A system is presented that is capable of confining an ion beam or plasma within a region that is essentially free of applied fields. An Artificially Structured Boundary (ASB) produces a spatially periodic set of magnetic field cusps that provides charged particle confinement. Electrostatic plugging of the magnetic field cusps enhances confinement. An ASB that has a small spatial period, compared to the dimensions of a confined plasma, generates electro- magneto-static fields with a short range. An ASB-lined volume thus constructed creates an effectively field free region near its center. It is assumed that a non-neutral plasma confined within such a volume relaxes to a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. Space charge based confinement of a second species of charged particles is envisioned, where the second species is confined by the space charge of the first non-neutral plasma species. An electron plasma confined within an ASB-lined volume can potentially provide confinement of a positive ion beam or positive ion plasma. Experimental as well as computational results are presented in which a plasma or charged particle beam interact with the electro- magneto-static fields generated by an ASB. A theoretical model is analyzed and solved via self-consistent computational methods to determine the behavior and equilibrium conditions of a relaxed plasma. The equilibrium conditions of a relaxed two species plasma are also computed. In such a scenario, space charge based electrostatic confinement is predicted to occur where a second plasma species is confined by the space charge of the first plasma species. An experimental apparatus with cylindrical symmetry that has its interior surface lined with an ASB is presented. This system was developed by using a simulation of the electro- magneto-static fields present within the trap to guide mechanical design. The construction of the full experimental apparatus is discussed. Experimental results that show the characteristics of electron beam transmission through the experimental apparatus are presented. A description of the experimental hardware and software used for trapping a charged particle beam or plasma is also presented.

In our everyday life, turbulence is an omnipresent phenomenon and yet remains poorly understood. Its random and chaotic nature makes it a subject almost impossible to treat from the mathematical point of view and, at present, there<p>is no real prospect of a simple analytic theory. Scientists have therefore regarded the numerical simulation as an alternative to compute the relevant properties of turbulent flows. In this context, our thesis aims at developing and using accurate computational methods, namely pseudo-spectral methods, for studying hydrodynamic (1st part) and magnetohydrodynamic (2nd part) turbulence.<p><p>In the hydrodynamic part, Chapter I introduces the governing equations of fluid mechanics as well as the main issues related to the numerical study of turbulent flows. In particular, the Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) of turbulence, in which accurate numerical solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations are obtained, are shown to be limited to moderately turbulent flows.<p>Chapter II introduces the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) technique which aims at simulating highly turbulent flows and which is based on a separation of scales.<p>In practice, it consists of simulating the large - resolved - scales of the flow explicitly while modelling the small - unresolved - scales. Two different approaches for modelling the kinetic energy of the unresolved scales are proposed and their respective advantages and drawbacks are discussed.<p>Chapter III is devoted the study of the mixing-layer using both DNS and LES. It consists of an inhomogeneous turbulent flow which has been studied experimentally and for which well-documented measurements are available. A highly accurate DNS mimicking the same experiment has been produced. It allows to study the inhomogeneity and anisotropy properties of this flow. Also, LES of the same flow, using different models, have been evaluated. In Chapter IV, we explore a pseudo-spectral method to investigate turbulence in a pipe. In this case, the method has to take into account two additional difficulties: i) the presence of the boundary and ii) the axis singularity. We detail how to circumvent these issues.<p><p>The second part of the thesis is devoted to magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence. It concerns phenomena where electrically conducting flows interact with electromagnetism and for which governing equations are derived in Chapter V. In Chapter VI, a detailed analysis of the energy transfers between the magnetic and velocity fields is performed thanks to a high resolution database of homogeneous MHD turbulence. It provides some insights to understand the physics of the nonlinear interactions and is also a valuable diagnostic in the framework of LES modelling. Finally, the inhomogeneous configuration studied in Chapter III has been extended to MHD. Several statistics related to the kinetic and magnetic energies are measured and LES of this flow are performed and presented in Chapter VII. / Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation physique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

