In river basins that cross jurisdictional boundaries, water quality degradation has become a crucial problem and results in intensive competition among water users, especially in developing countries. Under this situation, implementing water quality management and control across jurisdictional boundaries can strengthen watershed pollution controls, and prevent pollution from being passed on and promote active pollution control within the related jurisdictional regions. This study examined the limitations of the current trans-boundary water quality management system in China and reviewed the planning and implementation of two pilot integrated trans-boundary water management systems established in the Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. Based on our findings, we proposed a new policy framework for trans-boundary water quality management. As a first step toward integrated watershed management in China, this policy framework can help assess the actual water pollution status of various regions and serve as a basis for an integrated watershed management system. The framework can be easily applied in other countries with trans-boundary water pollution issues, particularly in the context of developing countries.

Finding revenue is a challenge that faces many municipalities in the United States. As the tax base continues to decline and demand for government services increases, local governments are forced to make hard choices. Low on the list of priorities for local governments is the maintenance, and construction of infrastructure. Traditionally there have been several ways for local governments to fund long-term infrastructure projects including, federal-aid through the process of earmarking. The practice of earmarking has been around since the first congress, but hit its peak between 2003 and 2007. The earmarking process is controversial for several reasons; earmarking bypasses traditional merit procedures for distribution of federal-aid, earmarking is said to add costs to the agency awarded the funding, and earmarking has been linked to Congressional scandals and wasteful spending. In this paper I explore how an earmark, designated to local governments to fund long-term infrastructure projects, contributes to the costs of the project.

It was unclear what the actual role of the Family Readiness Group (FRG) was in helping the spouses of U.S. Navy submariners (SMSs) in learning to live the submariner-family lifestyle. Submarines deploy in regular cycles regardless of world conflict. Submariners and their spouses are isolated from each other during deployments, communities of submariner spouses are smaller than other Navy communities, and spouses must acquire unique social capital to manage unique challenges. The purpose of this study was to explore how SMSs experience or perceive the FRG role in their social construction and adaptation to the SMS lifestyle. The examination was guided by Ingram, Schneider, and DeLeon's social construction and policy design theory. Data were collected using an open-ended survey distributed to 83 SMSs through an online survey platform. Data were coded for themes and subthemes using an iterative process including values and process coding. Key results were that SMSs construct themselves differently than how they are constructed by policy principals. Among SMSs, benefits and burdens perceived to be distributed by the FRG program are different than the distribution of actual benefits and burdens. These differences influenced participants' engagement with the FRG program. More research is needed to define this influence and to explore the origins of relationships that increase lifestyle capital. The implication for social change is that a better understanding of the nature of SMS lifestyles can contribute to better policy decisions and improved program design, leading to better outcomes for military spouses.

自從 Pressman 及 Wildavsky 在 1973 年發表「執行：聯邦政府期望如何在奧克蘭市落空」， 首力陳政策執行過程對政策結果的重要性，獲得廣泛熱烈得迴響， 自此而後，研究執行的文章、書籍、刊物如雨後春筍般出現，使得政策執行成為被熱烈討論的一門課題。 儘管執行研究發展至今，已有許多令人稱羨的成果， 但是不少學者表示，政策執行的研究迄今仍面臨許多爭議與瓶頸有待克服及超越。 如 Helen Ingram(1990： p462-463)就表示， 目前研究政策執行的學者們所爭論不休的議題，包括了以下幾點， 例如執行究竟應從何處開始或在何處結束？真正影響執行的關鍵變數究竟為何？又應以何種的標準來評估政策的成功與失敗？ 為此， Ingram 在其所著一篇名為「執行： 一回顧與建議性的架構」 (A Review and Suggested Framework) 的文章中，便提出一個整合執行研究的理論架構，在此一理論架構中， Ingram 以因果理論為基礎來建構其政策執行理論模式， 並設計其執行理論中各類型政策與其執行途徑、評估標準之間的因果邏輯關係， 並且強調此關係會隨著情境或系絡的變化而隨時改變，形成另一種類型政策的因果關係。 換言之，Ingram 即是利用政策設計的概念，試圖整合政策執行研究的應然面與實 然面， 使政策執行的研究及分析能更具真實性與實用性。 就應然面而言，他以因果理論為基礎進行整合及建構各政策要素間的因果邏輯關係，並以此關係做為各類型政策設計的理論基礎； 就實然面而言，他則以「權力」此一要素在各政策過程中所扮演的角色， 更進一步深入地分析與解釋上述因果關係背後所隱藏的實質意涵，及其可能的變化情形。 綜而言之，筆者認為， Ingram 政策執行理論的最大特色在於， 其不但超越了傳統政策科學家舊有的思考模式，將政策規劃、政策執行、政策評估等政策過程作一整合性的分析， 同時更將公共政策視為設計政策方案的過程， 一方面吸收政策執行理論的經驗，且另一方面亦拓展了傳統政策規劃理論的視野， 超越了傳統的政治行政二分法的觀念，以更負責、更具實務性的態度來看待政策執行， 可說是為政策執行的研究開啟另一新的研究方向與趨勢，頗值得吾人作更進一步的了解與探討。 總之， 本文之研究目的即在於了解與分析 Helen Ingram(1990) 的政策執行理論的實質意義與內涵， 並希望能將 Ingram 的政策執行理論與實務相結合，以做為後續相關研究之參考。

