京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第21953号 / 医博第4495号 / 新制||医||1037(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 柳田 素子, 教授 斎藤 通紀, 教授 近藤 玄 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Embryos of oviparous lizards have two sources of calcium for embryonic development: 1) calcium that accumulates in yolk during vitellogenesis, and 2) calcium carbonate deposited in the eggshell from oviductal secretions. Eggs of viviparous lizards lack a calcified eggshell and calcium secreted by the uterus is delivered to the embryo across a placenta. Whereas oviparous lizard embryos recover calcium from the eggshell during late developmental growth stages, viviparous embryos have a lengthy intimate association with the uterus and the potential for an extended interval of placental calcium transfer. We compared the pattern of calcium mobilization of embryos of the viviparous, placentotrophic scincid lizard, Pseudemoia pagenstecheri, to that of a closely related oviparous species, Saproscincus mustelinus, to determine if the timing of uterine calcium secretion was influenced by reproductive mode. Embryos of both species receive a substantial amount of calcium from either the eggshell or placenta (54% and 85% respectively). The ontogeny of calcium uptake by embryos of P. pagenstecheri reveals that the onset of embryonic acquisition of calcium occurs earlier relative to embryonic stage but the timing of peak uterine secretion of calcium is delayed, compared to S. mustelinus.

Reproductive mode has been remarkably labile among squamate reptiles and the evolutionary transition from oviparity to viviparity commonly has been accompanied by a shift in the pattern of embryonic nutrition. Structural specializations for placental transfer of nutrients during intrauterine gestation are highly diverse and many features of the extraembryonic membranes of viviparous species differ markedly from those of oviparous species. However, because of a high degree of evolutionary divergence between the species used for comparisons it is likely that the observed differences arose secondarily to the evolution of viviparity. We studied development of the extraembryonic membranes and placentation in the reproductively bimodal lizard Lacerta vivipara because the influence of reproductive mode on the structural/functional relationship between mothers and embryos can best be understood by studying the most recent evolutionary events. Lecithotrophic viviparity has evolved recently within this species and, although populations with different reproductive modes are allopatric, oviparous and viviparous forms interbreed in the laboratory and share many life history characteristics. In contrast to prior comparisons between oviparous and viviparous species, we found no differences in ontogeny or structure of the extraembryonic membranes between populations with different reproductive modes within L. vivipara. However, we did confirm conclusions from previous studies that the tertiary envelope of the egg, the eggshell, is much reduced in the viviparous population. These conclusions support a widely accepted model for the evolution of squamate placentation. We also found support for work published nearly 80 years ago that the pattern of development of the yolk sac of L. vivipara is unusual and that a function of a unique structure of squamate development, the yolk cleft, is hematopoiesis. The structure of the yolk sac splanchnopleure of L. vivipara is inconsistent with a commonly accepted model for amniote yolk sac function and we suggest that a long standing hypothesis that cells from the yolk cleft participate in yolk digestion requires further study.

No description available.