MSc (Mathematics) / Department of Mathematcs and Applied Mathematics / Magnetohydrodynamics ows have gained signi cant attention due to their importance in engineering applications. In this study, we numerically analysed the Dufour and Soret e ects on an unsteady MHD mixed convection ow past an in nite vertical plate with viscous dissipation. The governing non-linear partial di erential equations (PDEs) are transformed into a system of ordinary di erential equations (ODEs) by the suitable similarity transformations. The resulting equations consist of the momentum, energy and mass di usion equations. These resulting equations are solved using the Spectral Local Linearization Method (SLLM). Results obtained by the SLLM are in good agreement with the bvp4c technique. The e ects of di erent physical parameters entering into the problem are displayed graphically. The values of the Skin-friction (f0(0)), Nusselt number (􀀀 0(0)) and Sherwood number (􀀀 0(0)) are shown in tabular form for di erent values of the parameters. From the results, it is noted that the Soret number (Sr) and the Dufour number (Du) have negligible e ects on temperature pro le, whereas the decrease in the Soret number (Sr) leads to a decrease in both velocity and concentration of the uid, and the increase in Dufour number (Du) reduces the velocity and also has negligilbe e ect on the concentration pro le. / NRF

MSc (Mathematics) / Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics / The unsteady hydromagnetic chemically reacting mixed convection MHD ow over a permeable stretching sheet embedded in a porous medium with thermal radiation and heat source/sink is investigated numerically. The original partial di erential equations are converted into ordinary di erential equations by using similarity transformation. The governing non-linear partial di erential equations of Momentum, Energy, and Concentration are considered in this study. The e ects of various physical parameters on the velocity, temperature, and species concentration have been discussed. The parameters include the Prandtl number (Pr), Magnetic parameter (M), the Schmidt number (Sc), Unsteady parameter (A), buoyancy forces ratio parameter (N), Chemical reaction (K), Radiation parameter (Nr), Eckert number (Ec), local heat source/sink parameter (Q) and buoyancy parameter due to temperature ( ). The coe cient of Skin friction and Heat transfer are investigated. The coupled non-linear partial di erential equations governing the ow eld have been solved numerically using the Spectral Relaxation Method (SRM). The results that are obtained in this study are then presented in tabular forms and on graphs and the observations are discussed. / NRF

L'objectif principal de la thèse est d'établir un modèle sous forme hamiltonienne à ports pour la dynamique du plasma dans les réacteurs de fusion de type tokamak, puis de démontrer le potentiel de cette approche pour aborder les problèmes d'intégration numérique et de commande non linéaire. Les bilans thermo-magnéto-hydrodynamiques, écrits sous forme hamiltonienne à ports à l'aide de structures Stokes-Dirac, conduisent à un modèle 3D “ multi-physique ” du plasma. Ensuite, un modèle 1D équivalent au modèle de diffusion résistive est obtenu en supposant les mêmes hypothèses d'équilibre quasi-statique et de symétries. Un schéma symplectique de réduction spatiale de ce modèle 1D qui préserve la structure du modèle et ses invariants est établi. Il ouvre la voie à des travaux ultérieurs de commande non linéaire fondés sur la structure géométrique d'interconnexion et les bilans du modèle. La commande IDA-PBC (Interconnection and Damping Assignment - Passivity Based Control) basée sur la passivité du modèle est d'abord synthétisée pour ce système en dimension finie. Finalement, une commande IDA-PBC associée avec la commande à la frontière est proposée pour le système en dimension infinie. Les controlleurs sont testés et validés avec les simulateurs des tokamak (METIS pour le Tore Supra de CEA/ Cadarache, et RAPTOR pour le TCV de l'EPFL Lausanne, Suisse). / The modelling and analysis of the plasma dynamics in tokamaks using the port-Hamiltonian approach is the main project purpose. Thermo-mMagnetohydrodynamics balances have been written in port-Hamiltonian form using Stokes-Dirac interconnection structures and 3D differential forms. A simplified 1D model for control has been derived using quasi-static and symmetry assumptions. It has been proved to be equivalent to a classical 1D control model: the resistive diffusion model for the poloidal magnetic flux. Then a geometric spatial integration scheme has been developped. It preserves both the symplecticity of the Dirac interconnection structure and physically conserved extensive quantities. This will allow coming works on energy-based approaches for the non linear control of the plasma dynamics.An Interconnection and Damping Assignment - Passivity Based Control (IDA-PBC) , the most general Port-Hamiltonian control, is chosen first to deal with the studied Tokamak system. It is based on a model made of the two coupled PDEs of resistive diffusion for the magnetic poloidal flux and of radial thermal diffusion. The used TMHD couplings are the Lorentz forces (with non-uniform resistivity) and the bootstrap current. The loop voltage at the plasma boundary, the total external current and the plasma heating power are considered as controller outputs. Due to the actuator constraints which imply to have a physically feasible current profile deposits, a feedforward control is used to ensure the compatibility with the actuator physical capability. Then, the IDA-PBC controllers, both finite-dimensional and infinite-dimensional, are designed to improve the system stabilization and convergence speed. The proposed works are validated against the simulation data obtained from the Tore-Supra WEST (CEA/Cadarache, France) test case and from RAPTOR code for the TCV real-time control system (CRPP/ EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland).

