[pt] Nas últimas décadas, a crescente conscientização ambiental levou ao reconhecimento da necessidade do uso responsável dos recursos hídricos. Para garantir isso, a boa gestão de reservatórios hídricos requer um monitoramento ambiental adequado, com medições confiáveis dos parâmetros de qualidade da água em vários pontos do reservatório, permitindo o controle da qualidade da água e seus impactos na fauna, flora e comunidades ribeirinhas dos reservatórios. O monitoramento das variáveis ambientais dos reservatórios é atualmente realizado por processo tradicional de coleta manual. Infelizmente, no Brasil, as iniciativas de produzir um sistema robótico aquático com tecnologia nacional e de baixo custo, quando comparado a equivalentes importados, são ainda raras e se restringem a algumas poucas instituições acadêmicas, não tendo sido localizado nenhum fabricante comercial deste tipo de veículo no país. Visando preencher esta lacuna, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento do protótipo de um sistema robótico aquático capaz de se locomover autonomamente em lagoas, lagos e reservatórios, coletando informações físico-químicas da água e armazenando estes dados na memória. Além disso, foi incluído no protótipo uma câmera de vídeo, sistema de iluminação e um sistema de controle remoto, objetivando o controle pela equipe em terra. Nos testes realizados em dias ensolarados e chuvosos, o robô apresentou boa dirigibilidade, estabilidade e manobrabilidade. O vaso de pressão do sistema robótico resistiu às pressões necessárias durante os testes, a eletrônica conseguiu atender as especificações de projeto e o software conseguiu estabelecer um controle de navegação, cumprindo o trajeto de uma rota estabelecida. / [en] In recent decades, the growing environmental awareness has led to the recognition of the need for responsible use of water resources. To ensure this, the good management of water reservoirs requires adequate environmental monitoring, with reliable measurements of water quality parameters in various parts of the reservoir, allowing the control of water quality and its impacts on fauna, flora and riverine communities of the reservoirs. Monitoring environmental variables of the reservoirs is currently performed by traditional process of manual collection. Unfortunately, in Brazil, initiatives to produce a water robotic system with national and low cost technology, compared to imported equivalents, are still rare and restricted to a few academic institutions, and no commercial manufacturer of this type of vehicle was found in the country. Aiming to fill this gap, the main objective of this study was to develop a prototype of a water robotic system capable of autonomously navigate in ponds, lakes and reservoirs, collecting physicochemical information of water and storing this data in memory. Moreover, a video camera, illumination and a remote control system were included in the prototype, allowing the team on the ground to control the prototype. In tests conducted in sunny and rainy days, the robot presented good handling, stability and maneuverability. The robotic system pressure vessel resisted pressures required during testing, the electronics met the design specifications and the software was able to establish a navigation control, fulfilling the path of an established route.

<p>Opisane&nbsp; su&nbsp; sinteze&nbsp; novih&nbsp; liganada&nbsp; bis(ftalazin-1hidrazon)-2,6-diacetilpiridna&nbsp; (Hz₂DAP&middot;2HCl),&nbsp; bis(3-hlorpiridazin-6-hidrazon)-2,6-diacetilpiridina (Hp₂DAP),&nbsp; 3-hlorpiridazin-6-hidrazon&nbsp; di(2-piridil) ketona&nbsp; (HpDPK),&nbsp; ftalazin-1-hidrazon&nbsp; di(2-piridil)<br />ketona&nbsp; (HzDPK)&nbsp; i&nbsp; ftalazin-1-hidrazon&nbsp; piridin-2-karbaldehida&nbsp; (HzPY).&nbsp; Zajedničko&nbsp; svojstvo&nbsp; dobijenih liganada&nbsp; je&nbsp; &scaron;to&nbsp; sadrže&nbsp; piridinski&nbsp; i&nbsp; diazinski&nbsp; prsten&nbsp; i sadrže&nbsp; samo&nbsp; donorne&nbsp; atome&nbsp; azota.&nbsp; Tokom&nbsp; nastajanja kompleksa dolazi do deprotonacije liganada. Svi ligandi su&nbsp; okarakterisani&nbsp; elementalnom&nbsp; analizom, termoanalitičkim&nbsp; metodama&nbsp; i&nbsp; metodom&nbsp; IR spektroskopije,&nbsp; dok&nbsp; neki&nbsp; i&nbsp; metodom&nbsp; NMR spektroskopije&nbsp; kao&nbsp; i&nbsp; rendgenskom&nbsp; strukturnom analizom.Za&nbsp; sintezu&nbsp; koordinacionih&nbsp; jedinjenja&nbsp; primenjeni&nbsp; soli Co(II),&nbsp; Ni(II),&nbsp; Cu(II)&nbsp; i&nbsp; Zn(II).