From the simplest unicellular organisms to complex metazoans, cell polarity is a widespread characteristic that is essential for almost every aspect of biology. Proper polarization of cells is crucial for the establishment and maintenance of higher order structures such as tissue and organs. Cell polarity refers to the asymmetric distribution of various macromolecules and cellular structures, resulting in polarized architecture and function of the cell. Defects in cell polarity lead to various phenotypes, ranging from aberrant signaling, proliferation, cell adhesion and migration, cell fate determination and pluripotency, as well as embryonic lethality, neoplasia and cancer. Given the various roles for cell polarity in development and disease, the characterization of the components involved in polarity and their mechanisms of function is of great importance. My thesis work has encompassed three major projects, each of which is focused on understanding the role of cell polarity in development and disease. Although genetic screens in invertebrates have led to the identification of a number of cell-polarity proteins, similar systematic approach have not been undertaken in mammalian systems. The goal of my first project was to design and implement a high-throughput screen to systematically knockdown individual genes using siRNA, and then assess cell junction integrity as a measure of cell polarity. Given the importance of cell polarity to signaling pathways, I next sought to determine the mechanism by which cell polarity affects TGFβ and Hippo pathways, two important signaling pathways involved in development and disease. Lastly, by studying the acquisition of pluripotency by somatic cells, I uncovered a central role for cell polarity in the establishment and maintenance of pluripotency. Here I will present and discuss our discovery pertaining to the role of cell polarity in cell signaling and pluripotency.

Células somáticas podem ser reprogramadas para um estádio pluripotente (iPS) adquirindo propriedades semelhantes às células-tronco embrionárias (CTE). O interesse nas células pluripotentes reside em sua capacidade de originar todos os tipos de células somáticas e germinativas, podendo ser aplicadas no tratamento de diversas doenças crônico-degenerativas. Desde sua primeira descrição, diferentes combinações de moléculas já foram utilizadas com sucesso para a geração de iPS. Entretanto, os mecanismos pelos quais a transdução de fatores específicos atuam na reprogramação celular não estão esclarecidos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo induzir a expressão do gene TCL1 em fibroblastos humanos e avaliar a ação deste gene no processo de reprogramação celular. Para tal, foram estabelecidas linhagens celulares de fibroblastos humanos com a expressão estável de TCL1 e essas células foram cultivadas em condições de pluripotência. Após a modificação, as células adquiriram morfologia sugestiva de colônias de células-tronco pluripotentes com marcação positiva para a proteína intracelular NANOG e com níveis de expressão gênica elevados de SOX2, MYC, NANOG, LIN28, TP53, CDH1 e reduzidos de SLUG, quando comparados com fibroblastos virgens. Com intuito de avaliar as alterações transcricionais decorrentes da inserção de TCL1 e do cultivo em condições favorecedoras da pluripotência, foram comparados os perfis de expressão gênica obtidos por microarray de diferentes bibliotecas, incluindo as células modificadas com TCL1, fibroblastos, CTE e iPS. A análise exploratória dos dados mostrou que a introdução de TCL1 modificou o perfil de expressão dos fibroblastos e as células resultantes adquiriram um perfil transcricional que se assemelhou mais com o perfil de células pluripotentes do que com o perfil das células somáticas de origem. A análise diferencial dos dados revelou que vias importantes para a reprogramação celular foram moduladas pela inserção de TCL1, como: Pluripotência de células-tronco embrionárias humanas, Sinalização Wnt/?-catenina e Regulação da transição epitelial-mesenquimal. Os resultados deste trabalho propõem que TCL1 interage com AKT1, aumentando sua atividade, que por sua vez ativa NANOG, acionando a maquinaria de pluripotência e, contribuindo assim, para a reprogramação celular / Somatic cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent stage (iPS) acquiring properties similar to embryonic stem cells (ESC). The interest in pluripotent stem cells lies in their ability to originate all types of somatic and germ cells, and in their possible application in the treatment of various chronic and degenerative diseases. Since its first description, different combinations of molecules have been successfully used for the generation of iPS. However, the mechanisms by which the transduction of specific factors act on cell reprogramming remain unclear. This study aimed to induce the TCL1 gene expression in human fibroblasts and to evaluate its effect on the cell reprogramming process. We established human fibroblast cell lines with stable expression of TCL1 and cultured these cells under pluripotency conditions. After modification, the cells acquired a pluripotent stem cells-like morphology, stained positive for intracellular protein NANOG, expressed high levels of SOX2, MYC, NANOG, LIN28, TP53, CDH1, and reduced levels of SLUG, as compared to nontransduced fibroblasts. In order to evaluate the transcriptional changes resulting from the insertion of TCL1 and from the culture conditions favoring the pluripotency, we compared the gene expression profiles obtained by microarray among different libraries, including the TCL1 modified cells, fibroblasts, ESC and iPS. Exploratory data analysis showed that the introduction of TCL1 gene modified the expression profile of cells and the resulting fibroblasts acquired a transcriptional profile that resembled more to the profile of pluripotent cells than with the profile of the somatic cells. Differential data analysis revealed that pathways important for cell reprogramming were modulated by TCL1 insertion such as: Human embryonic pluripotent stem cell pathway, Wnt / ?-catenin signaling pathway, and Regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The results of this study suggest that TCL1 interacts with AKT1, increasing its activity, which in turn activates NANOG, triggering the machinery of pluripotency and thus contribute to cellular reprogramming.