Le placenta humain est un organe indispensable au bon déroulement de la grossesse. La villosité choriale est l’unité structurale et fonctionnelle du placenta. Elle est constituée essentiellement de cellules trophoblastiques. Les cytotrophoblastes extra-villeux (CTEV) présentent des propriétés invasives et assurent l’ancrage du placenta dans l’endomètre maternel. De plus, une apoptose physiologique assure le renouvellement des cytotrophoblastes tout au long de la grossesse.Le Facteur Préimplantatoire (PIF) est un peptide de 15 acides aminés, sécrété par des embryons viables. Le PIF exerce un effet autocrine positif sur le développement embryonnaire. Le PIF est également impliqué dans le contrôle de l’immunité et de l’inflammation dans divers types cellulaires.Au cours de ce travail de thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés aux rôles du PIF dans le développement placentaire humain. Dans un premier temps, nous avons caractérisé l’expression protéique du PIF dans des placentas humains de 1er et 3ème trimestre de grossesse.Nous avons montré que i) l’expression du PIF diminue au cours de la grossesse et ii) le PIF est majoritairement exprimé dans les CTEV.Dans un second temps, nous avons mis en évidence que le PIF i) favorise l’invasion trophoblaste et ii) inhibe l’apoptose des CTEV en régulant la voie de signalisation de p53.Par ailleurs, des altérations de l’invasion et de l’apoptose trophoblastiques sont associées à des pathologies de la grossesse telles que la pré-éclampsie et le retard de croissance intra-utérin. Ainsi, dans un dernier temps nous avons montré que l’expression du PIF est diminuée dans des placentas humains de 3ème trimestre issus de grossesses pathologiques par comparaison avec des grossesses normales.L’ensemble de ces résultats démontrent que le PIF est un nouvel acteur de la placentation humaine. De plus, le PIF pourrait être considéré comme un nouveau biomarqueur des pathologies de la grossesse. / Human placentation is a critical step in the establishment of a successful pregnancy. The chorionic villus constitutes the structural and functional unit of the placenta. The extravillous trophoblast (EVT) is a placental cell type that differentiates from the highly proliferative cytotrophoblast located at the base of the anchoring villous. EVT have invasive properties, essential for placenta anchoring in the endometrium and uterine artery remodeling. Moreover, programmed cell death is an active process required for normal trophoblastic cell turnover during pregnancy.PreImplantation Factor (PIF) is a 15-amino-acid peptide secreted by developing embryos. PIF exerts autotrophic and protective effects on the embryo. PIF is also implicated in the control of immune and inflammatory processes in various cell types.In this work, we aimed to determine the direct effects of PIF on human placental development.In a first part, we characterized PIF protein expression in first and third trimester human placentas. We showed that PIF protein expression i) decreased over the course of the pregnancy and ii) was higher in EVT compared to villous trophoblast.In a second part, we showed that PIF i) enhanced pro-invasive capacities and ii) prevented cell death by regulating p53 signaling pathway in human EVT.Dysregulation of trophoblastic invasion and apoptosis have been associated with pregnancy pathologies. Thereby, in a last part, we showed that PIF protein expression was lower in placentas from preeclampsia and intra-uterine growth restriction as compared with non-pathological placentas. Altogether, we highlighted for the first time, that PIF is a new positive regulator of placental functions. PIF could be considered as a novel biomarker of a favorable outcome of pregnancy.

O estudo visou elucidar o desenvolvimento embrionário e fetal de pacas (Agouti paca) e demarcação dos sítios germinativos nos embriões em diferentes estágios. Foram utilizados sete espécimes de Agouti paca, sendo dois embriões e três fetos doados do pacário mantido pela UNESP - Jaboticabal e, dois doados do acervo da FMVZ-USP. Os fetos 1 e 2 apresentaram imaturidade facial acentuada, olhos recobertos por uma lente proeminente e lóbulos das orelhas; os fetos 3 e 4, mostravam-se com orelhas bem desenvolvidas, membros torácicos e pélvicos em grau equalitário de desenvolvimento, como vibrissas ao redor das bordas nasais e olhos também protegidos; no feto 5, haviam pêlos distribuídos por todo o corpo, membros torácicos e pélvicos com garras, vibrissas na face, olhos proeminentes e orelhas bem desenvolvidas. O embrião 1, apresentou a vesícula óptica com pigmentação da retina, o quarto ventrículo encefálico e curvatura cervical acentuada e broto dos membros em desenvolvimento; o embrião 2, possuiu divisão dos arcos branquiais e neuróporo cranial aberto; presença da área cardíaca e fígado; vesícula óptica sem pigmentação da retina, abertura do tubo neural na região do quarto ventrículo encefálico, rombencéfalo e mesencéfalo em desenvolvimento. Na microscopia de luz, visualizamos a medula espinhal, abertura do 4º ventrículo encefálico, presença das vesículas encefálicas (prosencéfalo, mesencéfalo e rombencéfalo), coluna vertebral, hipófise, cavidades oral e nasal, olho, átrio e ventrículo cardíacos, pulmão e diafragma, além das cristas metanéfrica e mesonéfrica, fígado, intestino e pedículo umbilical. Nas reações de imunohistoquímicas para OCT-4 não houve marcação expressiva em órgãos tais como pulmão, intestino e somitos, o coração apresentou uma leve positividade à reação, enquanto que nas cristas meso e metanéfrica e fígado obtiveram uma marcação expressiva, sendo mais acentuada no último. Nos testes com vimentina todos os órgãos mostraram-se imunopositivos em diferentes áreas; e em se tratando da reação a testes com actina apenas a região de somitos não obteve marcação positiva. Concluímos que o período embrionário/fetal da paca não pode ser comparado com o modelo clássico de roedor; sua embriogênese pode ser comparada à de ratos, Guinea pig, coelhos e humanos. A imunolocalização positiva de OCT-4 apresenta diferenças de acordo com a idade gestacional, devido às mudanças embriológicas dos tecidos. A imunolocalização positiva de OCT-4 apresenta diferenças de acordo com a idade gestacional, devido às mudanças embriológicas dos tecidos. A vimentina como marcador de mesênquima se expressou positivamente em todos os órgãos do embrião de paca. A actina como imunomarcador de músculo liso foi expressiva nas áreas contendo musculatura. / The study aimed elucidates the development of embryonic and fetal of pacas (Agouti paca) and demarcation of the germ sites in embryos at different stages. Seven specimens were used; two embryos and three fetuses from UNESP- Jaboticabal and other two fetuses were from FMVZ-USP collection. The fetuses 1 and 2 showed immaturity facial sharp, eyes covered by a lens and prominent lobes of the ears, the fetuses 3 and 4, showed up with well-developed ears, members thoracic and pelvic in equal level of development, vibrisses around the nasal edges and eye also protected;. The fetus 5 had hairs distributed throughout the body, members thoracic and pelvic with claws, vibrisses on the face, prominent eyes and ears well developed. The embryo 1, presented the optic vesicle with pigmentation of the retina, the fourth encephalic ventricle and cervical curvature and button members in development. The embryo 2, had split the branchial arches and open neuropore cranial; heart and liver were identified, optical vesicle without pigmentation of the retina, the neural tube was opening in the region of the fourth encephalic ventricle, rombencephalon and mesencephalon were in development. Light microscopy, shows the spinal cord, 4 th encephalic ventricle, resence of encephalic vesicles (prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rombencephalon), vertebral column, pituitary gland, oral and nasal cavities, eye, atrium and ventricle heart, lung and diaphragm, as well the metanephron and mesonephron, liver, intestine and mbilical pedicle. The immunohistochemical reactions for OCT-4 were non expressive in organs such as lung, intestine and somites; heart presented a discrete positive reaction, while kidneys and liver obtained an expressive expression, more pronounced in the last one. Vimentina\'s tests showed that all organs stained in different areas, and the reaction whit the actin was negative just in the region of somites. We conclude that the period embryonic/fetal of paca can not be compared with the classical model of rodents; its embryogenesis can be compared with the rats, Guinea pig, rabbits and humans ones. The positive immunolocalization of OCT-4 presents differences according to the gestational age, due to changes embryological tissue. The vimentine as a mesenchyme marker is expressed positively in all organs of the embryo of paca. The actin as immunomarker of smooth muscle was expressive in areas containing muscles.

Objetivos: Avaliar a influencia do estresse sobre os pesos maternos, placentários e fetais, as alterações histológicas placentárias e a expressão gênica dos fatores angiogênicos em ratas prenhes. Métodos: De setembro de 2007 a julho de 2008, foi realizado um estudo experimental do tipo casocontrole, em que 6 ratas prenhes foram submetidas a estímulos estressantes crônicos e agudos enquanto que 6 animais constituíram o grupo controle. No 20o dia de prenhez, todas as ratas foram sacrificadas. Os seguintes dados foram analisados e comparados entre os grupos: a. pesos maternos, placentários e fetais; b. alterações histológicas placentárias; e, c. expressão gênica dos fatores angiogênicos (VEGF-A e PlGF), dos seus receptores (VEGFR-1 e VEGFR-2) e do fator induzido por hipoxia (HIF-1). Resultados: Os pesos maternos, placentários e fetais foram significativamente menores no grupo de ratas prenhes-estressadas em relação ao controle. Histologicamente foram encontradas a presença de núcleos picnóticos no grupo prenhe-estressado. Observou-se expressão gênica significativamente maior de VEGF-A no grupo rata prenhe-estressada assim como redução significante da expressão gênica de PlGF, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, quando comparadas ao controle. Não houve alterações entre os grupos para o gene HIF-1. Conclusões: No modelo animal de estresse estudado, observou-se alterações significativas no peso placentário e da expressão gênica dos fatores angiogênicos placentários em ratas submetidas ao estresse. / Objectives: to evaluate the influence of the stress on the maternal, placental and fetal weights, on the histological findings and on the genetic expression of the angiogenic factors in pregnant rats. Methods: From September 2007 to Julie 2008, an experimental case-control study was conduced in which 6 pregnant rats were submitted to chronic and acute stress while six other were considered as controls. In the 20th day of gestation, all animals were sacrified. The following data were evaluated and compared between both groups: a. maternal, placental and fetal weights; b. histological findings; and c. genetic expression of angiogenic factors (VEGF-A and PIGF), receptors (VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2) and hypoxic-induced factor (HIF- 1). Results: Maternal, placental and fetal weights were statistically smaller in the stressed animals comparing to controls. Histological analysis revealed picnotic nuclei in the placentas of stressed rats. A statistically significant increase in the genetic expression of VEGF-A as well as a reduction of the expression of the PlGF, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2 were observed in the placentas of the stressed group in comparison to controls. There was no difference of expression of the gene HIF-1 between both groups. Conclusions: In the present animal model of stress, significant alterations in the placental weights, histology and genetic expression of the angiogenic factors among pregnant rats under stress.

Les lymphocytes T régulateurs (Tregs) jouent un rôle dans la grossesse précoce, localement dans l'utérus et de façon systémique, dans les organes lymphoïdes secondaires et dans le sang. Dans le tissu utérin, j'ai identifié une nouvelle population de Tregs effecteurs-mémoire résidant dans le tissu (uregTrm). Avant la grossesse, uregTrm ont un profil transcriptionnel et un phénotype unique en réponse au micro-environnement utérin. Au début de la grossesse, les uregTrm prolifèrent et expriment de nouveaux gènes impliqués dans des fonctions trophiques telles que le remodelage de la matrice extracellulaire, l'hypoxie et la vasculogenèse. La fonction trophique d'uregTrm a été comparée aux mécanismes développés par les Tregs dans l’infiltrat tumoral de mélanome. Dans les organes lymphoïdes secondaires et le sang, les Tregs en circulation contribuent à une grossesse réussie en favorisant la tolérance materno-foetale. Nous avons montré que ces Tregs orchestrent la régulation des réponses immunitaires dans l'utérus. En outre, les Tregs agissent en trois étapes. Tout d'abord, uregTrm et les Tregs des ganglions lymphatiques drainants auto-spécifiques contrôlent rapidement une réponse auto-immune qui aurait pu être déclenchée par la libération de débris cellulaires en raison de la prolifération de l'endomètre. Deuxièmement, uregTrm contribuent au besoin de remodelage du tissu utérin pour la placentation. Dans un troisième temps, accompagnant l'augmentation de la masse foetale, les Tregs inductibles aident à contrôler la réponse immunitaire anti-foetale. Ceci met en évidence la spécialisation des Tregs dans les tissus et souligne l’importance des Tregs pendant la grossesse et la pathologie. / Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a role during early pregnancy locally in the uterus and systemically, in the secondary lymphoid organs and blood. In the uterine tissue, I identified a novel population of tissue-resident effectors-memory regulatory T cells (uregTrm). Before pregnancy, uregTrm have a unique transcriptional profile and phenotype in response to the uterine microenvironment. During early pregnancy, uregTrm expand and express new genes implicated in trophic functions such as extracellular matrix remodeling, hypoxia and vasculogenesis. uregTrm trophic function was compared to the mechanisms developed by Tregs from melanoma tumour infiltrate. In the secondary lymphoid organs and blood, circulating Tregs contribute to successful pregnancy by promoting maternal-fetal tolerance. We showed that these Tregs orchestrate down regulation of immune responses in the early pregnant uterus. Besides, Tregs act in three stages. First, self-specific uregTrm and draining lymph nodes Tregs rapidly contain an autoimmune response that could have been triggered by release of cell debris due to the endometrium tissue high proliferation. Second, uregTrm contribute to the increased need of uterine tissue remodeling for placentation. In a third stage, accompanying the fetal mass increase, inducible Tregs help to control the anti-fetal immune response. This further highlights the specialization of Tregs in tissues and underline the relevance of Tregs during pregnancy and disease.

