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests (SDTF) in South America. This vegetation type comprises a large proportion of all Neotropical species. Understanding what shapes your distribution may provide new insights into the evolution of this ecosystem and contribute to aspects of conservation. The study evaluated the evolution of this biome in southern Brazil, where SDTF and Rainforests are widely interspersed. For this, we reconstructed the phylogeographic history of the cactus, Cereus hildmannianus, a kind of characteristic and abundant SDTF. Molecular dating methods, population structure and phylogeography were performed to evaluate the historical and demographic events through a dense sampling which comprised 24 populations and about 150 samples of at least one among the six nuclear and chloroplast genomic regions selected. From this, we investigated a possible scenario of population dynamics of C. hildmannianus. The results indicate a separation of the species into two main groups (ST: 0.788) with events of population expansion: one in coastal regions and the other inside the south of Brazil, concondante with the distribution of the nuclei of SDTF. The time of the most recent common ancestor of C. hildmannianuswere 2.56 million years ago, this speciation refers to the pre-Glacial. The results of the distribution pattern C. hildmannianus were consistent with areas of endemism for other taxa of SDTF. The events of dispersal and vicariance between SDTF and Rainforests may be related to paleoclimatic changes during glacial periods of the Quaternary, promoting events shrinkage /expansion in these forests. Understanding these patterns in the biogeographic history of natural populations may aid future conservation plans this biome in South America.

<p>U radu je analzirana struktura populacija i stepen genetičke varijabilnosti u<br />populacijama divlje svinje u Evropi.&nbsp; Određena je polimorfnost jedanaest<br />tetranukleotidnih mikrosatelita u uzorku od 664 divljih svinja u Evropi, utvrđivanjem<br />alela prisutnih u populacijama i utvrđivanjem njihove frekvencije. U analiziranom<br />uzorku definisano je prisustvo 13 subpopulacija divljih svinja u Evropi i određeni su<br />osnovni parametri intra-&nbsp; i interpopulacione varijabilnosti. Pokazano je da je&nbsp; protok<br />gena između definisanih subpopulacija relativno mali&nbsp; obzirom da je utvrđen&nbsp; srednji i<br />visok nivo genetičke divergencije između definisanih subpopulacija. Utvrđen je visok<br />nivo genetičkog diverziteta u populacijama divlje svinje Evrope, &scaron;to ukazuje na<br />činjenicu da populacije ove vrste poseduju visok genetički potencijal.&nbsp; Analizom<br />polimorfnosti&nbsp; CR1-mtDNK nađeni su jedinstveni haplotipovi za Balkansko<br />poluostrvo i utvrđena je stuktuiranost populacija divljih svinja na Balkanu.<br />Poređenjem dobijenih sekvenci CR1-mtDNK sa dostupnim sekvencama divljih svinja<br />iz čitavog sveta rasvetljena je demografska i filogeografska istorija vrste&nbsp; <em>Sus scrofa</em>&nbsp; i<br />potvrđeno je važna uloga Balkana u rekolonizaciji Evrope nakon poslednjeg ledenog<br />doba.&nbsp; Pokazano je da su sva tri južna poluostrva Evrope (Balkansko, Iberijsko i<br />Apeninsko) učestvovala&nbsp; u rekolonizaciji Evrope i da se filogeografska&nbsp; istorija&nbsp; vrste<br /><em>Sus scrofa</em> može predstaviti u tri koraka: (1) povlačenje jedinki iz Centralne Evrope u<br />južna poluostrva tokom poslednjeg ledenog doba, (2) nezavisna diverzifikacija u<br />svakom od tri poluostrva, (3) rekolonizacija Evrope od strane haplotipova koji su bili<br />na severu poluostrva (u ekspazivnom frontu).&nbsp; Na osnovu rezultata ovog istraživanja<br />data je preporuka da&nbsp; za svaku definisanu subpopulaciju treba razviti odgovarajuće<br />strategije menadžmenta u skladu sa njenim genetičkim potencijalom, a u cilju<br />očuvanja evolucionog potencijala svake od njih kako bi se obezbedila i očuvala<br />stabilnost vrste.</p> / <p>In this paper an assessment of the wild boar genetic structure and phylogeography was&nbsp;performed&nbsp; based on the analysis of microsatellites and CR-1 region of mitochondrial&nbsp;DNA. Polymorphism of eleven tetranucletide microsatellites was determined in a&nbsp;sample of 664 wild boars in Europe&nbsp; by detection of&nbsp; alleles present in the populations&nbsp;and their frequency. In the analyzed sample of 664 wild boars, 13 genetically different&nbsp;subpopulations were defined and basic parameters of intra-&nbsp; and interpopulation&nbsp;variability were estimated.&nbsp; It was shown that&nbsp; gene flow&nbsp; between&nbsp; defined&nbsp;subpopulations&nbsp; is relatively&nbsp; small&nbsp; since estimated genetic distances between&nbsp;subpopulations indicated a moderate to high genetic differentiation.