Oct4, a transcription factor belonging to the fifth class of POU proteins (POUV), plays essential roles in the maintenance of pluripotency, differentiation and the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Oct4 regulates two levels of pluripotency, which are distinguished by their gene expression profiles and epigenetic status, namely the naïve and primed state of pluripotency. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and embryonic germ cells (EGCs), which are isolated from inner cell mass and primordial germ cells in the embryo, respectively, are in vitro models in which the naïve state is propagated through self-renewal. Epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) and traditional human ESCs have gene expression profiles that are closest to the post-implantation epiblast, which is closer to embryonic differentiation, and exhibit a primed state of pluripotency. As Oct4 is important for pluripotency in all these cell types, where it regulates different targets, it appears to have two distinct sets of functions, namely germ cell/naïve ESC-like activity and epiblast/primed pluripotency-like activity. Based on protein sequences and syntenic gene analysis, Oct4/POUV homologs of jawed vertebrates can be classified into two subfamilies: POU5F1 and POU5F3, which are thought to originate from a genome duplication event that occurred in a common ancestor. Most extant vertebrates have lost one of these paralogs, while a small fraction, including coelacanths, axolotls, turtles, and marsupials, retains both POUV forms. In my thesis, I investigated the gene duplication event that underlies divergence of POU5F1 and POU5F3 in both expression pattern and specialised function. In particular, I focused on species that have retained both genes and asked whether POUV functional divergence correlates with ancestral origin. To test the function of POU5F1 and POU5F3, I substituted endogenous mouse Oct4/Pou5f1 with different POUV proteins using a cell line in which endogenous Oct4 expression can be silenced with tetracycline (ZHBTc4). Results showed that POU5F1 proteins had a greater capacity to support naïve ESC pluripotency and self-renewal than POU5F3 proteins. Global transcriptome analysis of the POUV-rescued ESC lines revealed that coelacanth POU5F1 protein regulates gene expression in a similar manner to mouse Oct4, in that genes involved in stem cell maintenance, reproduction and development are upregulated in ESCs rescued by POU5F1, but not POU5F3. Coelacanth POU5F3 rescued lines, however, expressed genes involved in various cell differentiation programs, including cell adhesion (e.g. E-cadherin and N-cadherin). This suggests that POU5F3 plays a role in primed pluripotency, while POU5F1 regulates naïve pluripotency. However, there is one POU5F3 factor that rescues ESCs like Oct4, the Xenopus gene Xlpou91 (Pou5f3.1). In Xenopus, a further duplication of POU5F3 gene enabled specialization, and Xlpou91 is expressed specifically in the primordial germ cells. Xlpou25 (Pou5f3.2) exhibits epiblast-specific activities and lacks the capacity to maintain naïve ESC pluripotency, similar to other POU5F3 proteins. This functional distinction between the different Xenopus POUV paralogs enabled us to address how specific Oct4 functions (germ cell-like versus epiblast-like activity) are related to the induction of pluripotency. To address this question, mouse Oct4 was replaced by either Xlpou91 or Xlpou25 in murine cellular reprogramming using a Nanog-GFP reporter line to monitor iPSC generation. Results showed that Xlpou91 and mouse Oct4 were required at similar levels to reprogram somatic cells toward iPSCs and reprogrammed cells emerged with similar kinetics. Conversely, Xlpou25 was required at higher expression levels and the resulting iPSCs appeared at a later timepoint, while the pluripotent population in these cultures appeared to be less