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Apatite group of minerals have been widely used in applications like detoxification of wastes, disposal of nuclear wastes and energy applications in addition to biomedical applications like bone repair, substitution, and coatings for metal implants due to its resemblance to the mineral part of the bone and teeth. X-ray diffraction patterns of bone are similar to mineral apatites such as hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite. Formation and physicochemical properties of apatites can be understood better by computer modeling. For this reason, lattice parameters of possible apatite compounds (A10(BO4)6C2), constituted by A: Na+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Sr2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Eu2+, Nd3+, La3+, Y3+ / B: As+5, Cr+5, P5+, V5+, Si+4 / and C: F-, Cl-, OH-, Br-1 were predicted from their elemental ionic radii by artificial neural networks techniques. Using artificial neural network techniques, prediction models of lattice parameters a, c and hexagonal lattice volumes were developed. Various learning methods, neuron numbers and activation functions were used to predict lattice parameters of apatites. Best results were obtained with Bayesian regularization method with four neurons in the hidden layer with &lsquo / tansig&rsquo / activation function and one neuron in the output layer with &lsquo / purelin&rsquo / function. Accuracy of prediction was higher than 98% for the training dataset and average errors for outputs were less than 1% for dataset with multiple substitutions and different ionic charges at each site. Non-stoichiometric apatites were predicted with decreased accuracy. Formulas were derived by using ionic radii of apatites for lattice parameters a and c.

Thermal stimulation of geothermal wells is a production enhancement technique that is an attractive option to operators of geothermal fields as a way to enhance and revitalize well performance capabilities through injection of cold water into the geothermal reservoir. This thesis presents a review of thermal stimulation procedures that have been carried out at various geothermal fields worldwide, and then sets out to demonstrate through laboratory experiments the effects of thermal stimulation on typical reservoir rocks. Thermal damage to crustal rocks is important in many fields of practical engineering applications. Thermal fractures have been discussed in many studies, however their formation under fully water saturated conditions as a result of rapid quenching is not fully understood. In this study, a new methodology is designed to replicate thermal stimulation in such an environment, using an apparatus that allows rocks to be heated to 350°C at up to 22 MPa confining pressure and rapidly quenched with cold water to ambient temperature while maintaining system pressure. The results indicate that through thermal cycling in the apparatus, porosity was increased, density decreased, acoustic velocities attenuated and mechanical properties significantly altered. Maximum damage occurred during the first thermal cycle, a product of the thermo-mechanical Kaiser effect such that rocks should not experience additional damage unless a previous maximum stress is surpassed. The thesis details a comprehensive evaluation of the Rotokawa Andesite sourced from the Rotokawa Geothermal field located in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. The importance of microstructural fabrics on the physical properties of this reservoir lithology is demonstrated. The mineralogical and petrological fabrics of the rocks are coupled with detailed studies of the microstructural fracture networks, including measurements of porosity, density and permeability. Acoustic wave velocities and dynamic elastic moduli were determined. Uniaxial compressive strength testing coupled with acoustic emission have helped to determine the behavior of the rock under deformation and provided data to characterize the static elastic moduli of the rocks. These data are then utilized to build empirical, micromechanical and geometric relationships. To better constrain important engineering concerns such as wellbore stability, reservoir forecasting and stimulation procedures, thermal property measurements were carried out on samples recovered from the Rotokawa Andesite. In particular, measurements of linear thermal expansion, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry were measured utilizing varied experimental heating rates of 2, 5 and 20 K/min. The property analyses were carried out to determine if heating rates influenced the measurement of thermal properties, specifically thermal expansion coefficients and strain rate in the samples. Results indicate that thermal expansion is not heating rate dependent within the range investigated though the strain rate is significantly dependent on heating rate, with higher strain rates observed in conjunction with higher heating rates. By using a one dimensional stress model, a failure criterion can be established for the Rotokawa Andesite when subject to thermal stressing. The importance of this study is to further understand the critical heating and cooling rates at which thermal stress causes cracking within the Rotokawa reservoir. This can enhance permeability but can also affect wellbore stability, so constraining these conditions can be beneficial to resource utilization. To test effects of thermal stimulation in the laboratory, Rotokawa Andesite core was heated to 325ºC at pressure of 20 MPa and quenched rapidly to 20ºC while maintaining a pressure of 20 MPa. Permeability increased by an order of magnitude over original pre-treatment values. Ultrasonic velocities also reflected a significant change after stimulation testing. Scanning electron microscopy showed significant microstructural change to samples and supplemented physical property investigations. The results imply that thermal stimulation can be successfully repeated in the laboratory and is coupled with both thermal and chemical components. The results of these investigations are of profound importance for effective utilization and maintenance of the Rotokawa Geothermal field and the results also have implications for geothermal fields worldwide.