&nbsp; Dobijeni&nbsp; kompleksi su okarakterisani&nbsp; elementalnom&nbsp; analizom, konduktomerijskim&nbsp; i&nbsp; magnetnim&nbsp; merenjima,&nbsp; IR spektroskopijom i termoanalitičkim metodama. Barem jedan&nbsp; kompleks&nbsp; iz&nbsp; svake&nbsp; serije&nbsp; je&nbsp; okarakterisan&nbsp; i rendgenskom strukturnom analizom. Urađena&nbsp; su&nbsp; i&nbsp; ispitivanja&nbsp; antimikrobne&nbsp; aktivnosti odabranih&nbsp; jedinjenja&nbsp; prema&nbsp; predstavnicima&nbsp; grampozitivnih i gram-negativnih bakterija i kulturu kvasca. Pored&nbsp; toga,&nbsp; urađena&nbsp; su&nbsp; i&nbsp; ispitivanja&nbsp; citotoksične,antiproliferativne&nbsp; i&nbsp; inhibitorne&nbsp; aktivnosti&nbsp; jedinjenja prema&nbsp; roditeljskim&nbsp; i&nbsp; multirezistentnim&nbsp; T-limfomnim ćelijama&nbsp; kancera.&nbsp; Utvrđeno&nbsp; je&nbsp; da&nbsp; neka&nbsp; jedinjenja pokazuju&nbsp; izrazito&nbsp; mikrobicidno,&nbsp; citotoksično, antiproliferativno i inhibitorno dejstvo.</p> / <p>The synthesis of new ligands dihydrochloride salt of 2,6-diacetylpyridne&nbsp;&nbsp; bis(phthalazine-1hydrazone) (Hz₂DAP&bull;2HCl),&nbsp; 2,6-diacetylpiridine&nbsp; bis(3- chloropyridazine-6-hydrazone)&nbsp; (Hp₂DAP),&nbsp; di(2-pyridyl)ketone&nbsp; 3-chloropyridazine- 6-hydrazone (HpDPK),&nbsp; di(2-pyridyl)ketone&nbsp; phthalazine-1-hydrazone&nbsp; (HzDPK)&nbsp; and&nbsp; &nbsp; pyridine-2-carbaldehide phthalazine-1-hydrazone&nbsp; (HzPY)&nbsp; have&nbsp; been described. All the ligands contain pyridine and diazine core and all of them have only nitrogen donor atoms. During the complex formation the deprotonation of ligands takes&nbsp; places.&nbsp; All&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; ligands&nbsp; have&nbsp; been characterized&nbsp; by&nbsp; elemental&nbsp; analysis,thermoanalytical&nbsp; methods&nbsp; and&nbsp; IR&nbsp; spectroscopy.&nbsp; In some&nbsp; cases&nbsp; also&nbsp; by&nbsp; NMR&nbsp; spectroscopy&nbsp; and&nbsp; X-ray structural analysis.Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) salts were&nbsp; used for the synthesis&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; coordinational&nbsp; compounds.&nbsp; The obtained complexes were characterized by elemental analysis,&nbsp; molar&nbsp; conductivity&nbsp; and&nbsp; magnetic measurements,&nbsp; IR&nbsp; spectroscopy&nbsp; and thermoanalytical&nbsp; methods.&nbsp; At&nbsp; least&nbsp; one complex&nbsp; of each&nbsp; series&nbsp; were&nbsp; characterized&nbsp; by&nbsp; X-ray&nbsp; structural analysis.The antimicrobial activity of some of the compounds toward&nbsp; Gram-positive/Gram- negative&nbsp; bacteria furthermore,&nbsp; the&nbsp; cytotoxic,&nbsp; antiproliferative&nbsp; and inhibitory&nbsp; activity&nbsp; toward&nbsp; sensitive&nbsp; parental&nbsp; andmultiresistant&nbsp; T-lymphoma&nbsp; cancer&nbsp; cells&nbsp; have&nbsp; also been carried out. It&nbsp; can&nbsp; be&nbsp; concluded&nbsp; that&nbsp; some&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; compounds exhibit&nbsp; outstanding&nbsp; antimicrobial,&nbsp; cytotoxic, antiproliferative, and inhibitory activity.</p>

La thèse a pour but d’étudier les effets de changements de mouillabilité de roches dans des conditions d’injections d’eau douce en tant que méthode de récupération d’hydrocarbures. Afin d’identifier le ou les mécanismes à l’origine du gain additionnel de récupération nous avons utilisé un microtomographe RX. Nous avons ainsi imagé les états de saturations finales d’un milieu poreux rempli de saumures et d’huiles. Une fois le drainage primaire réalisé nous avons effectué deux phases d’imbibitions : avec une saumure (récupération secondaire) puis une imbibition d’eau douce (récupération tertiaire). L’analyse de la mouillabilité à l’échelle du pore a permis de mettre en évidence l’effet de la température et de la salinité sur la mouillabilité. Nous avons montré que les changements de mouillages des roches n’étaient pas occasionnées par la seule expansion de la couche électrique en revanche des changements