stable and more prone to differentiate. I found that this phenotype of enhanced differentiation in Xlpou25 reprogrammed cultures may be a product of a different set of immediate early genes induced at the first stages of differentiation. Global transcriptome analysis of the naïve ESC-like pluripotent subpopulation of these iPSC lines confirmed the capacity of all Xenopus POUVs to drive reprogramming towards the pluripotent state. However, the gene sets induced by both Xlpou91 and mouse Oct4, but not Xlpou25, were somewhat enriched for genes involved in reproduction, emphasizing the segregated role of Xlpou91 as a germ cell specific POUV protein. Lastly, I explored the evolutionary origin of these two POUV paralogs and attempted to identify a POUV-related gene in jawless vertebrate (cyclostomes). Based on in silico analysis of genomic and transcriptome databases, my collaborators and I were able to identify a single POUV gene in the Japanese/arctic lamprey, thus providing the first insight into the origin of gnathosome POUV genes.

As mitocôndrias são organelas semiautonômicas, portadoras do próprio DNA, o mtDNA e responsáveis pela produção de energia celular na forma de ATP, através do processo de fosforilação oxidativa. Atualmente, diferentes tipos de doenças, como distrofias musculares e diversos tipos de câncer, estão associadas à alteração nas moléculas de mtDNA. Na década de 70 um modelo a partir do cultivo celular com brometo de etídio (EtBr) foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de se criar uma linhagem celular depletada de cópias de mtDNA. Desde então os mais variados estudos foram realizados e diversos tipos celulares foram submetidos à depleção do mtDNA. Este projeto teve como objetivos criar um modelo de cultivo celular somático na espécie bovina com depleção de cópias de mtDNA para investigar a resposta da célula a esta condição; avaliar como as células depletadas se comportam na ausência de EtBr, além da utilização destas células no processo de reprogramação celular por indução gênica na tentativa de avaliar o efeito do numero de cópias de mtDNA na indução na espécie bovina. Para tanto foram desenvolvidos três experimentos; Experimento 1- Depleção de mtDNA a partir da utilização do brometo de etídeo; Experimento 2 Repleção do mtDNA; e Experimento 3 Utilização de células bovinas depletadas no sistema de reprogramação nuclear. Todos os experimentos foram avaliados quanto a quantidade de cópias de mtDNA e expressão gênica para os genes Bax, Bcl2 e Tfam. Ademais, os experimentos 1 e 2 foram avaliados quanto a viabilidade celular e apenas o experimento 1 foi avaliado quanto ao crescimento e morfologia celular. O experimento 1 foi avaliado durante o cultivo celular nos períodos D0, D4, D7, D10 e D13, com os grupos experimentais controle (EtBr-C) e tratado com 100 ng/mL de brometo de etídio (EtBr-T), quanto a núero de cópias do mtDNA, o grupo EtBr-T diferiu do grupo EtBr-C (P=0,0459), apresentando menor número de cópias de mtDNA; menor taxa crescimento celular (P<0,05), porém sem alteração na morfologia celular, e na expressão dos genes descritos acima. No experimento da repleção, não houve diferença no número de cópias de mtDNA, entre os grupos EtBr-T e EtBr-R, indicativo de que as células atingiram o estado rho 0 ou que necessitam de mais tempo para ativar a replicação do mtDNA; quanto a viabilidade celular, houve diferença entres os grupos, quanto a expressão gênica, com aumento do Bax e do Bcl-2 para o grupo EtBr-T; O grupo EtBr-R apresentou queda do Bcl-2; para o Tfam houve aumento para o grupo EtBr-T e uma queda para o grupo EtBr-R. Quanto ao experimento 3, não foi possível observar sinais de pluripotência, porém foi detectada uma queda na quantidade de mtDNA dos dois grupos tratados por EtBr (EtBr com e sem Stemcca) e o grupo controle com Stemcca. Para analise de expressão gênica, não houve diferenças entre os grupos em