1. Abstract (EN) This thesis is collection of work focused mainly on the understanding of mast cell activation and its regulation by Orm1-like (ORMDL) proteins. ORMDL family is a group of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane resident proteins that are highly conserved amongst mammalian species. ORMDL proteins can be found in diverse range of organisms from plants through fungi to animals. ORMDL proteins were first discovered in yeasts and the interest in these proteins skyrocketed after the discovery that ORMDL3 is associated with childhood onset asthma in genome wide association studies. Following research connected ORMDL3 also with allergic inflammation and inflammatory bowel disease. Since mast cells are mainly known for their role in allergy and allergen induced inflammation, we decided to investigate the role of ORMDL proteins in regulation of mast cell activation and signaling. In our first study we focused on the role of ORMDL3 in mast cell activation via the high affinity IgE receptor 1 (FcεRI). We prepared bone marrow-derived mast cells with decreased (ORMDL3-KD) or increased (ORMDL3-OE) ORMDL3 expression. We showed that ORMDL3 is a negative regulator of mast cell activation events like degranulation, cytokine release and migration, without any effect on calcium mobilization. ORMDL3 was previously...

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18693号 / 工博第3971号 / 新制||工||1611(附属図書館) / 31626 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科合成・生物化学専攻 / (主査)教授 北川 進, 教授 梅田 眞郷, 教授 濵地 格 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(薬科学) / 甲第20305号 / 薬科博第74号 / 新制||薬科||8(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院薬学研究科薬科学専攻 / (主査)教授 中山 和久, 教授 竹島 浩, 教授 根岸 学 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

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A proteína de matriz do Virus Respiratório Sincicial humano foi o foco deste trabalho. Verificamos que o gene de matriz possui sítios internos de poliadenilação, sinais de instabilidade de RNA, baixo índice de adaptação de codons (CAI) e conteúdo GC, que podem impedir a expressão gênica vitro. Quando clonado sob controle do promotor de CMVie, o gene selvagem não apresenta expressão detectável, enquanto um gene sintético com a sequência do gene de matriz otimizada apresenta altos níveis de expressão em células transfectadas. Esse alto nível de expressão permitiu a confirmação da presença da proteína M no núcleo no início de sua expressão, por análise em microscopio confocal de varredura a laser, além de sua associação a membranas em regiões conhecidas como lipid rafts. Também foi observado que a proteína M é capaz de associar à proteína tropomiosina. Ainda foram analisados os possíveis domínios funcionais através de expressão de variantes da proteína M com deleções de trechos da proteína. Finalmente foi analisada a capacidade de indução de resposta imune. / The Human Respiratory Syncytial Vírus was the focus of this work. We found that matrix gene has internal polyadenilation sites, RNA instability motifs, low codon adaptation index (CAI) and GC content, that may impair its expression in vitro. When cloned under control of the ieCMV promoter, the wild-type M gene expression was not detectable, whereas a synthetic optimized matrix gene was highly expressed in transfected cells. This high level of expression made possible to follow M nuclear localization in the beginning of its expression by confocal laser scanning microscopy, and its association with membranes in regions known as lipid rafts. It has also been found that the matrix protein associates with tropomyosin. It was further analyzed the possible functional through expression of deviations of the M protein that lack portions of the protein. Finally it was analyzed its capacity to induce an immune response.

O sistema colinérgico possui papel importante na modulação dos processos de aprendizagem e memória. Nesse trabalho, avaliamos a evocação da memória de ratos de 3, 6, 12, 18 e 22 meses em esquiva inibitória e, também, analisamos a densidade dos receptores nicotínicos a7 e da subunidade b2 no hipocampo, além de enzimas colinérgicas, a colina acetiltransferase e a acetilcolinesterase. Os grupos com 18 e 22 meses apresentaram uma redução na evocação da memória de longa duração (MLD) e um aumento na densidade de receptores a7 nas piramidais de CA3 e nas células de PoDG, este apenas em 22 meses. Em contrapartida, os demais marcadores colinérgicos estavam inalterados nas diferentes idades. Assim, a redução na evocação da MLD dos animais de 18 e 22 meses acompanhada do aumento na densidade de receptores a7 pode ser caracterizada como: 1) estratégia adaptativa do envelhecimento (plasticidade colinérgica em neurônios glutamatérgicos) ou 2) modulação nos interneurônios GABAérgicos desencadeando, assim, um bloqueio no processamento da informação e o declínio da memória. / The cholinergic system plays an important role in modulating learning and memory. In this work, we evaluated the memory recall of 3, 6, 12, 18 and 22 months old rats in passive avoidance apparatus and we also evaluated, in the hippocampus, the density of a7 nicotinic receptors, b2 subunit receptor, choline acetiltransferase (ChAT) and acetilcholinesterase (AChE). The 18 and 22 months old showed a deficit in long-term memory (LTM) and an increase in a7 density in CA 3 pyramidals cells (py CA3) and polymorphic cells of Dentate Gyrus (PoDG).On the other hand, the other cholinergic markers were unchanged with aging. Thus, the deficit in LTM observed in 18 and 22 months combined with the increased a7 receptors in PoDG and py CA 3 in the hippocampus could be explained by: 1) as an adaptative strategy of aging (cholinergic plasticity in glutamatergic neurons) or 2) as a modulation in GABA interneurons triggering inhibition in the memory evocation.