de mouillabilité ont été montrés. Ces changements s’expliquant par des transitions de mouillages de second ordre observées non seulement pour des gouttes d’huiles sur de l’eau mais également sur un substrat en verre. Au final, la mouillabilité en milieux poreux doit être mise en évidence à une échelle sous-Micrométrique ce qui est relativement nouveau dans le domaine pétrolier. / The aim of the thesis is to study rock wettability change effects caused by Low Salinity brine injection as tertiary recovery method. To identify the underlying mechanism or mechanisms of additional oil recovery X-Ray imaging technology was applied. We have also imaged the end-Point saturations of filled by brine and water core samples. Once the primary drainage is realized we carried out two phases imbibitions: with high salinity brine (waterflooding) and with low salinity brine (tertiary recovery mode). The wettability analysis at pore scale permitted to put in evidence the thermal and saline effects playing a decisive role in rock wettability. We have showed wettability changes are not caused by only electrical double layer expansion, however wettability changes was shown. These changes are explained by wettability transition of second order and observed not only for oil droplet on brine, but also for oil deposited on glass substrate. Finally, the pore space wettability needs to be evidenced at sub-Micrometric scale that is new for the petroleum domain.

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp; U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji opisane su sinteze novih kompleksa prelaznih metala sa piridoksiliden-&nbsp; (PLAG), odnosno saliciliden-aminogvanidinom (SALAG). Dobijeni<br />kompleksi su okarakterisani elementalnom analizom, IR spektrima, konduktometrijskim i magnetnim merenjima, a većina i rendgenskom<br />strukturnom analizom. Osim toga, dobijene su i nove forme ovih &Scaron;ifovih baza, i to u vidu monokristala, čime su omogućena ispitivanja njihovih&nbsp; molekulskih i kristalnih struktura, kao i uporedna analiza sa koordinovanim ligandima.<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; Sa PLAG je sintetisano 7 novi&nbsp; kompleksa Cu(II), a pored toga po prvi put su<br />izolovani mono i bis(ligand) kompleksi Fe(III) i Co(III), mono(ligand) kompleksi&nbsp; V(V), kao&nbsp; i jedan kompleks Zn(II) u kojem ovaj potencijalno tridentatni&nbsp;<em> ONN&nbsp;</em> ligand,&nbsp; u<br />monoprotonovanoj formi,&nbsp; ima ulogu kontra-jona. Sa stanovi&scaron;ta geometrije zajedničko za izolovane komplekse Cu(II) i V(V) je da imaju kvadratno-piramidalnu strukturu, sa izuzetkom jednog kvadratno-planarnog kompleksa Cu(II), dok je u kompleksima Fe(III) i Co(III) nađeno očekivano oktaedarsko okruženje centralnog<br />jona. Pored ovih, sintetisano je i pet novih kompleksa sa SALAG, od kojih su dva<br />kompleksa Cu(II) i kompleks V(V) okarakterisani rendgenskom strukturnom<br />analizom, dok je mikrokristalnim bis(ligand) kompleksima Co(III) i Ni(III) na osnovu<br />fizičko-hemijskih karakteristika predložena odgovarajuća struktura.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; Zajedničko za obe opisane &Scaron;ifove baze je da se koordinuju na&nbsp;<em> ONN&nbsp; </em>tridentatni način, i to preko atoma kiseonika deprotonovane fenolne grupe i atoma azota azometinske i imino grupe AG fragmeta. Posebno je nagla&scaron;eno da su&nbsp; sa<br />PLAG izolovana dva dimerna kompleksa Cu(II) u kojima je po prvi put nađena tetradentatna koordinacija ovog&nbsp; liganda, u koju je dodatno uključen atom kiseonika hidroksimetil-grupe PL-ostatka. Za razliku od SALAG, koji je u izolovanim kompleksima koordinovan isključivo kao monoanjon, nastao deprotonacijom fenolne<br />OH-grupe, za PLAG je osim ove, potvđena koordinacija u neutralnoj, zwitter-jonskoj, ali i dvostruko deprotonovanoj formi. Zwitter-jonska forma liganda nastaje migracijom atoma vodonika sa fenolnog hidroksila na piridinski atom azota PL-ostatka, dok deprotonacijom piridinskog ili hidrazinskog atoma azota, odnosno oba pomenuta atoma nastaju monoanjon i dianjon helatnog liganda, respektivno.