relação ao Tfam. Quanto ao Bax, os grupos controle com Stemcca, controle sem Stemcca e EtBr sem Stemcca não diferiram, e o ultimo também não apresentou diferença quando comparado ao grupo EtBr com Stemcca. Para o Bcl-2, os grupos controle sem Stemcca e EtBr com Stemcca não apresentaram diferenças entre si; o grupo controle sem Stemcca não apresentou diferença quando comparado aos grupos controle com Stemcca e EtBr sem Stemcca. Concluindo, este trabalho no nosso conhecimento, descreve pela primeira vez a produção de células bovinas Rho 0 e discute sobre a relação da função mitocondrial e o processo de reprogramação celular. / Mitochondria are semi autonomic organelles which present their own DNA (mtDNA); are in charge of cell energy production as ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Currently, different types of diseases like muscular distrofy; different types of cancer are associated to alterations of mtDNA molecules. In the 70\'s a model based on cell culture with ethidium bromide (EtBr) was developed in order to create a cell line depleted of mtDNA. Since then, a variety of studies were realized; diverse cell types were submited to mtDNA depletion. This project had as objective creating a model of somatic cell culture in bovine species with depletion of mtDNA copies, in order to investigate cell response to this condition; to analyze depleted cell behavior in the absence of EtBr, besides using this depleteded cell in a reprogramming cell process by genic induction in order evaluate the effect of the number of mtDNA copies during induction in bovine species. Therefore three experiments were developed: Experiment-1 Depletion of mtDNA using ethidium bromide. Experiment-2 repletion of mtDNA; Experiment-3 usage of depleted bovine cells in reprogramming nuclear system. Cell experiments were analyzed according to the quantity of mtDNA copies; genic expression for Bax, BCl2; Tfam genes. Also, experiments 1; 2 were analyzed on cell viability; only experiment 1 was analyzed regarding cell morphology; growth. Experiment-1 was analyzed during cell culture on periods D0, D4, D7, D10, D13, with control experimental groups (EtBr-C),; treated with 100 ng/mL ethidium bromide (EtBr-T); relating to mtDNA quantification the EtBr-T group differed from EtBr-C (P=0,0459) presenting a smaller number of mtDNA copies; smaller growth rate (P<0,05); although there was no differences on cell morphology as there was also no difference related to genic expression of the previous stated genes. Repletion experiment showed no differences about the number of mtDNA copies between EtBr-T; EtBr-R groups, indicating this cells reached Rho0 state or that they need more time to activate mtDNA replication; about cell viability, there were no differences among the groups; relating to genic expression there was an increase of Bax; BCl-2 for EtBt-T group; EtBr-R group showed decrease of BCl-2; for Tfam there was an increase for EtBr-T group; a decrease for EtBr-R. Relating to Experiment-3 it was impossible to notice signs of pluripotency, but we could see a decrease in the amount of mtDNA in both groups treated with EtBr (EtBr with; without STEMCCA) as in control group with STEMCCA. Genic expression analysis didn\'t show differences related to Tfam. Regarding to BAX, both control groups (with; without STEMCCA); EtBr without STEMCCA didn\'t differ from each other,; the last one also didn\'t show any difference when compared to EtBt with STEMCCA group. For BCl-2, control group without STEMCCA; EtBr with STEMCCA didn\'t show differences among each other; control group without SEMCCA didn\'t show differences when compared to control group with STEMCCA; EtBr without STEMCCA. Concluding, this work, regarding our knowledge, describes for the first time, production of bovine Rho0 cells; debates about the relationship among mitochondrial function; the process of cell reprogramation.