Bendrosios programos ir išsilavinimo standartai (2003) pabrėžia mokinių judesių kultūros ir fizinių galių svarbą, akcentuoja , kad reikia lavinti judesių tikslumą, judesių laisvę ir darną. Atskirų mokinių fizinių ypatybių lavinimo metodika amžiaus, lyties aspektais daug kartų aprašyta Urickajos (1976), Kuklio (1982), Zutkio (1985), Karoblio (1994), Radžiukyno (1995), Vilko (1995), Skernevičiaus (1997) Kviklienės (2001) ir kitų mokslininkų. Nustatyta, jog jaunesniame mokykliniame amžiuje (tarp 7-8 metų ir tarp 11-12 metų) labai intensyviai lavėja visos pagrindinės fizinės ypatybės: ištvermė, greitumas, vikrumas ir kitos. Matyt, tai paaiškinama tuo,jog šis dėsningumas susijęs su judėjimo analizatoriaus formavimusi, kuris baigiasi sulaukus 12-13 metų (Tutkuvienė, 1995). Darbe nustatėme IV mokomosios kūno kultūros kūno kultūros programos atskirų skyrių turinio įtaką VII klasių tiriamųjų mokinių fizinių ypatybių lavėjimui atskirais trimestro laikotarpiais. 2004-2005 mokslo metais Vilniaus Emilijos Pliaterytės pagrindinėje mokykloje buvo atlikti keturi VII klasių mokinių testavimai. Tiriamųjų imtį sudarė 90 tiriamųjų: 49 mergaitės ir 41 berniukas. Fizinį parengtumą nustatėme šuolio į tolį iš vietos, sėstis ir siekti, sėstis ir gultis, kybojimo sulenktomis rankomis, 3x10m bėgimo šaudykle, prisitraukimais prie skersinio, 6‘ bėgimu, 30m bėgimo, trijų kūlvirsčių pirmyn testais. IV kūno kultūros programos atskirų skyrių turinys nevienodai įtakojo VII klasių mokinių fizinių ypatybių... [to full text] / General programs and intelligence standards (2003) emphasize pupil culture of movements and importance of physical power, lay stress on training accuracy, freedom and harmony of movement. Training methodic of physical peculiarities of individual pupil according to age, sex aspects has been described many times by Urickaja (1976), Kuklys (1982), Zutkis (1985), Skurvydas (1991), Karoblis (1994), Vilkas (1995), Radžiukynas (1995), Kviklienė (2001) and other scientists. It is determined that development of all main physical peculiarities: endurance, speed, quickness and other is very intensive in young school age (between 7-8 years and between 11-12 years). This regularity relates with development of movement analyser, which ends till age 12-13 years (Tutkuvienė, 1995). In work we ascertained influence of contents separate sections of IV physical education training program to development of physical peculiarities of VIIth class pupils in separate terms. In 2004-2005 school year four testing were made for VIIth class pupils in Vilnius Emilija Pliateryte primary school. Research sample was made of 90 researches : 49 girls and 41 boys. We ascertained physical preparedness by taking tests: long jump, sit and try to reach, sit and lie, hanging with bent hands, 3x10m running, drawing oneself to the bar, 6‘ running, 30m running, 3 fallings head over heels. The contents of separate sections of IV physical education program have dissimilar influence to development of physical... [to full text]

Tyrimo objektas: Sutrikusio intelekto asmenų fizinio pajėgumo ir fizinių ypatybių rodikliai. Tyrimo tikslas: Nustatyti ir įvertinti intelekto negalią turinčių asmenų fizinį pajėgumą negalios, lyties ir amžiaus aspektu. Uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti ir įvertinti sutrikusio intelekto asmenų fizinį pajėgumą negalios ir lyties aspektu; 2. Nustatyti ir įvertinti sutrikusio intelekto asmenų fizinį pajėgumą amžiaus aspektu; 3. Nustatyti ir įvertinti sutrikusio intelekto asmenų fizinių ypatybių kaitą negalios ir lyties aspektu; 4. Nustatyti ir įvertinti sutrikusio intelekto asmenų fizinių ypatybių kaitą amžiaus aspektu. Rezultatai ir išvados: Nustatyta, kad lyties aspektu geresnis fizinis pajėgumas dominuoja tarp nežymiai protiškai atsilikusių mergaičių, Nustatyta, kad fizinis pajėgumas negalios aspektu yra geresnis tarp nežymų intelekto sutrikimą turinčių asmenų, o vertinant fizinį pajėgumą pagal amžių geresni rezultatai pasiekti 14-17m. amžiaus grupėje. Taip pat pastebėta, kad lytis, negalia ir amžius skirtingai įtakoja intelekto sutrikimų turinčių asmenų fizinių ypatybių kaitą. Pasiūlymai: Norint gerinti intelekto sutrikimą turinčių mokinių fizinį pasirengimą, fizinį pajėgumą, taip pat siekiant ugdyti fizines ypatybes, rekomenduojama: skatinti fizinį aktyvumą mokyklos ir namų aplinkoje, atsižvelgti į konkrečius judėjimo sistemos sutrikimus, psichomotorines, pažinimo ir emocines, protiškai atsilikusių asmenų ypatybes ir tikslingai individualizuoti fizinio aktyvumo programą, tikslingai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The research focused on: Persons with intellectual disability indicators of physical capacity and physical properties. The research purpose: To identify and assess persons with intellectual disability physical capacity disability, gender and age aspect. Objectives: 1. To identify and assess persons with intellectual disability physical capacity disability and gender aspect; 2. To identify and assess persons with intellectual disability physical capacity age aspect; 3. To identify and assess persons with intellectual disability indicators of physical properties disability and gender aspect; 4. To identify and assess persons with intellectual disability indicators of physical properties age aspect. Results and conclusions: Identified that gender is better in terms of physical capacity among disadvantaged girls, and slightly mentally between the middle of intelligence superior physical capacity observed among boys. Found that the physical capacity the disability aspect is better between a slight disturbance in the persons with disabilities, and physical ability to achieve better results under the age of 14-17 m. age group. It is also noted that gender, disability and age in contrast to persons with intellectual disabilities affects the indicators of physical properties. Suggestions: In order to improve the intelligence of students in physical training, the disruption of the physical capacity, as well as to develop their physical properties, it is recommended that: promote... [to full text]

Biomass such as spent grain is difficult to dry when it is in the slurry form. Proposed industrial solutions are to compact wet biomass first and then dry it. Compaction develops desired granular form and increases surface area for drying but also brings new technical challenges. Superheated steam (SS) drying is advantageous over hot-air drying as it is more energy efficient. A problem associated SS drying is the initial condensation leading to disintegration of biomass compacts. The current research investigates the disintegration characteristics of distiller’s spent grain (DSG) compacts while being dried in SS. The study focuses on the DSG flowability, densification characteristics and disintegration behavior of DSG compacts as affected by SS drying conditions, soluble content and particle size distribution (PSD). DSG fractions with particle sizes from 300 to 850 µm were dried in SS at 150°C and hot-air at 45 and 150°C. Under these drying conditions bulk density and angle of repose (AOR) varied from 0.379 to 0.435 g/cm3 and 46.0 to 50.4°, respectively. The stress-relaxation data obtained during the compaction of DSG at different levels of compressive pressure (60.3-135.7 MPa), initial moisture content (15, 20 and 25% wet basis- wb) and soluble content (15 and 30%) were normalized and analyzed to determine the asymptotic modulus (EA) of the compacts. The highest EA of 174 MPa was obtained for DSG compacts produced with a compressive force of 135.7 MPa, initial moisture of 25% wb and soluble content of 0%. The percentage increase in volume of DSG compacts during drying in SS at 110 to 150°C temperature range was between 78 to 130%. A comparison between the physical properties of SS dried and hot-air dried compacts revealed the role of SS in accelerating the release of mechanical energy stored in the compacts. An increase of dimensions and a considerable increase in the hardness and EA of the compacts was obtained by adding up to 70% (w/w) solubles or by decreasing the PSD of wet distiller’s spent grain from d(0.9)=1283.6 to 812.8 µm. This study establishes that compaction of wet biomass followed by SS drying can lead to its effective utilization.

