Land contaminated with arsenic is a major problem as arsenic is toxic and poses a major health risk to both humans and animals. There are several remediation methods, both in-situ and ex-situ, to prevent and deal with pollution problems in different ways. In Hjältevad, Eksjö municipality, a leak occurred in an impregnation tank in 1968, in a facility belonging to atelephone company. As a result, the groundwater was contaminated with chromium, copper andarsenic and despite several major remediation measures, arsenic concentrations are still highand new measures are required, of which this study is a part.Previous laboratory tests with soil samples from Hjätevad, both batch and then column tests,showed that zero-valent iron particles (ZVI) in nano and micro-scale proved to be most effectiveunder given conditions to immobilize arsenic. In the present study results from a pilot scaleexperiment with micro-scale ZVI (mZVI) are presented. Before the pilot scale experiment,dynamic groundwater sampling was carried out in Hjältevad, to characterize the aquifer. Also,initial distribution tests with mZVI were conducted. Trial injections were carried out with a slurryof water, mZVI and guar. The latter was added to increased viscosity. The distribution of mZVIwas followed up with measurements of e.g., conductivity and imaging with OPI-VIS. The spreadof mZVI ranged between 0.5–1.5 meters.In the pilot scale experiment, five injection points were used 2 meters apart from each other andsix new groundwater wells were installed after the injection to monitor the effect of mZVI ongroundwater chemistry. Injections were made at 11 different depths in 0.5-meter intervals. Forfour months, measurements of different groundwater parameters were conducted. Smallreductions in arsenic levels were found in two groundwater wells downstream from the injectionpoints, but no reduction in the remaining wells.One reason for the small effect on arsenic concentration could be slow kinetics of the reactionbetween mZVI and water, due to low groundwater temperatures (7–8 °C). Another reason couldbe that the mZVI was not dispersed well enough in the soil due to either the aggregation ofmZVI particles or the heterogeneity of the soil. / Arsenikförorenad mark är ett stort problem då arsenik är toxisk och utgör en stor hälsorisk förbåde människor och djur och bör därför saneras. Det finns flertalet saneringsmetoder både in-situoch ex-situ för att på olika sätt både förebygga och ta itu med en föroreningsproblematik. IHjältevad, Eksjö kommun, skedde ett läckage i en impregneringstank år 1968, i dåvarandeTeleverkets anläggning. Detta förorenade grundvattnet med krom, koppar och arsenik och trotsflera stora saneringsåtgärder var arsenikkoncentrationerna höga och nya åtgärder undersöktes,vilket denna studie är en del av.I ett tidigare arbete genomfördes laborationsförsök med jordprover från Hjätevad, först skak- ochsedan kolonnförsök med lovande resultat där ickesulfiderat mikrojärn visade sig mest verksamtunder givna förutsättningar. I detta examensarbete undersöktes möjligheten att fastlägga arsenik igrundvattenzonen genom att injektera nollvärt järn i mikroskala (mZVI) i ett pilotskaleförsök.Innan pilotskaleförsöket genomfördes även på plats i Hjältevad både dynamiskgrundvattenprovtagning för att få en djupprofil på grundvattenkemin. I ett inledandedistrubitionstest genomfördes provinjektioner av en slurry med mZVI blandad med guar för attge ökad viskositet, vars spridning följdes upp med mätningar av bl.a. konduktivitet och bildermed OPI-VIS. Spridnigen blev mellan 0,5-1,5 meter.I pilotskaleförsöket användes fem injekeringspunkter och sex nya grundvattenrör installeradesefter injekteringen för att följa upp effekten i grundvattnet. Injekteringarna gjordes på 11 olikadjup med ett intervall på 0,5 meter. Effekterna i grundvattnet följdes upp under fyra månadergenom mätningar av pH, EH, As(III), total As och Fe. Små minskningar av arsenikhalterna kundekonstateras i de två provbrunnarna på störst avstånd nedströms från injekteringarna, men ingenminskning i övriga provbrunnar. En orskak att minskningen av arsenikkoncentrationen inte blevstörre kan vara långsam kinetik i reaktionen mellan vatten och mZVI, vilken potentiellt ärtemperaturberoende. När mZVI reagerar med vatten bildas olika järn(hydr)oxider, vilka kanbinda löst arsenik. En annan är orsak kan vara att mZVI inte har spridits tillräckligt bra i markenpå grund av antingen att mZVI-partiklarna klumpat ihop sig eller heterogeniteten i marken.