High-intensity, short-pulse laser-solid interactions are of great importance for a number of applications and fundamental research, such as high energy density (HED) physics, laboratory astrophysics, inertial confinement fusion (ICF), particle acceleration, and ultrafast x-ray sources. X-ray spectroscopy is a powerful diagnostic tool to investigate the extreme states of matter created by these interactions. This thesis presents the development and application of x-ray spectroscopy in relativistic laser-solid interactions. Two x-ray crystal spectrometers have been developed on the DRACO and European X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) facilities for the diagnosis of dense plasmas produced by ultrashort relativistic laser pulses. A high-resolution x-ray crystal spectrometer is developed at the DRACO petawatt laser, measuring the K-shell emission spectra of Ti targets ranging from cold Kα to thermal Heα lines. This spectrometer employs a spherically bent quartz crystal and adopts Johann geometry in the dispersive plane. Geometrical analysis and ray-tracing simulations are implemented, respectively, to determine the most suitable configuration and evaluate the performance of the spectrometer, showing an excellent spectral resolution of E/δE≈15000. With the quartz spectrometer, the production and transport of hot electrons as well as the heating state in the proton acceleration Ti targets can be investigated at the DRACO petawatt laser. In addition, a multipurpose imaging x-ray crystal spectrometer is developed for the HED instrument of the European XFEL. This spectrometer is designed to measure x-rays in the energy range of 4 - 10 keV, providing high-resolution, spatially-resolved spectral measurements. A toroidally bent germanium (Ge) crystal is used, allowing x-ray diffraction from the crystal to image along a one-dimensional spatial profile while spectrally resolving along the other. A detailed geometrical analysis is performed to determine the curvature of the crystal. The theoretical performance of the spectrometer in various configurations is calculated by ray-tracing simulations. The key properties of the spectrometer, including the spectral and spatial resolution, are demonstrated experimentally on different platforms. Experimental results prove that this Ge spectrometer is a powerful tool for spatially resolved measurements of x-ray emission, scattering, or absorption spectra in high energy density physics. The enhancement effect of a microstructured surface on laser absorption and characteristic Kα emission has been investigated by measuring K-shell emission from titanium (Ti) targets irradiated with high-intensity (~ 10^20 W/cm^2), sub-picosecond (500 fs) laser pulses. The experimental results indicate a modest enhancement (1.6x) of Kα emission from microstructured targets compared to flat foils, but with similar intensity and profile of Heα and Li-like satellites. Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations are implemented to further understand the underlying physical processes in the laser interaction with both targets, interpreting the mechanisms responsible for the Kα enhancement. The reasons for the lower-than-expected enhancement of Kα emission are discussed. The rapid heating of the bulk plasma might result in the premature shutdown of Kα emission before the thermalization of hot electrons or even the end of laser pulses, suggesting that the use of Kα emission as a diagnostic of the hot-electron yield or relaxation could lead to a misinterpretation. This work reveals that an optimized microstructured target shows promise to produce high-brightness, quasi-monochromatic laser-driven x-ray sources for many probing applications. While x-ray spectroscopy has been widely used for diagnosing the internal conditions of laser-produced plasmas, it is usually very challenging to extract reliable and accurate physical information from the raw x-ray spectra, especially for time- and space-integrated spectra emitting from a range of plasma conditions. In this thesis, a complex spatio-temporally resolved analysis of time- and space-integrated x-ray emission spectroscopy from the relativistic laser plasmas is presented. Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations using the PICLS code are performed to investigate the laser-solid interaction within a picosecond (ps). The subsequent plasma evolution is simulated with the hydrodynamic code FLASH on a larger timescale (hundreds of ps). With the outputs of PIC and hydrodynamic simulations, atomic kinetics-spectroscopy simulations using the FLYCHK, SCFLY, and ATOMIC codes are performed to generate a series of synthetic spectra. These synthetic spectra are used to reconstruct a composite emission spectrum and then compared to the measured integrated spectra. A full-time evolution of electron density, temperature, and ionization state of laser plasmas is thus extracted, and verified by the comparison between the measured and simulated spectra. By this methodology, the dynamics of ultrafast relativistic laser-plasma systems was studied. The combination of x-ray spectroscopy, atomic physics, and multi-scale (i.e. PIC and hydro-) simulations is demonstrated to be a promising method to characterize the evolution of internal conditions of laser-produced plasmas. This method can also be used as an effective benchmark or reference for these numerical simulations.