Wheat distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) is a co-product of ethanol production, primarily utilized as an animal feed ingredient. Reduced protein quality, a highly energy-intensive drying process, and product variability are some of the challenges that currently confront its production in western Canada. The main focus of this research undertaking was to examine, on a laboratory-scale, the effect of condensed distillers solubles (CDS) : wet distillers grain (WDG) blending ratio and drying conditions on the protein quality and physico-chemical characteristics of wheat DDGS. The potential of microwave-based drying methods in minimizing protein damage and energy consumption was investigated. An auxiliary case study was also conducted in the Philippines to apply the knowledge and skills acquired from the PhD research undertaking to a related problem situation in a developing country. It aimed to provide more information about brewers spent grain (BSG) supply and utilization in Misamis Oriental, Philippines and enhanced the efficiency and safety of BSG utilization as an animal feed ingredient. Laboratory-scale investigations used samples produced at three CDS:WDG blending ratios (by mass): 15:85 (15% CDS), 30:70 (30% CDS), and 45:55 (45% CDS) and dried under forced air convection (40-120C), and under microwave (420 – 805 W) and microwave convection (nominal settings of 130C-30% power to 190C-30% power) methods using a domestic microwave oven. Freeze-dried samples were used as standards in evaluating chemical composition and color of wheat DDGS. As CDS level in the blend was increased, protein and ash content of freeze-dried samples increased while fat, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content decreased. These trends were attributed to proximate composition differences between CDS and WDG fractions. The CDS fraction had higher protein and ash and lower fat, ADF, and NDF contents compared to WDG. Variation in the CDS:WDG blending ratio employed in the source ethanol plant could be one of the factors contributing to the observed proximate composition differences between two ethanol plant-sourced wheat DDGS samples. This was verified through proximate analyses of: (i) plant-sourced wheat DDGS samples from two production batches; (ii) CDS and WDG samples obtained on the same production date; and (iii) laboratory-produced wheat DDGS samples at varying CDS:WDG blending ratios. Protein, ash, and NDF contents of forced-air convection-, microwave-, and microwave convection-dried samples also showed strong linear relationships with CDS level. Fat and ADF content, however, did not exhibit similar strong relationships with CDS level, indicating the influence of drying conditions. Maximum lysine and minimum acid detergent insoluble crude protein (ADICP) contents were achieved in blends with the highest CDS level (45% CDS) and dried under lower drying temperature (80C), microwave power (676 W), and microwave convection (150C-30% power) settings. Microwave- and microwave convection drying achieved desirable protein quality associated with lower temperature drying under much shorter times. Laboratory-scale drying of ethanol plant-sourced wet distillers grain with solubles (WDGS) under forced air convection produced DDGS samples with decreased lysine content as drying air temperature was increased. In terms of physical properties, dried samples with higher CDS level were significantly finer, denser, less flowable, less dispersible, have lower thermal diffusivity and higher internal friction coefficients, and produced denser and stronger pellets. Color parameters of freeze-dried samples were significantly affected by CDS level. As CDS level increased, lightness (Hunter L) decreased while redness (Hunter a) increased. The color parameters of forced-air convection-, microwave-, and microwave convection-dried DDGS samples did not, however, exhibit similar linear trends with CDS level as these were also affected by drying conditions, such as drying air temperature and microwave power level. Effective moisture diffusivity values, estimated from the drying data, were also significantly affected by drying conditions (drying air temperature and microwave power levels), CDS level, and interaction between drying air temperature and CDS level. Effective moisture diffusivity decreased as CDS level was increased. Physical properties of two commercial (ethanol plant-sourced) wheat DDGS samples, as affected by moisture content, were also assessed. Techno-economic evaluation results indicated that complete replacement of the conventional hot air drying with microwave drying technology was not yet economically feasible. Although energy consumption during drying was substantially reduced with the use of microwave energy, the cost of electricity to generate microwave energy was high. Incorporating microwave drying toward the end of the hot air drying process was seen as the more economically viable alternative. Drying of BSG was not commonly practiced in Misamis Oriental, Philippines. The material was typically stored in open concrete bins and commonly fed to dairy cattle in its wet form. A prototype batch dryer, powered either by solar or biomass energy, was developed to improve shelf life and safe use of BSG. Initial tests showed that drying spent grain using a biomass furnace was feasible. Operating the dryer using solar energy was not an attractive option because of the long drying time. Basic physical attributes, proximate composition, and moisture sorption characteristics of the dried BSG were also determined. Practical implications of the results of these two studies to their respective local contexts were discussed. Recommendations to further improve understanding of wheat DDGS protein quality and physico-chemical characteristics, BSG dryer performance, backyard farmers’ sustainable access and safe use of BSG were also presented.