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ABSTRAKTMål: Syftet med denna studie var att bestämma kariesprevalensen (ECC) hos 2-4åriga barn i utvalda områden i Kirikkale, Turkiet, och undersöka associationen tillmoderns S.mutansnivå. Det undersöktes möjliga samband mellan barnens S.mutans nivå och förekomst av ECC. Utöver det valdes även att undersökasambandet mellan riskfaktorer och barnens kariesprevalens samt samband mellanriskfaktorer och barnens S. mutansnivå.Metoder: En pilotstudie bestående av kliniska undersökningar och frågeformulärutformades för insamling och bearbetning av information. Studiepopulationenbestod av 60 barn mellan 2-4 år. De blev kliniskt undersökta för att bestämmaECC prevalensen. Mammors S. mutansnivåer jämfördes med barnens ECCprevalens.Resultat: ECC prevalensen var 45% och medelvärdet av karierade fyllda primäratänder (dft) var 2.1. Studien kunde inte visa något signifikant samband mellan S.mutansnivån hos mödrar och ECC förekomsten bland barn. Däremot visadestudien en signifikant relation mellan barnens ålder och dft. Studien visade ingasamband mellan riskfaktorer och dft och ej heller någon association mellanriskfaktorer och barnets S.mutansnivå.Slutsats: Studien visar att ECC prevalensen är relativt hög (45 %) blandförskolebarn inom de utvalda områdena av Kirikkale, Turkiet. Studien har intekunnat finna något signifikant samband mellan S. mutansnivå bland mödrar ochbarnens ECC prevalens. I samstämmighet med andra tidigare studier, visade detockså att förekomsten av S. mutans bland förskolebarn är starkt knuten till ECC. / ABSTRACTObjectives: The aim of the study was to determine the early childhood caries(ECC) prevalence among 2-4 years old children in selected areas of Kirikkale,Turkey. The study aims to find the association between ECC among children andthe Streptococcus mutans (S.mutans) level in their mothers. The study should alsodetermine possible associations between risk factors and children’s dental caries,and the association between risk factors and children’s S.mutans level.Methods: This is a pilot study consisting of a clinical examination and aquestionnaire, designed to collect necessary data. The study population of 60children, aged 2-4 years old, whom have been clinically examined to determinethe ECC prevalence. The mothers’ S.mutans levels have been compared with theECC prevalence among the children.Results: The ECC prevalence was 45% and mean number of primary decayed-filled teeth (dft) 2.1. The study could not show any correlation between S.mutanslevels among mothers and ECC prevalence among children. However, the studyshowed a significant association between children’s age and dft. Furthermore, thestudy could not find any association between the different risk factors and dft, orchildren’s S.mutans levels.Conclusion: The current study suggests that ECC prevalence is relatively high(45%) among preschool children in selected areas of Kirikkale, Turkey. However,the study could not find any significant relationships between S.mutans levelsamong mothers’ and children’s ECC prevalence. In consistency with earlierstudies in the field, results also suggest that the presence of S. mutans amongpreschool children is strongly connected to ECC.

För att nå framgångsrika offentliga upphandlingar inom exempelvis IT är det viktigt att förbereda upphandlingsprocessen genom att planera resurser, kartlägga och analysera behov, marknad och risker (Upphandlingsmyndigheten, u.å.). En litteraturstudie på området visar att UX designers roll i upphandlingsprocesser är otydligt beskriven. Istället har fokus traditionellt sett handlat om användbarhet inom it-produkter, och ansvariga för användarcentrerade designansatser har systemleverantören varit. Lite eller inget ansvar för användarnas behov har legat på den offentliga organisationen. Men litteraturen visar även att upphandlaren bör vara aktiv genom en användarcentrerad designprocess både i kravställningen och genom hela projektet för att nå lyckade offentliga upphandlingar. För att undersöka hur UX designers arbetar i offentliga upphandlingsprocesser idag har följande frågeställningar besvarats: 1. Vilken roll och vilket inflytande har UX designers på upphandlingsprocessen i offentliga upphandlingar idag? 2. Vad karaktäriserar UX designers arbete på anbudsgivarsidan respektive anbudstagarsidan i upphandlingsprocessen för offentliga organisationer? Resultatet från en intervjustudie och en dokumentgranskning visar att UX designers har en tydlig roll på båda sidor om upphandlingsförfarandet. Inflytandet på upphandlingssidan var stort men begränsat till val av lösningsförslag på anbudstagarsidan. Att se över arbetsprocesser i grunden, se till användarnas behov, kravställa efter funktion och behov istället för tekniska krav och vikten av tydlig kommunikation var det som karaktäriserade UXdesigners arbete på båda sidor om upphandlingsprocessen. / To reach successful public procurements in the IT area it’s important to prepare the procurement process by planning resources, to map out and analyze needs, markets and risks (Upphandlingsmyndigheten, u.å.). A study of the literature in the area shows that the role of the UX designer is vaguely described. Instead the focus has traditionally been on usability in IT products and those responsible for user-centered design approaches have been the system suppliers. Some or none of the responsibility for the user needs has belonged to the public organization. But the literature also shows that the procurer needs to be active through a user-centered design process both in the requirements phase and throughout the entire project to reach successful public procurements. To explore how UX designers work in public procurement processes today the following framing of questions have been answered: ● What role and what kind of impact have UX designers on the procurement process inpublic procurements today? ● What characterizes the work of UX designers on the procurer’s side respectively the tenderer's side in the procurement process for public organizations? The results of an interview study and a document review shows that UX designers have a clear role on both sides of the procurement procedure. The impact on the procurer side was great but limited to the choice of solution proposals on the tenderer side. Fundamentally reviewing work processes, looking after the needs of the users, setting requirements according to function and needs instead of technical requirements and the importance of clear communication were what characterized the work of UX designers on both sides of the procurement process.