No description available.

In July 2031, a new chapter in the exploration of the Jovian system will begin with the arrival of the Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (Juice) at Jupiter. Launched on April 14 2024 as part of ESA’s Cosmic Vision programme, the mission aims to study Jupiter and its icy Galilean moons Callisto, Europa, and Ganymede. Juice carries a whole suite of instruments for in-situ and remote ground observations, one of which is the Jovian plasma Dynamics and Composition analyser (JDC). As a part of the Particle Environment Package (PEP), the particle detector will measure the energy, mass, charge and arrival direction of ions and electrons in the Jovian magnetosphere. Spacecraft charging caused by interactions between the spacecraft and its surrounding plasma environment poses a significant problem for JDC because the electrostatic potential of the spacecraft accelerates/decelerates charged particles, resulting in distorted measurements, particularly for the lowest energy particles.  In this report, we show the results of spacecraft charging and instrument simulations performed in the Spacecraft Plasma Interaction System (SPIS) for the solar wind and Earth’s magnetosheath—two environments that Juice will encounter at the start of the cruise phase. We found that the conductive surfaces that cover the majority of the spacecraft become positively charged as a result of a large photoelectron current in both the solar wind and magnetosheath environments. We show that these surfaces are expected to reach potentials of 9 V in the solar wind and 4 V in the magnetosheath. The four radiators on Juice that are covered with dielectric paint and shaded by the sun shield become negatively charged in both simulated environments. The radiator potentials can be as low as -40 V in the solar wind and -100 V in the magnetosheath. We also conclude that due to blocking by the spacecraft main body, the ion population cannot be sampled in the solar wind unless a spacecraft roll is performed. Furthermore, due to the high ion f low energy, spacecraft charging will not influence JDC measurements in this environment.  In the magnetosheath, the ion population can be sampled by JDC, and we identified three distortion mechanisms: (1) repulsion by the main body, (2) attraction by two of the radiators, and (3) repulsion by the MAG boom. Of all the distortion modes, the one originating from a negatively charged (-67.8 V) radiator close to JDC is the strongest, affecting ions with energies above 80 eV. The least powerful but most prevalent mode is the repulsion of ions by the main body. Our results can be compared with future in-situ measurements to identify distortion mechanisms well ahead of the science phase in which the scientifically important measurements will be carried out.