A produção de células-tronco induzidas (iPSC) a partir de fibroblasto fetal canino abre caminhos para a obtenção de células pluripotentes e o estudo de sua aplicabilidade para terapias alternativas na medicina veterinária. Neste contexto, este trabalho investigou metodologias adequadas avaliando a eficiência destas, para a produção de células-tronco pluripotentes no modelo canino in vitro (CTE-like), uma vez que a produção de células-tronco embrionárias verdadeiras, cultivadas a partir da MCI de blastocistos, ainda não foi completamente caracterizada em animais domésticos. Os experimentos visaram o aumento do conhecimento de fatores envolvidos no processo de reprogramação em cães, bem como a produção de tais linhagens e sua completa caracterização. No primeiro experimento, foi comparada a infecção retroviral, já padronizada por diversos grupos, com a reprogramação epissomal, inédita para a espécie, na tentativa de induzir células à pluripotência sem a integração viral, e ainda, estratégias para o aumento da eficiência de reprogramação, onde o plasmídeo epissomal foi somado a fatores de transcrição. A reprogramação epissomal gerou colônias quando acrescida do fator c-MYC, que provavelmente, aumentou a proliferação destas células produzindo colônias iPS com morfologia típica e positivas para o teste da fosfatase alcalina. Tais resultados, ainda preliminares pra conclusões, são essenciais para o processo de obtenção de linhagens sem a integração viral, aumentando a aplicabilidade na terapia celular. No segundo experimento objetivou-se avaliar os fatores OCT4 e SOX2 associados a proteínas repórteres. Os fibroblastos que receberam estes fatores, foram analisados por citometria de fluxo, permitindo a avaliação da influência de cada fator no processo de reprogramação, além de permitir a separação (sorting) das células que integraram o gene, aumentando a eficiência de reprogramação e o conhecimento biológico dos mecanismos de integração rastreados por uma proteína repórter. A análise por microscopia de fluorescência revelou que a distribuição de proteínas repórteres foi semelhante entre as duas diferentes construções proteicas e que não se restringe a uma região da célula em particular. OCT4 e SOX2 mostraram uma elevada expressão exógena de cada gene alvo, bem como células dupla positivas. No entanto, nenhuma interação foi observada pelo menos 6 dias após a transdução. O último capítulo experimental descreveu o mecanismo de reprogramação por integração lentiviral para indução da pluripotência em fibroblastos fetais de cão. As linhagens obtidas e completamente caracterizadas neste estudo foram independentes de LIF ou qualquer outra suplementação com inibidores, resistentes ao repique enzimático (Tryple Express), sendo apenas bFGF dependentes. Foram obtidas 66 linhagens clonais, das quais 10 (7 h+mOSKM e 3hOSKM) se mantiveram por 15 ou mais passagens e foram utilizadas para todos os testes de caracterização in vitro, com eficiência máxima de reprogramação de 0,001%. Todas as colônias foram positivas para o teste da fosfatase alcalina, bem como formaram corpos embrióides e se diferenciaram de forma espontânea, além de expressarem altos níveis dos fatores endógenos OCT4 e SOX2. In vivo, as colônias foram capazes de desenvolver tumor 120 dias após a inoculação (confirmado por análise histopatológica) comprovando sua origem predominantemente mesodérmica. A integridade cromossomal das linhagens foi avaliada por hidridização FISH, que não evidenciou qualquer tipo de anomalia. A completa caracterização de tais linhagens, bem como os experimentos não integrativos e com fatores associados a proteínas repórteres, aumentam o conhecimento da tecnologia de reprogramação, estabelecendo novas estratégias para indução da pluripotência de forma mais eficaz e segura para seu uso em testes clínicos e terapia celular / The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from canine fetal fibroblast opens new ways for obtaining pluripotent cells and study its applicability for alternative therapies in veterinary medicine. In this context, this study investigated appropriate methods for producing pluripotent stem cells using a in vitro canine model (ESC-like), so far the production of true embryonic stem cells from ICM cultured blastocysts has not been fully characterized in domestic animals. The experiments aimed at increasing knowledge of the factors involved in reprogramming process in dogs, as well as the production of such strains and complete characterization. In the first experiment, a retroviral infection was compared to episomal reprogramming (never done for this specie) in an attempt to induce cells to pluripotency state without viral integration, also to observe the development of cells receiving separately