1 online resource (vii, 138 leaves : ill.) / Following an awareness of an increased turn over of staff in the eating disorder unit as compared with other specialised units, in a psychiatric hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa, Tara Hospital, the researcher was motivated to investigate the issue. An exploratory, descriptive based research was chosen to explore and gain information about the topic and its implications. A qualitative research approach was used to gain insight into the perceptions and needs of the team working on the unit. The case study method was used. A pilot study was undertaken to test the validity of the interview schedules. The sampling category was a non- probability one. Individuals were selected from the population of staff working on the unit. Participants were selected from two groups, those who were presently working on the unit and those who had previously worked on the unit and now working in other units. Interview procedure involved personal semi-structured interviews conducted by the researcher and analysed qualitatively and a structured interview questionnaire analysed quantitatively. The researchers assumption that many staff members move from working in an eating disorders unit was confirmed and is due to the following: Staff turnover is due to constant exposure to occupational stress and burnout. Feelings of helplessness, a sense of being unappreciated and excessive exposure to conflict from the patients. In addition, staff experience minimum rewards leading to lowered job satisfaction due to the patients slow recovery rates and a poor prognosis of the illness. Staff also experience a change in their eating patterns and an increased awareness around food and food issues. Recommendations to the staff include: * Psycho-education on eating disorders. * Implementation of strategies to provide supportive care for all staff members. * Education on stress management and strategies to prevent staff burnout and lowered job satisfaction. * A multidisciplinary teamwork approach by the staff, when working in the unit. / Social Work / M. A. (Social Science in Mental Health)

This research was geared towards the investigation of management strategies (factors) that affect the performance ofMSMEs in Kenya. Many developed countries record a time in history when entrepreneurial activities led to revival of economical growth after decline. This implies MSMEs is a very vital sector especially for a developing country like Kenya. MSMEs stagnate and their performance is uncertain according to writers such as Namusonge, Management inadequacies have been suggested in several studies. The objectives of this research was to, 1. To identifY the critical management factors affecting the performance of MSMEs in Kenya; ii. To establish the process through which managerial factors affect the performance of a MSMEs in Kenya ; m. To determine the integrative effect of various management factors in the MSMES in Kenya; IV. To establish the effect of demographics and management factors on performance, v. To establish effects of external environment on internal management factors A conceptual model was formulated from the literature review showing relationships of the management strategies and the environment they operate in. These relationships became the basis for the hypotheses which were later tested. In chapter 4, a mini research (pilot study) was conducted in May 2007,whose main aim was to test the reliability and validity of the research instruments. The 36 questionnaires returned were analysed through descriptive method. Results obtained indicated the instruments were reliable and the results valid. A few corrections suggested were made. The major correction was addition of question 35 to collect financial information. The data collection was done between mid August and mid October 2007.In chapter 5, the researcher analysesd the results of the survey after receiving 180 questionnaires. Time was a constraint. In chapter 6, the hypotheses and conceptual model were analysed and the results obtained suggested that, most strategies did not affect the profitability separately but severally. The integrated effect of the management strategies and the associated factors had a higher impact on performance of the MSMES than any individual strategies. In chapter 7, the conclusions, summaries and Recommendations are given. / Business Management / D. Com. (Business Management and Policy)

Le taux de mortalité chez les patients à risque d’arythmies cardiaques menaçantes à la vie a été considérablement réduit grâce au défibrillateur cardiaque implantable (DCI). Toutefois, des préoccupations uniques face au DCI, y compris les chocs que l’appareil peut déclencher, sont susceptibles de provoquer des symptômes d'anxiété et une limitation perçue des activités chez les porteurs de DCI. Ces réactions émotives et modifications de comportement peuvent affecter l’acceptation du patient envers le DCI. Cette étude pilote randomisée avec groupe contrôle (n=15 /groupe) visait à examiner la faisabilité et l'acceptabilité d'une intervention infirmière individualisée de même que ses effets préliminaires sur l’anxiété, le fonctionnement dans les activités de la vie quotidienne et l’acceptation du DCI auprès de nouveaux porteurs de DCI. L'intervention infirmière, basée sur la théorie du Human Caring et teintée d’une approche cognitive comportementale, ciblait les préoccupations individuelles face au DCI. À partir des préoccupations identifiées, l’infirmière intervenait en mettant l'accent sur les croyances contraignantes du patient, qui pouvaient mener à de l’anxiété et des comportements d'évitement. Après randomisation, les patients du groupe intervention (GI) ont participé à un premier entretien en face-à-face avant le congé hospitalier. Subséquemment, deux entretiens se sont faits par téléphone, à environ 7 et 14 jours suite au congé hospitalier. Les résultats soutiennent la faisabilité et l’acceptabilité du devis de l’étude et de l’intervention évaluée. De plus, ils soulignent le potentiel de l’intervention à diminuer les sentiments anxieux chez les participants du GI. Les résultats de cette étude pilote offrent des pistes de recherches futures et permettront de guider la pratique clinique. / Patients with an implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD) decrease their risk of mortality related to life threatening arrhythmias. However, multiple concerns about this device exist, including ICD shocks, which may result in increased anxiety and a perceived limitation in performing everyday activities. These emotional reactions and behavioral changes may have a negative impact on the acceptance of the device. The purpose of this randomized pilot study with a group control (n=15 / group), was to verify the feasibility and acceptability of an individualized nursing intervention aiming to decrease anxiety, improve performance in everyday activities and device acceptance in patients with newly implanted ICDs. Based on Human Caring theory and a cognitive behavioral approach, this intervention addressed each patient’s unique concerns. From the identified concerns, the nurse intervened focussing on the patient’s dysfunctional beliefs that can lead to anxiety and avoidance behavior. After randomization, the first encounter for the experimental group (EG) was face-to-face before hospital discharge. Subsequently, two encounters were made via telephone, 7 and 14 days after discharge. The results support the feasibility and acceptability of the study design and the intervention evaluated. In addition, they emphasize the potential of the intervention to reduce symptoms of anxiety among the participants of the EG. The results of this pilot study may provide directions for future research and help guide clinical practice.

Le taux de mortalité chez les patients à risque d’arythmies cardiaques menaçantes à la vie a été considérablement réduit grâce au défibrillateur cardiaque implantable (DCI). Toutefois, des préoccupations uniques face au DCI, y compris les chocs que l’appareil peut déclencher, sont susceptibles de provoquer des symptômes d'anxiété et une limitation perçue des activités chez les porteurs de DCI. Ces réactions émotives et modifications de comportement peuvent affecter l’acceptation du patient envers le DCI. Cette étude pilote randomisée avec groupe contrôle (n=15 /groupe) visait à examiner la faisabilité et l'acceptabilité d'une intervention infirmière individualisée de même que ses effets préliminaires sur l’anxiété, le fonctionnement dans les activités de la vie quotidienne et l’acceptation du DCI auprès de nouveaux porteurs de DCI. L'intervention infirmière, basée sur la théorie du Human Caring et teintée d’une approche cognitive comportementale, ciblait les préoccupations individuelles face au DCI. À partir des préoccupations identifiées, l’infirmière intervenait en mettant l'accent sur les croyances contraignantes du patient, qui pouvaient mener à de l’anxiété et des comportements d'évitement. Après randomisation, les patients du groupe intervention (GI) ont participé à un premier entretien en face-à-face avant le congé hospitalier. Subséquemment, deux entretiens se sont faits par téléphone, à environ 7 et 14 jours suite au congé hospitalier. Les résultats soutiennent la faisabilité et l’acceptabilité du devis de l’étude et de l’intervention évaluée. De plus, ils soulignent le potentiel de l’intervention à diminuer les sentiments anxieux chez les participants du GI. Les résultats de cette étude pilote offrent des pistes de recherches futures et permettront de guider la pratique clinique. / Patients with an implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD) decrease their risk of mortality related to life threatening arrhythmias. However, multiple concerns about this device exist, including ICD shocks, which may result in increased anxiety and a perceived limitation in performing everyday activities. These emotional reactions and behavioral changes may have a negative impact on the acceptance of the device. The purpose of this randomized pilot study with a group control (n=15 / group), was to verify the feasibility and acceptability of an individualized nursing intervention aiming to decrease anxiety, improve performance in everyday activities and device acceptance in patients with newly implanted ICDs. Based on Human Caring theory and a cognitive behavioral approach, this intervention addressed each patient’s unique concerns. From the identified concerns, the nurse intervened focussing on the patient’s dysfunctional beliefs that can lead to anxiety and avoidance behavior. After randomization, the first encounter for the experimental group (EG) was face-to-face before hospital discharge. Subsequently, two encounters were made via telephone, 7 and 14 days after discharge. The results support the feasibility and acceptability of the study design and the intervention evaluated. In addition, they emphasize the potential of the intervention to reduce symptoms of anxiety among the participants of the EG. The results of this pilot study may provide directions for future research and help guide clinical practice.