&nbsp; According to&nbsp;derived data,&nbsp; high genetic diversity is present in wild boar populations in &nbsp;Europe,&nbsp;indicating high genetic potential of the species.&nbsp; In the analysis of mtDNA control&nbsp;region sequences in wild boars from the Balkan peninsula unique haplotypes &nbsp;were&nbsp;found and population structure was observed.&nbsp; A detailed inspection of results reveals&nbsp;that a similar phylogeographic pattern emerges in all&nbsp; southern European peninsulas,&nbsp;arising from post-LGM expansion, and that all three peninsulas had a similar role in&nbsp;the wild boar post-glacial recolonization of Europe.&nbsp; This pattern could be explained&nbsp;by: the southward migration of Central-European haplotypes during the LGM to&nbsp;southern peninsulas; independent diversification in each peninsula; and post-LGM&nbsp;leading edge recolonization of Europe&nbsp; involving all three peninsulas.&nbsp; Based on the&nbsp;results of this research, it was recommended that&nbsp; for each defined subpopulation&nbsp;adequate&nbsp; manegament strategies should be defined and each subpopulation&nbsp; should be&nbsp;managed separately in order to preserve their evolutionary potential and to secure the&nbsp;long-term stability of wild resources.</p>

Les interactions plantes-pollinisateurs constituent une composante clé de la dynamique de la plupart des écosystèmes terrestres. Les interactions entre espèces jouant un rôle central dans de nombreux évènements de spéciation, l'étude de l'histoire évolutive des caractères étroitement liés à ce type d'interaction contribue à améliorer notre connaissance des mécanismes impliqués. Les insectes représentent le groupe majeur des espèces animales visitant les fleurs pour collecter généralement pollen et/ou nectar, mais certains d'entre eux recherchent d'autres ressources polliniques. Les relations entre les fleurs produisant des lipides et les abeilles spécialisées collectant cette ressource constituent un exemple d'interaction étroite et inhabituelle. Ce type de fleur ne s'observe qu'au sein de 11 familles non apparentées d'angiospermes. L'apparition des structures florales productrices de lipides (élaiophores) résulte d'un seul évènement évolutif dans la plupart de ces familles, à l'exception des Orchidaceae et des Iridaceae où des transitions multiples se sont produites. De plus, même si le nombre de transitions et la manière dont ces structures florales ont évolué à l'intérieur des Iridaceae sont encore inconnus, le nombre et la distribution géographique des espèces sécrétrices de lipides floraux suggèrent que les transitions vers la production de ce type de ressource pourraient avoir joué un rôle clef dans la diversification de la sous-famille des Iridoideae sur le continent américain.L'objectif de cette thèse était d'améliorer la connaissance de l’histoire évolutive de ce système de pollinisation particulier au sein des Iridaceae et d'évaluer son importance en tant que facteur de diversification. Un large échantillonnage de terrain a été réalisé au sein des genres américains de la sous-famille des Iridoideae afin de disposer de phylogénies moléculaires robustes à deux échelles taxonomiques différentes. Le rôle joué par l'évolution des stratégies de pollinisation en relation avec la sécrétion de lipides floraux a été évalué dans le contexte global de la sous-famille mais aussi à une échelle plus réduite. Le genre Sisyrinchium, comprenant à la fois de nombreuses espèces produisant des lipides floraux mais aussi des espèces dont la seule ressource fournie aux pollinisateurs semble être le pollen, et dont la diversification est de loin la plus importante sur le continent américain, a été choisi pour ce deuxième volet de l'étude. Une double démarche a été mise en œuvre, couplant une approche phylogénétique avec la caractérisation micro-morphologique et fonctionnelle des structures susceptibles d'être impliquées dans la relation plante-pollinisateur au sein du genre.Les résultats ont permis de montrer l'apparition répétée des élaiophores aux deux échelles taxonomiques de l'étude et de mettre en évidence le rôle majeur joué par l'apparition de ce caractère homoplasique dans la diversification de la famille sur le continent américain. La poursuite de ce travail nécessitera d'étudier de manière approfondie non seulement la biologie de la reproduction mais aussi la biologie de la pollinisation afin de mieux cerner l'impact de ces interactions sur la dynamique des écosystèmes où elles existent. / Plant-pollinator interactions are key components of the dynamics of most terrestrial ecosystems. Since species interactions are considered to play a central role in many speciation events, studying the evolutionary history of traits closely linked to this kind of interaction contributes to improve our knowledge of the mechanisms involved. Insects are the largest group of animals visiting flowers to collect mostly pollen and/or nectar, but some insects seek other resources. Relationships between oil-secreting flowers and specialized oil-collecting bees constitute an example of a close and uncommon interaction. Flowers offering oil as a resource are found in only 11 families distributed across the angiosperms among unrelated orders. In most of these families floral oil-producing structures (elaiophores) evolved only once, except in Orchidaceae and Iridaceae where oil rewards evolved multiple times. Furthermore, even if our phylogenetic knowledge is too incomplete to infer how many times and how elaiophores have evolved within the Iridaceae, the number and the geographical distribution of oil-flower species suggest that transitions to floral oil-producing structures may well have played a key role in the diversification of the Iridoideae subfamily on the American continent.The goal of this study was to improve our knowledge of the evolutionary history of this uncommon pollination system and to test whether the evolution of elaiophores is a causal factor of diversification within the Iridaceae. Species of the American genera of Iridoideae were widely sampled in the field to produce robust phylogenetic frameworks at two different taxonomic levels. This work aimed at better understanding the evolution of the pollination strategies related to floral oil-secretion not only in the general context of the subfamily but also at a lower taxonomic level. Sisyrinchium, the largest genus in the New World Iridoideae, including species with oil-producing flowers and species with only pollen flowers, was selected for the second part of this study. Phylogenetic analyses were combined with micro-morphological and functional characterizations of the floral structures potentially involved in plant-pollinator interactions within the genus.The results showed that elaiophores evolved several times at both taxonomic levels and that this homoplastic character has played a key role in the diversification of the family on the American continent. For future prospects, thorough studies of the reproductive and pollination biology are required to elucidate how these interactions impact the dynamics of the ecosystems in which they occur.

Dengue virus type 1 (DENV-1) was introduced in Brazil in 1986 and caused several epidemics. The first autochthonous cases of DENV-2 and DENV-3 were detected respectively in 1990 and 2000. Since then, the viruses have spread throughout Brazil and became endemic in most areas infested with Aedes aegypti. DENV-4 was isolated for the first time in 1982 in a focal epidemic in the northwestern region of the Brazilian Amazon. Later, in 2008, this serotype emerged as an important pathogen during outbreaks. The study of the historical processes that may be responsible for the contemporary geographic distributions of viruses is critical to understand viral epidemiology. However, those processes in urban scales are not well understood. 2013 was one of the worst years for dengue in the Brazils history, with 1.4 million cases, including 6,969 severe cases and 545 deaths. This project aimed to understand the dynamics of evolutionary change, origins and distributions of different viral strains in an urban setting during 2013. We expect this study to provide new perspectives for viral control. / O vírus da dengue tipo 1 (DENV-1) foi introduzido no Brasil em 1986 e foi responsável por numerosas epidemias. Os primeiros casos autóctones do DENV-2 e DENV-3 foram detectados respectivamente em 1990 e 2000. Desde então, o vírus ter se espalhado por todo o Brasil e tornou-se endêmico na maioria das áreas infestadas com Aedes aegypti. DENV-4 foi isolado pela primeira vez em 1982, em uma epidemia focal na região noroeste da Amazônia brasileira. Porem, este sorotipo somente emergiu como um importante patógeno durante os surtos de 2008. O estudo dos processos históricos que podem ser responsáveis para as distribuições geográficas contemporâneas do vírus é fundamental para compreender a epidemiologia viral. No entanto, esses processos em escalas urbanas não são bem compreendidos. 2013 foi um dos piores anos para a dengue na história do Brasil, com 1,4 milhões de casos, incluindo 6.969 casos graves e 545 mortes. Este projeto teve como objetivo compreender a dinâmica de mudança evolutiva, origens e distribuições de diferentes cepas virais em um cenário urbano em 2013. Esperamos que este estudos contribua com novas perspectivas para o controle viral.

Submitted by Maria Aparecida (cidazen@gmail.com) on 2017-04-11T13:25:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Camila Penha Abreu.pdf: 668357 bytes, checksum: bda3e1a88cd78c2f25f3b992ee3057bf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-11T13:25:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Camila Penha Abreu.pdf: 668357 bytes, checksum: bda3e1a88cd78c2f25f3b992ee3057bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-30 / CAPES, CNPQ / Hoplias malabaricus is a caraciforme of wide distribution, popularly known like traíra, that occurs in all the great Brazilian watersheds,presenting a small morphological differentiation and great karyotype variety.Since the population of H. malabaricus in the state of Maranhão presents only a cytotype recognized for this region, the present study examined its diversity in the Maranhão hydrographic region using geometric morphometry techniques and molecular diversity, associating the patterns found with geomorphological data and paleohydrologic processes of the drainage involved. Samples of H. malabaricus were collected from the rivers Turiaçu, Pindaré Mearim, Itapecuru, Munim, Gurupi, Parnaíba and Tocantins. The morphometric data, obtained from 15 anatomical landmarks, were submitted to a Canonical Variable Analysis (CVA). For molecular analysis two markers were used, the control region (D-Loop) of the mitochondrial DNA and the S7 intron 1 nuclear gene. Morphometric analyzes indicated significant variations among populations. In general, the differences were related in the variation of the head region and shortening / elongation of the caudal region. Molecular analysis Indicated the presence of eight Haplogroups (A-H) for D-loop and three groups (Group I, Group II and Group III) for the nuclear gene S7 íntron 1. The results found suggest high genetic diversity in specimens of H. malabaricus in the basins along the north-northeast region of Brazil with discreet morphometric variation. Such diversity seems to be related to the main events of diversification of freshwater fish, evidencing a possible speciation event cryptic of H. malabaricus in the studied region. / Hoplias malabaricus é um caraciforme de ampla distribuição, conhecido popularmente como traíra, que ocorre em todas as grandes bacias hidrográficas brasileiras, apresentando uma pequena diferenciação morfológica e grande variedade cariotípica. Uma vez que a população de H. malabaricus do estado do Maranhão apresenta apenas um citótipo reconhecido para essa região, o presente trabalho examinou sua diversidade críptica na região hidrográfica do Maranhão pelas técnicas de morfometria geométrica e diversidade molecular, associando os padrões encontrados com dados geomorfológicos e paleohidrológicos das drenagens envolvidas. Amostras de H. malabaricus foram coletados dos rios Turiaçu, Pindaré Mearim, Itapecuru, Munim, Gurupi, Parnaíba e Tocantins. Os dados morfometricos, obtidos a partir de 15 marcos anatômicos, foram submetidos a uma Análise das Variáveis Canônicas (AVC). Para a análise molecular foram utilizados dois marcadores, a região controle (D-Loop) do DNA mitocondrial e o gene nuclear S7 íntron 1. As análises morfometricas indicaram variações significativas entre as populações. De uma forma geral, as diferenças foram relacionadas na variação da região da cabeça e encurtamento/alongamento da região caudal. A análise molecular indicou a presença de oito Haplogrupos (A-H) para D-loop e três grupos (Grupo I, Grupo II e Grupo III) para o gene nuclear S7 íntron 1. Os resultados encontrados sugerem elevada diversidade genética em espécimes de H. malabaricus nas bacias hidrográficas ao longo da região norte-nordeste do Brasil com discreta variação morfométrica. Tal diversidade parece estar relacionada aos principais eventos de diversificação dos peixes de água doce, evidenciando um possível evento de especiação críptica de H. malabaricus em curso na região estudada.

The purpose of this genetic study of the Santa Ana Speckled Dace Rhinichthys osculus was three-fold. The first goal was to characterize the molecular structure of the mtDNA control region of R. osculus. An 1143 base-pair region of the mitochondrial DNA genome, which included the complete control region was sequenced for all individuals. Analysis of the sequence data revealed that the molecular structure of the speckled dace control region was similar to the molecular structure described for other vertebrate taxa. The speckled dace control region contains three major domains, which vary in base frequency as well as in the frequency of nucleotide polymorphisms. Domain II was observed to be the most conserved, and Domain I was the most variable domain of the control region, in agreement with studies of other vertebrate control regions. The second goal of this study was to ascertain the phylogeny of R. osculus in Southern California in relation to other speckled dace in California. Seventy-four specimens of R. osculus were collected from five different watersheds located in three geographic regions of California: Southern California, the Central California Coast, and the Eastern Desert of the Owens River valley. Phylogenetic analysis of sequence data revealed that the Santa Ana Speckled Dace is a genetically distinct population from R. osculus inhabiting the Central Coast or Eastern Desert regions, which both differ from the Santa Ana Speckled Dace by a genetic distance of more than 7 percent. The Santa Ana Speckled Dace inhabiting the watersheds of Southern California form a reciprocally monophyletic clade with respect to the Central Coast dace and the Eastern Desert dace, which are sister clades to one another. The third goal of this study was to describe the population genetics of R. osculus in Southern California. Population genetic analysis demonstrated that a high degree of geographic population structure exists for the Speckled Dace in California, with 96% of molecular variance attributable to regional differences through isolation by distance. A high degree of population structure also exists among populations within the Southern California region as well. It was found that 45% of molecular variance in the Santa Ana Speckled Dace is attributable to differences among tributaries. This study finds that the distribution of speckled dace in Southern California best fits a model of population structure by individual tributary, with episodes of localized population bottlenecks followed by sudden population expansion, most likely linked to climatic variation. It is proposed the Santa Ana Speckled Dace constitutes an Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU) that qualifies it as a separate subspecies on the basis that it is geographically separated from other populations, genetically distinct from other dace populations due to restricted gene flow, and possesses unique phenotypic characteristics. This information suggests conservation and management strategies for the speckled dace populations which remain in existence in Southern California.

Despite a thorough understanding of the proximate mechanisms that drive genetic diversity, we are still very poor at predicting the genetic diversity of natural populations. Understanding patterns of genetic diversity is important for many reasons, including predicting species' adaptation to climate change and predicting the spread of invasive species, but it is particularly important for species that are declining. This dissertation attempts to explain patterns in genetic diversity at multiple spatial scales across the range of the Northern Leopard Frog, Rana pipiens, which is declining across large portions of its range. Genetic diversity is often lower in edge populations than in central populations. Genetic diversity may be reduced in edge populations per se, or populations that occur at the edge of the species' range may have low diversity because they have recently expanded into new habitat and thus show signs of founder effects. In Chapter 2, we tested several alternative hypotheses to explain genetic diversity across the species' range, and to explain why some edge populations may not show reduced genetic diversity. We found that genetic diversity was reduced in edge populations relative to central populations, but was not reduced in populations in previously glaciated areas relative to previously unglaciated areas; therefore position at range edge had a stronger effect in reducing diversity than recent colonization of new habitat. We found that genetic diversity declined linearly towards the range edge in one of two transects from range center to range edge. We concluded that genetic diversity in this species is generally reduced by position at the range edge, but that this effect may differ among edges. In Chapter 3, we tested the hypothesis that eastern and western populations were genetically distinct. We found two distinct clades that introgress in some markers but are distinct and defined by narrow boundaries in the eastern Great Lakes region in others. We concluded that genetic diversity in the Mississippi River region was elevated by the introgression of descendants from two Pleistocene refugia. In Chapter 4, we analyzed genetic diversity within populations throughout Arizona to assess potential source populations for reintroductions. We also analyzed mitochondrial DNA to determine whether any populations contained genetic material not native to the region. Populations in one area had high genetic diversity and high gene flow among populations, but also contained evidence of introduction of eastern frogs. We conclude that supplementing genetic diversity in other populations with translocations from this area is not recommended.