Objetivos: Avaliar a influencia do estresse sobre os pesos maternos, placentários e fetais, as alterações histológicas placentárias e a expressão gênica dos fatores angiogênicos em ratas prenhes. Métodos: De setembro de 2007 a julho de 2008, foi realizado um estudo experimental do tipo casocontrole, em que 6 ratas prenhes foram submetidas a estímulos estressantes crônicos e agudos enquanto que 6 animais constituíram o grupo controle. No 20o dia de prenhez, todas as ratas foram sacrificadas. Os seguintes dados foram analisados e comparados entre os grupos: a. pesos maternos, placentários e fetais; b. alterações histológicas placentárias; e, c. expressão gênica dos fatores angiogênicos (VEGF-A e PlGF), dos seus receptores (VEGFR-1 e VEGFR-2) e do fator induzido por hipoxia (HIF-1). Resultados: Os pesos maternos, placentários e fetais foram significativamente menores no grupo de ratas prenhes-estressadas em relação ao controle. Histologicamente foram encontradas a presença de núcleos picnóticos no grupo prenhe-estressado. Observou-se expressão gênica significativamente maior de VEGF-A no grupo rata prenhe-estressada assim como redução significante da expressão gênica de PlGF, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, quando comparadas ao controle. Não houve alterações entre os grupos para o gene HIF-1. Conclusões: No modelo animal de estresse estudado, observou-se alterações significativas no peso placentário e da expressão gênica dos fatores angiogênicos placentários em ratas submetidas ao estresse. / Objectives: to evaluate the influence of the stress on the maternal, placental and fetal weights, on the histological findings and on the genetic expression of the angiogenic factors in pregnant rats. Methods: From September 2007 to Julie 2008, an experimental case-control study was conduced in which 6 pregnant rats were submitted to chronic and acute stress while six other were considered as controls. In the 20th day of gestation, all animals were sacrified. The following data were evaluated and compared between both groups: a. maternal, placental and fetal weights; b. histological findings; and c. genetic expression of angiogenic factors (VEGF-A and PIGF), receptors (VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2) and hypoxic-induced factor (HIF- 1). Results: Maternal, placental and fetal weights were statistically smaller in the stressed animals comparing to controls. Histological analysis revealed picnotic nuclei in the placentas of stressed rats. A statistically significant increase in the genetic expression of VEGF-A as well as a reduction of the expression of the PlGF, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2 were observed in the placentas of the stressed group in comparison to controls. There was no difference of expression of the gene HIF-1 between both groups. Conclusions: In the present animal model of stress, significant alterations in the placental weights, histology and genetic expression of the angiogenic factors among pregnant rats under stress.

O estudo visou elucidar o desenvolvimento embrionário e fetal de pacas (Agouti paca) e demarcação dos sítios germinativos nos embriões em diferentes estágios. Foram utilizados sete espécimes de Agouti paca, sendo dois embriões e três fetos doados do pacário mantido pela UNESP - Jaboticabal e, dois doados do acervo da FMVZ-USP. Os fetos 1 e 2 apresentaram imaturidade facial acentuada, olhos recobertos por uma lente proeminente e lóbulos das orelhas; os fetos 3 e 4, mostravam-se com orelhas bem desenvolvidas, membros torácicos e pélvicos em grau equalitário de desenvolvimento, como vibrissas ao redor das bordas nasais e olhos também protegidos; no feto 5, haviam pêlos distribuídos por todo o corpo, membros torácicos e pélvicos com garras, vibrissas na face, olhos proeminentes e orelhas bem desenvolvidas. O embrião 1, apresentou a vesícula óptica com pigmentação da retina, o quarto ventrículo encefálico e curvatura cervical acentuada e broto dos membros em desenvolvimento; o embrião 2, possuiu divisão dos arcos branquiais e neuróporo cranial aberto; presença da área cardíaca e fígado; vesícula óptica sem pigmentação da retina, abertura do tubo neural na região do quarto ventrículo encefálico, rombencéfalo e mesencéfalo em desenvolvimento. Na microscopia de luz, visualizamos a medula espinhal, abertura do 4º ventrículo encefálico, presença das vesículas encefálicas (prosencéfalo, mesencéfalo e rombencéfalo), coluna vertebral, hipófise, cavidades oral e nasal, olho, átrio e ventrículo cardíacos, pulmão e diafragma, além das cristas metanéfrica e mesonéfrica, fígado, intestino e pedículo umbilical. Nas reações de imunohistoquímicas para OCT-4 não houve marcação expressiva em órgãos tais como pulmão, intestino e somitos, o coração apresentou uma leve positividade à reação, enquanto que nas cristas meso e metanéfrica e fígado obtiveram uma marcação expressiva, sendo mais acentuada no último. Nos testes com vimentina todos os órgãos mostraram-se imunopositivos em diferentes áreas; e em se tratando da reação a testes com actina apenas a região de somitos não obteve marcação positiva. Concluímos que o período embrionário/fetal da paca não pode ser comparado com o modelo clássico de roedor; sua embriogênese pode ser comparada à de ratos, Guinea pig, coelhos e humanos. A imunolocalização positiva de OCT-4 apresenta diferenças de acordo com a idade gestacional, devido às mudanças embriológicas dos tecidos. A imunolocalização positiva de OCT-4 apresenta diferenças de acordo com a idade gestacional, devido às mudanças embriológicas dos tecidos. A vimentina como marcador de mesênquima se expressou positivamente em todos os órgãos do embrião de paca. A actina como imunomarcador de músculo liso foi expressiva nas áreas contendo musculatura. / The study aimed elucidates the development of embryonic and fetal of pacas (Agouti paca) and demarcation of the germ sites in embryos at different stages. Seven specimens were used; two embryos and three fetuses from UNESP- Jaboticabal and other two fetuses were from FMVZ-USP collection. The fetuses 1 and 2 showed immaturity facial sharp, eyes covered by a lens and prominent lobes of the ears, the fetuses 3 and 4, showed up with well-developed ears, members thoracic and pelvic in equal level of development, vibrisses around the nasal edges and eye also protected;. The fetus 5 had hairs distributed throughout the body, members thoracic and pelvic with claws, vibrisses on the face, prominent eyes and ears well developed. The embryo 1, presented the optic vesicle with pigmentation of the retina, the fourth encephalic ventricle and cervical curvature and button members in development. The embryo 2, had split the branchial arches and open neuropore cranial; heart and liver were identified, optical vesicle without pigmentation of the retina, the neural tube was opening in the region of the fourth encephalic ventricle, rombencephalon and mesencephalon were in development. Light microscopy, shows the spinal cord, 4 th encephalic ventricle, resence of encephalic vesicles (prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rombencephalon), vertebral column, pituitary gland, oral and nasal cavities, eye, atrium and ventricle heart, lung and diaphragm, as well the metanephron and mesonephron, liver, intestine and mbilical pedicle. The immunohistochemical reactions for OCT-4 were non expressive in organs such as lung, intestine and somites; heart presented a discrete positive reaction, while kidneys and liver obtained an expressive expression, more pronounced in the last one. Vimentina\'s tests showed that all organs stained in different areas, and the reaction whit the actin was negative just in the region of somites. We conclude that the period embryonic/fetal of paca can not be compared with the classical model of rodents; its embryogenesis can be compared with the rats, Guinea pig, rabbits and humans ones. The positive immunolocalization of OCT-4 presents differences according to the gestational age, due to changes embryological tissue. The vimentine as a mesenchyme marker is expressed positively in all organs of the embryo of paca. The actin as immunomarker of smooth muscle was expressive in areas containing muscles.