India does not fit easily into existing models of thought on the nature of a state and defies ease of understanding. Though India is most often considered to be a subsidy state, I show in this thesis the notion of the subsidy state does not capture the true nature of the Indian state. Chapter two of the paper looks at various models of understanding the nature of the Indian state and draw out three essential features: competing interest groups, how economic liberalization facilitates corruption and works against India’s aim of equalizing the capabilities and freedoms of all its citizens, and the role of the Indian state in development and how the failure to engage its citizens in the process has resulted in the current system. Chapter three looks at subsidies and cash transfers, discussing the problem of targeting and the design of programs. The fourth chapter, I share the methodology I used to categorize 581 centrally sponsored schemes. I did this to be able to disaggregate centrally sponsored schemes. For each scheme, I identified the state associated with each scheme, the target groups (intended beneficiaries) of each scheme, the types of benefits delivered, whether the receipt of the benefits were conditional or not, and the relevant policy areas of each scheme. I concluded that a closer look at the Indian state reveals that India may actually be more accurately identified as a developmental state which facilitates the enhancement of its citizens’ capabilities and freedoms.

Connecting Urban Residents to Their Watersheds with Green Stormwater Infrastructure: A case study of Thornton Creek in Seattle, Washington.

The California Global Warming Solutions Act, also known as Assembly Bill 32 (AB 32), was passed in 2006 to reduce California emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. Senate Bill 375 (SB 375) was passed in 2008 to support AB 32's emission goals. SB 375 aims to reduce emissions from transportation and land use by assigning regional per capita emission targets for 2020 and 2035. Through a series of four case studies of San Diego, San Francisco, Fresno, and Berkeley, this thesis investigates the impacts of SB 375. Each region is required to combine housing and regional transit plans in the hopes of promoting future sustainable growth. By compacting development SB 375 hopes to reduce sprawl and per capita emissions over time by greatly decreasing vehicular miles traveled.

Public Administration and Management / D.P.A.

Community-based youth non-profit organizations (NPOs) have become increasingly popular for the provision of youth prevention and intervention services, yet many youth NPOs lack the resources to undergo formal evaluation. Further, most existing program evaluations do not consider individual characteristics of the child or the child’s exposure to stressors. The current pilot study sought to evaluate the extent to which boys participated in 1:1 mentoring and other program activities at the Son of a Saint (SOAS) NPO, an organization seeking to provide positive male role models for fatherless young boys. In addition, the current study examined the effects of program involvement on both prosocial (i.e., academic performance) and antisocial (i.e., aggression and delinquency) outcomes, as well as the moderating role of callous-unemotional (CU) traits and exposure to trauma/stressors on study outcomes. Data were collected from mothers (N = 37) and boys (N = 27) at the first assessment point, and from mothers (N = 21) one year later. Results of bivariate correlational and regression analyses at T1 indicated that boys who have been part of SOAS for shorter durations had higher levels of participation overall, and that behavioral/academic problems were associated with more program participation. Results at T2 indicated that participation in a greater variety of activities was related to lower levels of antisocial behavior. No significant interactions were detected for either CU traits or trauma exposure in the current sample. Implications of findings are discussed with regard to future program evaluation at SOAS. Detailed recommendations for overcoming the study limitations, particularly regarding the small sample size, are provided.

Current Federal, State, and local San Francisco housing policy advocates mixed-income housing as a positive approach to creating living environments for low-income families. Strategies for creating mixed-income housing environments include large-scale public housing re-development efforts, inclusionary housing policies, and the use of discretionary funding for mixed-income development projects. Researchers agree that there is not yet enough evidence to support that mixed-income strategies are achieving positive results and have noted that the expected outcomes for mixed-income strategies are founded upon a number of assumptions. It is assumed that a mix of households at varying income levels will result in greater stability, improved access to services and resources, opportunities for social networking, and greater social control leading. This study addresses the root of these assumptions and presents findings regarding the perceived success of mixed-income development in realizing desired outcomes. Results are presented based on in-depth interviews with housing industry experts. This study aims to provide a clearer picture of why mixed-income development has gained popularity and how the strategy may be better understood and utilized in future housing development.