the episomal plasmid plus transcription factors. The generation of colonies was possible only in the episomal plus c-MYC factor group, leading to increased cell proliferation producing iPS colonies with typical morphology and positive for the alkaline phosphatase detection. These results, so far as preliminary conclusions, are essential to obtaining strains without viral integration, increasing its applicability for clinical cell therapy. In the second experiment, we aimed to evaluate the OCT4 and SOX2 factors associated with fluorescent reporter proteins. These were analyzed by flow cytometry allowing the performance evaluation of each factor on the reprogramming process the fluorescence activated separation of cells containing the integrated gene, increasing the enriching the efficiency of reprogramming. Fluorescence microscopy analysis showed that the distribution of reporter protein was similar between the two different protein structures and not restricted to a particular cell region. OCT4 and SOX2 showed a high exogenous expression of each target gene, and double positive cells. However, no colony formation was observed at least 6 days after transduction. The last experimental chapter aimed to described the reprogramming mechanism of lentiviral integration to induce pluripotency in dog fetal fibroblasts. The lines obtained were fully characterized in this study, showing independency of LIF or any other supplemental inhibitors, resistance to enzymatic process (Tryple Express) and bFGF dependency only. A total of 66 clonal strains were obtained (hOSKM and h+mOSKM) while 10 (7 h+m and 3h) were maintained for 15 or more passages and used for in vitro characterization tests, with maximum efficiency of reprogramming 0.001% . All colonies were positive for the alkaline phosphatase detection, embryoid bodies formation, spontaneously differentiated and expressed high levels of endogenous OCT4 and SOX2. In vivo, the colonies were able to developed tumors 120 days after inoculation (confirmed via histopathology analysis), with predominantly mesodermal tissues. Chromosomal evaluations were made by FISH hybridization showing no chromosomal abnormality in iPSCs canine lines. The fully characterization of such lines as well as non-integrated experiments and factors associated via reporter proteins increases the knowledge of the iPSCs technology, establishing new strategies for more efficient and safe induction of pluripotency for potential use in cell therapy and clinical trials

Le myélome multiple (MM) est une néoplasie lymphocytaire B qui se caractérise par l'accumulation d'un clone de cellules plasmocytaires tumorales dans la moelle osseuse interagissant de manière étroite avec le microenvironnement. L'étude du profil d'expression génique à l'aide des puces à ADN a permis de préciser l'hétérogénéité de cette pathologie et de découvrir de nouveaux acteurs susceptibles d'avoir un rôle importent dans sa physiopathologie. La surexpression de Oct-3/4, Sox2, c-Myc et KLF4 dans des cellules adultes les reprogramme à l'état de cellules souches. J'ai montré une surexpression significative de 3 de ces 4 gènes – KLF4, MYC, SOX2 - dans le MM. Ces gènes sont également fréquemment surexprimés dans 18 types de cancers sur 40 étudiés. Par ailleurs, leur expression peut y être associé à un mauvais pronostique ou un signe de progression tumorale, dus peut-être à leur capacité à induire des caractéristiques de cellules souches cancéreuses. Nous avons par la suite débuté l'étude de la fonction des protéines codées par ces gènes dans le MM, en commençant par KLF4, facteur de transcription activateur ou répresseur. KLF4 est exprimé dans les plasmocytes (PC) normaux, mais son expression est perdue dans les PC tumoraux (cellules myélomateuses, MMC) de 2 patients sur 3 atteints de MM au diagnostic. Parmi les patients pour lesquels les MMC expriment KLF4, se trouve un groupe de patients à haut risque, le groupe MMSET portant la translocation t(4 ;14). L'utilisation d'un modèle inductible d'expression de KLF4 dans des lignées de MM avec transduction lentivirale, a mis en évidence un arrêt du cycle associé à l'expression de P27/KIP1 pour les lignées avec des mutations inactivatrices de P53, mais également de P21/WAF1 pour des lignées avec P53 sauvage. Cette sortie du cycle due à l'expression de KLF4 pourrait protéger les plasmocytes tumoraux de l'apoptose induite par certaines drogues ciblant le cycle, comme nous l'observons in vitro avec le Melphalan.L'objectif majeur de notre équipe est de comprendre le fonctionnement du PC normal et celui du PC tumoral. Afin d'atteindre cet objectif, il est nécessaire d'obtenir un système efficace permettant d'introduire un gène dans un PC. Nous avons montré que des lentivirus pseudotypés avec