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; Na kraju, urađena su&nbsp; i ispitivanja antimikrobne aktivnosti odabranih jedinjenja<br />prema predstavnicima grampozitivnih i gramnegativnih bakterija, kao i dve kulture<br />kvasca. Tom prilikom nije utvrđena nikakva inhibitorna aktivnost&nbsp;&nbsp; prema primenjenim<br />bakterijskim sojevima, dok su u slučaju kvasaca izvesno mikrobicidno dejstvo pokazali samo kompleksi Cu(II).</p> / <p>This PhD thesis describes the syntheses of some new transition metal complexes with&nbsp; pyridoxilidene-&nbsp; (PLAG) and salicylideneaminoguanidine (SALAG). Obtained&nbsp; complexes are characterized by&nbsp;&nbsp; elemental analysis, IR&nbsp; spectroscopy,&nbsp; conductometric and magnetic measurements. Besides, the structural analysis of majority of the obtained complexes was performed. Some new forms of these Schiff&nbsp; bases are synthesized in form of single crystals, which made their X-ray analysis as well as comparison with coordinated forms possible.</p><p>With PLAG, 7 new Cu(II) complexes were obtained and for the first time mono and bis(ligand) complexes of Fe(III) and Co(III) as well&nbsp; mono(ligand)&nbsp; complexes&nbsp; of V(V) were isolated. Furthermore,&nbsp; the structure of Zn(II) complex in which PLAG in its monocationic form has a role of counter ion is presented. With the exception of one Cu(II) complex, all reported Cu(II) and V(V) complexes have a square-pyramidal geometry, whilst&nbsp; Fe(III)&nbsp; and Co(III)&nbsp; are situated in octahedral surroundings. Also, five new complexes of Cu(II), Co(III), Ni(II) and V(V) with SALAG were synthesized. In both&nbsp; Cu(II) complexes and V(V) complex the expected coordination mode and geometry were confirmed by X-ray analysis, while octahedral structure of bis(ligand) complexes with Co(III) and Ni(II) was proposed based on results of physico-chemical&nbsp; characterization.</p><p>Both PLAG and SALAG coordinate the metal ion in tridentate&nbsp; ONN&nbsp; manner, through the oxygen atom of deprotonated phenolic group and nitrogen atoms&nbsp; of azomethine and imino groups of AG moiety. It is also emphasized that in two dimeric Cu(II) complexes with PLAG tetradentate coordination mode was found, in which the oxygen atom of hydroxymethyl group of PL residue was additionally involved. Unlike SALAG, which is coordinated as monoanion in all of the examined complexes, PLAG can have one of three degrees of deprotonation. Zwitter-ion of PLAG is formed by migration of H-atom from phenolic oxygen to pyridine nitrogen, while the deprotonation of pyridine or/and hydrazine nitrogen, makes it mono-and dianion, respectively.</p><p>Also, microbiological tests on the selected compounds were preformed. Namely, antimicrobial activity of these compounds against some gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, as well as some yeast cultures was examined and none of the samples showed antimicrobial activity against bacteria, whilst only Cu(II) complexes showed certain inhibitory effect against yeasts.</p>

Industrial effluents with high concentrations of heavy metals are widespread pollutants of great concerns as they are known to be persistent and non-degradable. Continuous monitoring and treatment of the effluents become pertinent because of their impacts on wastewater treatment plants. The aim of this study is to determine the correlation between heavy metal pollution in water and the location of industries in order to ascertain the effectiveness of the municipal waste water treatment plant. Heavy metal identification and physico-chemical analysis were done using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) and multi-parameter probe respectively. Correlation coefficients of the measured values were done to investigate the effect of the industrial effluents on the treatment plants. Heavy metal resistant bacteria were identified and characterised by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Leeuwkuil wastewater treatment plants were effective in maintaining temperature, pH, and chemical oxygen demand within South Africa green drop and SAGG Standards whereas the purification plant was effective in maintaining the values of Cu, Zn, Al, temperature, BOD, COD, and TDS within the SANS and WHO standard for potable water. This findings indicated the need for the treatment plants to be reviewed.The industrial wastewater were identified as a point source of heavy metal pollution that influenced Leeuwkuil wastewater treatment plants and the purification plants in Vaal, Vereenining South Africa. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Bacillus sp. strain and Bacillus toyonensis that showed 100% similarity were found to be resistant to Al, Cu, Pb and Zn. These identified bacteria can be considered for further study in bioremediation. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Science)

[Truncated abstract] The Swan River is a highly seasonal estuary in the south-west of Western Australia. Salinity may vary from fresh to marine at various times throughout the estuary, depending mostly on the intensity of freshwater discharge. There are occasional problematic dinoflagellate blooms which have spurred investigation of the dynamics of the phytoplankton community. The objective of this research was to examine how phytoplankton biomass and species' successions are influenced by the multiple variables in the aquatic ecosystem, and, if possible, to determine the dominant factors ... Comparisons of phytoplankton nutrient limitation simulations with experimental observations from field bioassays require further investigation, but reinforce findings that nutrients may only limit phytoplankton biomass when there is a convergence of favourable hydrological and hydrodynamic conditions. The Swan River estuary has undergone substantial hydrological modifications from pre-European settlement. Land clearing has increased freshwater discharge up to 5- fold, while weirs and reservoirs for water supply have mitigated this increase and reduced the duration of discharge to the estuary. Nutrient loads have increased approximately 20-fold from pre-European levels. The individual and collective impacts of these hydrological changes on the Swan River estuary were examined using the hydrodynamic-ecological numerical model. The simulation results indicate that despite increased hydraulic flushing and reduced residence times, increases in nutrient loads are the dominant perturbation, producing increases in the frequency and biomass of blooms by both estuarine and freshwater phytoplankton. By comparison, changes in salinity associated with altered seasonal freshwater discharge have a limited impact on phytoplankton dynamics. Reductions of nutrient inputs into the Swan River estuary from its catchment will provide a long-term improvement in water quality but manipulations of freshwater discharge have the potential to provide a provisional short-term remediation measure allowing at least partial control of phytoplankton bloom potential and eutrophication.

The rational development of bees is one of the most promising agricultural activities, since it is essentially self-sustaining family and therefore helps to maintain and restore the environment, through their role in pollination, and guarantee income to the producer who employs his family on it. Honey is the main product of this activity, being generated by honey bees - native or Africanized. Its chemical composition is quite varied, depending mainly of floral, entomological and geographical origin. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of honey from different entomologic sources of the State of Alagoas, in the dry season of 2008/09, by physico-chemical and microbiological criteria, and know their likely actions antioxidant and antimicrobial. Thus, 43 samples of honey (14 of Apis mellifera, 22 of M. scutellaris, 3 of M. quadrifasciata, 2 of M. subnitida e 2 of Plebeia sp) were collected from different municipalities of Alagoas. In relation to the physicochemical parameters, it were evaluated the content of reducing carbohydrates, total carbohydrates, sucrose apparent, moisture, electrical conductivity, pH, acidity, content of total protein, concentration of proline, diastase activity and hydroxymethylfurfural. Regarding to the antioxidant activity, it was evaluated in qualitative and quantitative terms of the content of total phenols and flavonoids, capture of the radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrilhdrazil (DPPH) and through the antioxidant power of reduction of Fe3 + &#8594; Fe2 + (FRAP method). It was also evaluated the microbiological safety of honeys through the detection of spores of Clostridium sp., and through the profile of various antimicrobial. We used the nonparametric test of Kruskal Wallis to 95% (p <0.05), because the data did not show normal distribution. It was also performed the correlation of Spearman to 95% significance, p <0.05, and 99% significance, p <0.01. With regard to the physico-chemical parameters, only electrical conductivity and sucrose showed no statistically significant difference (p <0.05) among the different species of honey bees. On the antioxidant activity, the honey of A. mellifera showed higher activity than those of natives, except in the case of honey of Plebeia sp, who stood out in a number of parameters compared to the other native bees. It was found also that the honey of native bees showed slight difference in comparizon to the honeys of A. mellifera regarding to its antimicrobial action, and it was not seen this variation on the activity of heat-resistant fungi, which were also much less sensitive than the bacteria to aqueous solutions of honey (25%). Therefore, the antibacterial action is probably due to the synergistic effect of high concentration of H+ ions (low pH), carbohydrates (osmotic potential) and phenolic compounds that bind to glucose forming units of its cell wall, preventing their proper proliferation. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / A criação racional de abelhas é uma das atividades agropecuárias mais promissoras, visto que é essencialmente familiar e auto-sustentável, pois auxilia na manutenção e recuperação do meio ambiente através de seu papel na polinização e garante renda ao produtor que emprega nela a sua família. O mel é o principal produto dessa atividade, sendo gerado por abelhas melíferas - nativas ou africanizadas. Sua composição química é bastante variada, dependendo principalmente da origem floral, entomológica e geográfica. O propósito deste trabalho foi avaliar qualidade do mel de diferentes origens entomológicas do Estado de Alagoas, na estação das secas de 2008/09, por meio de parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos, além de conhecer suas prováveis ações antioxidante e antimicrobiana. Para tanto, coletou-se 43 amostras de méis (14 de Apis mellifera, 22 de M. scutellaris, 03 de M. quadrifasciata, 02 de M. subnitida e 02 de Plebeia sp.) em diferentes municípios alagoanos. Em relação aos parâmetros físico-químicos, avaliou-se o conteúdo de glicídios redutores, glicídios totais, sacarose aparente, umidade, condutividade elétrica, pH, acidez, teor de proteínas totais, concentração de prolina, hidroximetilfurfural e atividade diastásica. Em relação à atividade antioxidante avaliou-se quantitativamente e qualitativamente o conteúdo de fenóis e flavonóides totais, captura do radical 2,2-difenil-1- picril-hidrazil (DPPH), além do método de redução do Fe3+ &#8594; Fe2+ (método FRAP). Avaliou-se, ainda, a segurança microbiológica dos méis através da detecção de esporos de Clostridium sp., além do perfil antibacteriano e antifúngico dos diferentes méis. Foi utilizado o teste não paramétrico de Kruskal Wallis a 95 % de probabilidade (p< 0,05), pois os dados não apresentaram distribuição normal, realizando-se, ainda, a correlação de Spearman a 95 % de significância, p<0,05 e 99% de significância, p<0,01. No tocante aos parâmetros físico-químicos, apenas condutividade elétrica e sacarose não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa (p<0,05) entre os méis das distintas espécies de abelhas. Em relação à atividade antioxidante, os méis de A. mellifera apresentaram ação superior do que os das nativas, exceto no caso dos méis de Plebeia sp., que se destacaram em uma série de parâmetros em comparação com o das demais abelhas nativas. Verificouse, ainda, que os méis de abelhas nativas apresentaram maior atividade antimicrobiana em relação aos méis de A. mellifera. Portanto, a ação antibacteriana provavelmente se deve ao efeito sinergístico da alta concentração de íons H+ (baixo pH), glicídios (potencial osmótico) e compostos fenólicos que se ligam às unidades glicídicas formadoras de sua parede celular, inviabilizando sua adequada proliferação.

With increasing population comes the concern for waste disposal. The absence of sanitary disposal methods has left most city residents with open landfills as their only source of waste disposal. The resulting leachate formed from the decomposition of these waste materials is highly polluting and finds its way to the underground water supply. The study investigated the effects of open landfill sites on the underground water quality by examining the physical and chemical properties of underground water in hand-dug wells around the Solous landfill sites in Igando, Alimosho Local Government Area of Lagos State. Solous landfill is the second largest landfill by landmass and volume of waste in Lagos State. Systematic random sampling was used for data gathering. Eighteen hand-dug wells were sampled at increasing distances from the landfill site. Physical, chemical and microbiological parameters were analysed at the Lagos State Environmental Protection Agency (LASEPA). Soil samples were also taken from both the A (0 – 30cm) and B (30 – 60cm) horizons of the water sampling points to determine the soil texture (silt, clay and loamy composition) and to show the impact of soil texture on ground water quality within the sampled area. The level of contamination of groundwater was also determined using the Contamination Index method. The results showed high degree of conformance with W.H.O standard with respect to the microbiological properties of the sampled groundwater. However, coliform tests indicated the potential presence of pathogens. Of the seven (7) physical parameters tested, conductivity was higher in one sample. The study of chemical properties from the eighteen wells showed five (5) parameters (dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, iron, lead, nitrates and copper) above W.H.O limits in some samples. The water may therefore not be safe for human consumption and there is a serious need to monitor the groundwater quality in the area. The level of contamination of groundwater was also determined using the Contamination Index method. Areas of high and medium contamination were discovered. There was no area with low contamination level in the area sampled. Contamination levels were mapped to show the exact levels of contamination in the study area. The results of the soil analysis showed that the study area had soil that was mostly sandy in nature which may suggest an increase in parameters over time with significant health implications for the people who depend on surrounding wells for domestic use. The study also showed no significant variation in water quality with increasing distance from the dump site. Findings also indicated that the water around Solous 1 was of better quality for domestic use than groundwater around Solous 2 and 3 due to temporal reduction of contaminant concentration. There is therefore a need for adequate and proper planning, design and construction, and strategic management disposal of waste, as well as the implementation of a better sustainable environmental sanitation practice. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Science)

Ce manuscrit est consacré à l’étude et au développement de microsystèmes capteurs de gaz sélectifs au dioxyde d’azote, destinés au contrôle de la qualité de l’air atmosphérique. La stratégie que nous avons développée consiste à associer une structure sensible à base de matériaux semi-conducteurs partiellement sélectifs aux gaz oxydants et des filtres sélectifs à l’ozone. L’objectif premier est la mise en oeuvre et la caractérisation de matériaux chimiques strictement imperméables à l’ozone (O3) et non-réactifs vis-à-vis du dioxyde d’azote (NO2). Notre choix s’est focalisé sur un matériau moléculaire, l’indigo, connu pour sa réactivité vis-à-vis de O3, et plusieurs nanomatériaux carbonés. Pour ces derniers, la possibilité de conformer leurs textures, leurs morphologies et leurs chimies de surface par traitements thermiques, chimiques et mécaniques, permet d’étendre le panel de matériaux potentiels et d’identifier les facteurs d’influence de leur réactivité avec les espèces gazeuses. La caractérisation de l’ensemble de ces matériaux a nécessité l’utilisation de techniques adaptées et complémentaires (adsorption de N2 à 77 K, spectroscopies Raman, XPS, IR en mode ATR, RPE et NEXAFS). Les filtres chimiques les plus efficaces (hauts rendements de filtration et grande durabilité) ont été sélectionnés d’après des tests de soumission aux gaz selon une méthodologie adaptée. Enfin, l’association de ces meilleurs filtres et de la structure capteur a conduit à l’élaboration de prototypes microsystèmes capteurs de gaz optimisés. De plus, une contribution à la compréhension des mécanismes d’interaction de l’indigo et de certains nanocarbones avec O3 et NO2 a aussi permis d’améliorer le microsystème en développant des méthodologies pertinentes et innovantes mais également en réalisant la synthèse de nouveaux filtres indigo / nanocarbone. / This work is devoted to the study and the development of gas sensors microsystems highly selective to nitrogen dioxide, dedicated to the air quality control. The strategy developed consists in the implementation of a sensitive structure based on semiconductor materials partially selective to oxidizing gases associated to an ozone selective filter. The first objective is the development of chemical filters strictly impervious to ozone (O3) and non-reactive towards the nitrogen dioxide (NO2). We have chosen a molecular material, indigo, well-known for its reactivity towards O3, and several carbonaceous nanomaterials. For these one, the possibility to modify their textures, their morphologies and their surface chemistries by chemical, mechanical and thermic treatments, enables us to extend the range of potential materials and to identify the factors of influence on their reactivity with gaseous species. The characterization of all these materials required the use of appropriate and complementary techniques (N2 adsorption at 77 K, Raman, XPS, IR in ATR mode, EPR and NEXAFS). The more efficient filters (high filtering yield and life-time) have been selected by means of specific tests of gas exposure. Finally, the association of the best filter and the sensitive structure has led to the development of optimized gas sensors microsystems prototypes.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-05-22T22:23:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 KATCILÂNYA MENEZES DE ALMEIDA - TESE PPGEA 2012..pdf: 12015723 bytes, checksum: 89f32aca42c4224f2d2241d72785479c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-22T22:23:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KATCILÂNYA MENEZES DE ALMEIDA - TESE PPGEA 2012..pdf: 12015723 bytes, checksum: 89f32aca42c4224f2d2241d72785479c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04 / CNPq / O Brasil possui grande potencial agrícola para produzir óleo vegetal, tanto para fins alimentares como para suprir parte da demanda de energia renovável, porém nos últimos cinco anos tem sido o maior importador de azeite de oliva do mundo, devido aos seus benefícios para a saúde. Neste contexto objetivou-se, com este trabalho, a elaboração de misturas especiais de óleos vegetais para fins alimentícios, com base nos óleos de amendoim, gergelim, maracujá e soja. Os óleos de amendoim e gergelim como alternativa por serem culturas produzidas no Brasil, constituem uma fonte de ácidos graxos e antioxidantes tão pouco explorados na alimentação dos brasileiros, tal como o óleo de maracujá como co-produto, descartado pela indústria de suco e ainda o óleo de soja cuja matéria-prima abundante, tornam o produto acessível aos consumidores de todas as classes sociais. Os óleos de amendoim e gergelim foram extraídos de sementes das cultivares BRS-Havana e BRS-Seda, respectivamente, cedidas pela Embrapa Algodão enquanto o óleo de maracujá foi adquirido no comércio de São Paulo e o de soja no de Campina Grande. As misturas foram elaboradas com base em uma matriz de planejamento experimental e, em seguida, submetidas às análises de composição de ácidos graxos e ensaios físico-químicas (umidade, índice de acidez, índice de iodo, índice de refração, densidade e viscosidade) segundo a metodologia do IAL (2008). As medidas obtidas foram utilizadas para estudar e otimizar a elaboração das misturas de óleos vegetais e como variáveis para predição por espectrometria no infravermelho próximo (NIR) foram utilizados os mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS) como metodologia de calibração multivariada. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA), à análise de variância multivariada (MANOVA), à análise de correlação canónica e à análise de correlação de Pearson, pelo software SAS 9.1.3; na análise de componentes principais (PCA) e regressão por mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS) utilizou-se o software Uncrambler 9.8®. Concluiu-se que a mistura equivalente a 40% de óleo de amendoim, 20% de óleo de gergelim, 20% de óleo de maracujá e 20% de óleo de soja apresentou-se como a melhor mistura para fins alimentares, com base na composição de ácidos graxos. Os métodos de predição por NIR foram eficazes para a estimativa não destrutiva, rápida, de baixo custo e direta, dos ácidos graxos palmítico, esteárico, oleico, linoleico, araquídico e linolênico e para as medidas físico-químicas de densidade, índice de refração, viscosidade, índice de acidez e índice de iodo. / Brazil has great potential to produce vegetable oils as a source of raw materiais for food and energy. But in the last five years has been the largest importer of olive oil in the worid due to its health benefits and wide divulgation. In this context, the aim of this work was the development of special blends of vegetable oils as an alternative to olive oils based on peanut, sesame, soy and passion fruit. The peanut and sesame oils because they are a source of fatty acids and antioxidants in the diet of little explored in Brazil, passion fruit oil as co-product of the juice industry, and soybean oil abundant raw material which makes the product available to consumers of ali social classes. The peanut and sesame oils were extracted from seeds of BRS-Seda and BRS-Havana, while passion fruit oil was purchased commercially of city São Paulo-SP and trade soybean in the city of Campina Grande-PB. The mixtures were prepared based on an array of experimental design and then submitted to analysis of fatty acid composition and physico-chemical (moisture, acid value, iodine value, refractive index, density and viscosity). Moreover, were used as reference variables for prediction via infrared spectroscopy (NIR) using the partial least squares (PLS) and multivariate calibration methodology. The results were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), canonical correlation analysis and Pearson correlation analysis by SAS 9.1.3 software, the principal component analysis (PCA) and Partial least squares regression (PLS) was used Uncrambler 9.8 ® softwarlt was concluded that the mixture equivalent to 40% peanut oil, 20% sesame oil, 20% passion fruit oil, and 20% soybean oil was presented as the best mix for food composition based on fatty acids. The prediction by NIR methods were effective for estimating non-destructive, rapid, inexpensive and direct fatty acids palmitic, stearic, oleie, linoleic, linolenic and arachidic and physico-chemical measurements of density, refractive index, viscosity, acid value and iodine value.