No description available.

Darbo tikslas: ištirti mišrūnų ėriukų augimo spartą, gaunamos produkcijos kiekį ir kokybę bei šiuos duomenis palyginti su grynaveislių Romanovo veislės ėriukų produktyvumu. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Ištirti grynaveislių Romanovo ir RxBD mišrūnų ėriukų augimo spartą; 2. Palyginti Romanovo ir RxBD mišrūnų ėriukų skerdimo duomenis; 3. Ištirti Romanovo ir RxBD mišrūnų ėriukų mėsos fizines ir chemines savybes; 4. Ištirti ėriavedžių pieno sudėtį; 5. Ištirti Romanovo ir RxBD mišrūnų vilnos fizines ir technines savybes Išvados: 1. Gimusių RxBD mišrūnų veislės ėriukų svoris buvo 2,09 kg arba 151 proc. (P>0,05) didesnis nei grynaveislių R ėriukų. 2. Laikotarpiu nuo 5 iki 8 amžiaus mėn. Romanovo ir Berišon diušer mišrūnai ėriukai priaugo vidutiniškai 5,68 kg, arba 36,41 proc. daugiau (P<0,001) nei grynaveisliai Romanovo ėriukai. 3. Didžiausias svorio skirtumas, tiek tarp avyčių, tiek tarp avinukų yra pastebimas 7 – 8 jų gyvenimo mėnesį. 7 mėnesių amžiaus R veislės avytės svėrė 7,91 kg arba 25,6 proc. mažiau (P<0,01) negu bendraamžės mišrūnės, atitinkamai avinukai svėrė – 10,05 kg arba 31,4 proc. mažiau. 4. Lytis turėjo didesnę įtaką RxBD negu R ėriukams. Aštuonių mėnesių amžiaus R avinukai buvo 7,06 kg arba 20,63 proc. sunkesni už avytes, o RxBD avinukai buvo 11,23 kg arba 26,11 proc. (P<0,05) sunkesni už avytes. 5. Per laikotarpį nuo 6 iki 7 mėnesio amžiaus išryškėjo didžiausias priesvorio per parą skirtumas tarp R ir RxBD ėriukų. Mišrūnai per parą prisaugo 77 g arba 53,5 proc... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The objective of the thesis : to analyse crossbred lamb growth speed, the amount and quality of production gained and to compare this data with the productivity of thoroughbred R lambs. Tasks of the thesis: 1. To analyse growth speed of thoroughbred Romanov and RxBD crossbred lambs. 2. To compare data of thoroughbred Romanov and RxBD crossbred lamb butchery data. 3. To analyse physical and chemical qualities of thoroughbred Romanov and RxBD crossbred lamb meat. 4. To analyse composition of ewe milk. 5. To analyse the physical and technical properties of thoroughbred Romanov and RxBD crossbred lamb wool. In the period 2011- in the farm of A. Krivelis the productivity and production quality of Romanov and Romanov x Berišon Dusher crossbreed lambs was analysed. It has been found that the weight of crossbred lambs is greater. The average weight of born crossbred lambs amounted to 3.47 kg or 2.09 kg or was 151 %. (P>0.05) greater than the average weight of thoroughbred lambs. The weight of lambs on the 21st day after birth is an important indicator since according to it the milk productivity of the ewe can be determined. During this period both Romanov lambs and crossbred lambs gained a similar amount of weight: accordingly 3.78 kg and 3.68 kg, however, as the weight of newborn lambs had differed significantly, the difference on the 21st day after birth amounted to 39 % (P<0.05). Therefore, after 8 months the difference of average weight between RxBD and thoroughbred Romanov... [to full text]