des glycoprotéines tronquées (hemagglutinine et fusion) issus du virus de la rougeole, transduisent de façon stable et efficace des PC normaux et tumoraux. / Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B-cell neoplasia characterized by the accumulation of a clone of malignant plasma cells in bone marrow closely interacting with its microenvironment.Gene expression profiling using DNA microarrays has clarified the heterogeneity of this disease and has allowed the finding of new actors that may have an important function in MM pathophysiology.Overexpression of Oct-3/4, Sox2, c-Myc and KLF4 in adult cells causes their return to the state of stem cells, commonly called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS). Our team has shown a significant overexpression of at least one of these four factors in 18 out of 40 cancers studied. Moreover, their expression may be associated with poor prognosis or may be a sign of tumor progression, perhaps due to their ability to induce characteristics of cancer stem cells.We therefore began the study of the function of these genes in MM, starting with KLF4, which can either be an activator or a repressor of transcription, depending on the promoter. KLF4 is expressed in normal plasma cells (PC), but its expression is lost in 2 out of 3 patients with MM at diagnosis. Among patients for whom the PCs express KLF4, is a group of high-risk patients, the MMSET group, bearing the t(4;14) translocation.An inducible model of KLF4's expression in MM cell lines was obtained using lentiviral transduction. Our model revealed a KLF4 induced cycle arrest, associated with the expression of P27/KIP1 when P53 is mutated, but also P21/WAF1 in case of wild type P53. This cell cycle blockade due to the expression of KLF4 could protect malignant plasma cells from the apoptosis induced by certain drugs targeting the cell cycle, as shown by our in vitro observations using melphalan.The main goal of our team is to understand the normal function of PCs and the PC tumor. To achieve this, it is necessary to obtain an effective system for introducing a gene in a given PC. We have shown that lentiviruses pseudotyped with truncated glycoproteins (Hemagglutinin and Fusion) from measles virus, can a stably and efficiently transduce normal and malignant PCs.

Deux états d'autorenouvellement des cellules souches pluripotentes (PSCs) ont été définis, à savoir les états naïf et amorcé. De nombreuses différences existent entre ces deux états dont la plus marquante est la capacité unique des PSCs à l'état naïf, de coloniser l'embryon préimplantatoire et former des chimères. L'objectif de mon projet doctoral a été d'étudier la pluripotence chez le lapin. Dans ce cadre, j'ai d'abord entrepris de fabriquer et de caractériser des cellules souches pluripotentes induites (RbiPSCs), puis d'évaluer leur capacité à coloniser l'embryon et à former des chimères. Trois lignées de RbiPSCs dépendantes du FGF2 ont été obtenues par reprogrammation de fibroblastes de lapin. Leur caractérisation moléculaire et fonctionnelle a révélé des caractéristiques mixtes, naïves et amorcées. En revanche, sur le plan fonctionnel, elles sont incapables de coloniser l'embryon de lapin, une caractéristique de la pluripotence amorcée. La seconde partie de mon projet doctoral a consisté à reprogrammer des RbiPSCs vers l'état naïf. Dans ce but, j'ai surexprimé KLF2 et KLF4, deux gènes appartenant au réseau de pluripotence naïf, et utilisé les conditions de culture des PSCs de souris. Les cellules ainsi obtenues présentent un profil d'expression génique plus proche de celui de l'ICM de lapin, dû notamment à la réactivation de marqueurs spécifiques de la pluripotence naïve. Enfin, les cellules ainsi reprogrammées présentent une capacité accrue pour la colonisation de l'embryon préimplantatoire de lapin. Mes travaux constituent le premier exemple de reprogrammation de cellules souches pluripotentes vers l'état naïf chez le lapin. Les cellules ainsi produites ouvrent la voie à la fabrication de chimères somatiques et germinales / Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can self-renew at two distinct states, the naive and primed states. Many differences exist between these two states, the most striking is the unique ability of PSCs naïve to colonize the preimplantation embryo and form chimeras. The purpose of my doctoral project was to study pluripotency in rabbits. In this context, I initially manufactured and characterized induced pluripotent stem cells (RbiPSCs) and then evaluated their ability to colonize the embryo and form chimeras. Three RbiPSCs lines were obtained by rabbit fibroblasts reprogramming. Their molecular characterization revealed mixed characteristics, naïve and primed. However, functionally, they