1 online resource (vii, 138 leaves : ill.) / Following an awareness of an increased turn over of staff in the eating disorder unit as compared with other specialised units, in a psychiatric hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa, Tara Hospital, the researcher was motivated to investigate the issue. An exploratory, descriptive based research was chosen to explore and gain information about the topic and its implications. A qualitative research approach was used to gain insight into the perceptions and needs of the team working on the unit. The case study method was used. A pilot study was undertaken to test the validity of the interview schedules. The sampling category was a non- probability one. Individuals were selected from the population of staff working on the unit. Participants were selected from two groups, those who were presently working on the unit and those who had previously worked on the unit and now working in other units. Interview procedure involved personal semi-structured interviews conducted by the researcher and analysed qualitatively and a structured interview questionnaire analysed quantitatively. The researchers assumption that many staff members move from working in an eating disorders unit was confirmed and is due to the following: Staff turnover is due to constant exposure to occupational stress and burnout. Feelings of helplessness, a sense of being unappreciated and excessive exposure to conflict from the patients. In addition, staff experience minimum rewards leading to lowered job satisfaction due to the patients slow recovery rates and a poor prognosis of the illness. Staff also experience a change in their eating patterns and an increased awareness around food and food issues. Recommendations to the staff include: * Psycho-education on eating disorders. * Implementation of strategies to provide supportive care for all staff members. * Education on stress management and strategies to prevent staff burnout and lowered job satisfaction. * A multidisciplinary teamwork approach by the staff, when working in the unit. / Social Work / M. A. (Social Science in Mental Health)

This research was geared towards the investigation of management strategies (factors) that affect the performance ofMSMEs in Kenya. Many developed countries record a time in history when entrepreneurial activities led to revival of economical growth after decline. This implies MSMEs is a very vital sector especially for a developing country like Kenya. MSMEs stagnate and their performance is uncertain according to writers such as Namusonge, Management inadequacies have been suggested in several studies. The objectives of this research was to, 1. To identifY the critical management factors affecting the performance of MSMEs in Kenya; ii. To establish the process through which managerial factors affect the performance of a MSMEs in Kenya ; m. To determine the integrative effect of various management factors in the MSMES in Kenya; IV. To establish the effect of demographics and management factors on performance, v. To establish effects of external environment on internal management factors A conceptual model was formulated from the literature review showing relationships of the management strategies and the environment they operate in. These relationships became the basis for the hypotheses which were later tested. In chapter 4, a mini research (pilot study) was conducted in May 2007,whose main aim was to test the reliability and validity of the research instruments. The 36 questionnaires returned were analysed through descriptive method. Results obtained indicated the instruments were reliable and the results valid. A few corrections suggested were made. The major correction was addition of question 35 to collect financial information. The data collection was done between mid August and mid October 2007.In chapter 5, the researcher analysesd the results of the survey after receiving 180 questionnaires. Time was a constraint. In chapter 6, the hypotheses and conceptual model were analysed and the results obtained suggested that, most strategies did not affect the profitability separately but severally. The integrated effect of the management strategies and the associated factors had a higher impact on performance of the MSMES than any individual strategies. In chapter 7, the conclusions, summaries and Recommendations are given. / Business Management / D. Com. (Business Management and Policy)