Neisseria meningitidis est une bactérie diderme qui colonise le nasopharynx humain de façon commensale. Occasionnellement, elle franchit la barrière nasopharyngée et accède à la circulation sanguine où elle peut provoquer un choc septique et/ou une méningite Le pouvoir pathogène de N. meningitidis est lié à sa capacité à interagir avec les cellules endothéliales humaines. Après avoir adhéré aux cellules grâce à des organelles filamenteux, les pili de type IV, les bactéries induisent une déformation de la membrane plasmique de la cellule hôte sous la forme de protrusions riches en actine ressemblant à des filopodes. Ces protrusions permettent aux bactéries de résister aux forces de cisaillements générées par le flux sanguin et de proliférer à la surface des cellules. Contrairement à de nombreuses autres bactéries pathogènes, cette déformation de la membrane plasmique ne nécessite pas de polymérisation d’actine. Cependant, les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires de cette déformation sont inconnus. Dans cette étude, nous montrons que lorsque des bactéries individuelles adhèrent à la cellule hôte, la membrane plasmique se déforme en adhérant le long des fibres de pili de type IV de façon similaire au mouillage d’un liquide sur un solide. Les pili de type IV agissent donc comme un échafaudage extracellulaire qui guide les protrusions de membrane plasmique indépendamment du cytosquelette d’actine. Nous montrons également que la capacité de la membrane plasmique à se déformer le long de structures adhésives nanométriques est une propriété intrinsèque des cellules endothéliales. Ces travaux décrivent le mécanisme d’une étape importante de la pathophysiologie de N. meningitidis et mettent en évidence des propriétés nouvelles de la membrane plasmique des cellules humaines qui pourraient être impliquées dans d’autres processus fondamentaux de biologie cellulaire. / Neisseria meningitidis is a diderm bacterium that is naturally found in the human nasopharynx as a commensal. Occasionally, it can cross the mucosa and reach the underlying blood vessels where it enters the circulation. Once in the bloodstream, it can cause severe septic shock and/or meningitis. The ability of N. meningitidis to cause disease is tightly linked to its ability to interact with human endothelial cells. In particular, upon bacterial adhesion via filamentous organelles called type IV pili, bacteria remodel the host cell plasma membrane in the form of actin-rich, filopodia-like protrusions. These protrusions allow bacteria to resist blood flow-generated shear stress and proliferate on top of the host cells. Unlike many other bacterial pathogens, plasma membrane remodeling induced by N. meningitidis does not require actin polymerization. Yet, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of this process are unknown. Here, we show that upon adhesion of individual bacteria, the host cell plasma membrane deforms by adhering along type IV pili fibers in a wetting-like fashion. Therefore, type IV pili act as an extracellular scaffold that guide plasma membrane protrusions in an F-actin-independent manner. We further show that the ability of the plasma membrane to deform along nanoscale adhesive structures is an intrinsic property of endothelial cells. Therefore, this study uncovers the mechanism of a key step of N. meningitidis pathophysiology and reveals novel properties of human cell plasma membrane that could be at play in other fundamental cellular processes.

Orientadora: Marion Burkhardt de Koivisto / Banca: Gisele Zoccal Mingoti / Banca: Sony Dimas Bicudo / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da gota citoplasmática proximal (GCP) no sêmen de bovinos quanto à integridade do DNA, das membranas citoplasmática, acrossomal, no potencial mitocondrial e verificar a taxa de produção de embriões in vitro. Três amostras descongeladas de cinco (Controle: espermiograma normal), e oito touros Bos indicus (Gota: GCP ≥15%) foram avaliadas. Foram realizados os seguintes testes: motilidade e vigor pós-descongelação, concentração, morfologia espermática, teste de termo-resistência lento (TTL), integridade da membrana acrossomal, plasmática e potencial mitocondrial utilizando sondas fluorescentes (PI, FITC-PSA e JC-1) e integridade da cromatina pelo método de coloração com laranja de acridina. Dois touros com índices elevados de GCP e três animais controle foram selecionados para fertilização in vitro (FIV). As análises estatísticas foram efetuadas empregando-se o programa Statistical Analysis System. O nível de significância foi de 5%. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que altos índices de GCP não afetaram a motilidade e o vigor, antes e após o TTL, assim como não interferiram na porcentagem de acrossomas intactos. Os resultados destas avaliações mostraram que a alta incidência de GCP afetou a integridade da membrana acrossomal e plasmática bem como a presença de potencial mitocondrial. No entanto, a alta incidência de GCP não promoveu aumento na porcentagem de injúrias à cromatina após descongelação, mas os resultados sugerem que podem ser mais sensíveis à desnaturação quando incubados por três horas. No experimento II, os índices de produção de embriões in vitro podem ter sido afetados pela interação da alteração morfológica e o efeito individual do touro. / Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the proximal cytoplasmic droplets (PCD) in bovine semen, on the integrity of DNA, cytoplasmic membrane, acrossome, mitochondrial function and the rate of in vitro embryo production. Three batches of five (control group G1: normal sperm parameters) and eight Bos indicus bulls (G2: PCD ≥15%) were analysed. The following tests were carried out: post thaw motility and, vigor, concentration, sperm morphology, slow thermo-resistance (TRT), membrane integrity, acrossome status, mitochondrial function through fluorescent probes (FITC-PSA, PI and JC-1) and integrity of chromatin was accessed by acridine orange stain. Two bulls with high rates of PCD and three animals (control group) were selected for in vitro fertilization (IVF). Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Analysis System. The significance level was 5%. The results showed that high rates of PCD did not affect motility and vigor, before and after the TRT, and did not affect the percentage of intact acrossome. The results showed that the high incidence of PCD affected membrane integrity, acrossome status and mitochondrial function when compared to the G1 group due. However, the high incidence of PCD did not affect the percentage of chromatin injury after thawing, but results suggest that spermatozoa may be more susceptible to damage when incubated for three hours. In experiment II the embryo production rate may have been affected by the interaction of the morphology traits and the bull effect. / Mestre