are unable to colonize the rabbit embryo, a feature of primed pluripotency. The second part of my doctoral project was to reprogram RbiPSCs to the naïve state. To this end, I have overexpressed Klf2 and Klf4, two genes belonging to the naïve pluripotency network and the mouse PSCs culture conditions. These new cell lines have a gene expression profile closer to that of the rabbit ICM, particularly due to the reactivation of specific markers of naïve pluripotency. Finally, the reverted cells have an increased capacity of colonization of the preimplantation embryo rabbit. My work represents the first example of pluripotent stem cells reprogramming toward the naive state in rabbits. The cells thus produced pave the way for the production of somatic and germline chimeras

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第22829号 / 医博第4668号 / 新制||医||1047(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 遊佐 宏介, 教授 斎藤 通紀, 教授 高橋 淳 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Les cellules souches embryonnaires de souris (ESCs) et les cellules souches de l'épiblaste (EpiSCs) représentent, respectivement, les états naïf et amorcé de la pluripotence et sont maintenues in vitro par des voies de signalisation spécifiques. De plus les ESCs cultivées dans un milieu sans sérum avec deux inhibiteurs (2i) sont décrites comme étant les plus naïves. Plusieurs études ont suggéré que chaque type de cellules pluripotentes est caractérisé par une organisation différente de l'épigénome. Nous présentons ici une étude comparative de l'état épigénétique et transcriptionnel des séquences satellites répétées péricentromériques (PCH) entre les ESCs (2i et sérum) et EpiSCs. Nous montrons que H3K27me3 au PCH est très dynamique et peut discriminer les ESCs en 2i des autres cellules souches pluripotentes. Alors que la transcription des séquences satellites est élevée dans les ESCs en sérum, elle est plus faible dans ESCs en 2i et encore plus réprimée dans les EpiSCs. La suppression de la méthylation de l'ADN ou d'H3K9me3 dans les ESCs conduit à un dépôt important de H3K27me3 au PCH, mais peu de changements transcriptionnels de ces séquences. En revanche, l'absence d'H3K9me3 dans les EpiSCs n'empêche pas la méthylation de l'ADN au PCH, mais induit la transcription de ces séquences. La conversion in vitro des ESCs en EpiSCs est plus longue que le passage des cellules de l'ICM en épiblaste in vivo. Cette inefficacité ne peut pas être expliquée par une mise en place retardée du nouveau réseau transcriptionnel. Pour conclure notre étude a révélé que les EpiSCs ont perdu de la plasticité par rapport au ESCs sur l'hétérochromatine ainsi que l’euchromatine, comme le montre la réduction des niveaux d'H3K9ac et des domaines bivalents, étant ainsi plus proche épigénétiquement de cellules somatiques que de la pluripotence naïve. / Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) represent naïve and primed pluripotency states, respectively and are maintained in vitro using specific signaling pathways. Furthermore, ESCs cultured in serum-free medium with two inhibitors (2i) are described as being the most naïve. Several studies have suggested that each pluripotent cell type is characterized by a different epigenome organization. Here we present a comparative study of the epigenetic and transcriptional state of centromeric and pericentromeric (CH/PCH) satellite repeats in ESCs (2i and serum ones) and EpiSCs. We show that the pattern of H3K27me3 at PCH is highly dynamic and discriminate 2i-ESCs from the other pluripotent stem cells. Whereas satellites transcription is high in serum-ESCs, it is lower in 2i-ESCs and even more repressed in EpiSCs. Removal of either DNA methylation or H3K9me3 in ESCs leads to enhanced deposition of H3K27me3 but few changes in satellite transcription. By contrast, in EpiSCs removal of H3K9me3 does not prevent DNA methylation at PCH but de-represses the satellite transcription. In vitro conversion from naive to primed pluripotency showed an important delay compared to the in vivo development of ICM cells into post-implantation epiblast. Such inefficiency cannot be explained by a delayed switch to the new transcriptional network. Altogether our study reveals that EpiSCs have lost the chromatin plasticity of ESCs on heterochromatin as well as euchromatin, as shown by the reduction of H3K9ac levels and bivalent domains, thus being closer to somatic cells in terms of epigenetics than naive pluripotency.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第19899号 / 農博第2182号 / 新制||農||1043(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H28||N5003(農学部図書室) / 32976 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 今井 裕, 教授 久米 新一, 教授 廣岡 博之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM