Im Projekt wurden lösbare Verbindungstechniken für hochgefüllte Holz-Polymer-Werkstoffe für das statisch-dynamische Belastungskollektiv des Maschinenbaus erarbeitet. Im Fokus der Untersuchungen standen vorgespannte Schraubverbindungen in den konstruktiven Ausführungen als Durchsteckschraubverbindung und Einschraubverbindungen. Die Direktverschraubung und die Quergewindebolzen-Steckschraubverbindung wurden aus technisch-wirtschaftlicher Sicht für den Werkstoff als Sonderverfahren der Einschraubverbindung favorisiert. Für die benannten Verschraubungsarten wurden Montageempfehlungen, Grenzlastbereiche und Einflussfaktoren der Verbindungen unter Berücksichtigung des Werkstoffes erarbeitet. Abschließend wurden die erarbeiteten Kenntnisse zu lösbaren Verbindungstechniken auf einen Demonstrator in der Fördertechnik übertragen. / In the project removable connection methods for high filled wood polymer composites for static and dynamic loads were worked out. The focuses of studies were pre-stressed screw connections in a constructive style as push-through screw connection and screw in connection. On the basis of the material and the technical-economic reasons the 'direct-screw-connection' and 'cross-threaded bolt plug-in screw connection' were favored as a special method of the screw-in connection. Installation recommendations, limit load ranges and influencing factors of the connections based on the material were compiled for the named types of bolting. Finally the compiled knowledges of the removable connections were transferred into demonstrator for conveying systems.

Wood-polymer composite is a relatively new type of material that combines shattered wood mass and a thermoplastic polymer. This material is utilized especially as an alternative to hard wood in the area of non-bearing exterior elements, as it reaches better properties in terms of the basic durability and low maintenance. Raw material composition and processing of the composite enable to provide a significant modification with further matters leading to an improvement of the end-product properties. Research and development in this field focuses predominantly on the utilization of such modifying additives that either enhance the resistance to weathering or are of the recycled nature, as a significant part of the raw material mixture comprises the constituent obtained from non-renewable resources. The aim of the thesis is the evaluation of the influence of the wood-polymer composite modification separately at two levels. First of them is the modification to matrix by using a recycled polymer, the second one comprises the modification of the wood flour with a secondary spherical filler. Both types of modified composites have been assessed in terms pf the prime characteristics and the resistance to adverse ambient.

The excellent electrical and mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) provide interesting opportunities to realize new types of strain gauges. However, there are still challenges for the further development of CNT film strain gauges, for instance the lack of design rules, the homogeneity, stability and reproducibility of CNT films. This thesis aims to address these issues from two sides: simulation and experiment. Monte Carlo simulations show that both the sheet resistance and gauge factor of CNT films are determined essentially by the two-dimensional exclude area of CNTs. It was shown, for the first time, that the variation of the CNT film gauge factor follows the percolation scaling law. The sheet resistance and gauge factor both have a power-law divergence when approaching the percolation threshold. The standard deviation of film resistances, however, also increases correspondingly. These findings of simulations provide a general guide to the tailoring of material property of CNT films in strain sensing applications: a compromise should be made between the reproducibility, conductivity and sensitivity of CNT films depending on application purposes. From the experimental side, the processing parameters for the preparation of CNT dispersions were first investigated and optimized. The reproducibility of the film resistance is significantly improved by selecting a suitable sonication time. In strain measurements it was found that for most CNT films the film resistance responses nonlinearly to the applied strain. The dependence of the film resistance on the strain can be roughly divided into two regions with nearly linear behavior respectively. The gauge factor varies with the quality of CNTs and the depositing method. A gauge factor up to 8 was achieved in the high strain region. The nonlinear response behavior was found in simulations when the CNT waviness is properly taken into account. To achieve a high gauge factor and simultaneously retain the high conductivity and reproducibility, good-quality MWCNTs were integrated in polyethylene oxide (PEO). A high gauge factor up to 10 was achieved for the composite film with CNT weight fraction of 2.5%. The resistance and gauge factor can be tuned by changing the MWCNT weight fraction with respect to PEO. A careful comparison of simulation and experiment results show that a good qualitative agreement can be achieved between them in many respects.

The project aims to develop a methodology to study the variation in properties of wood polymer composites (WPC’s) with/without surface treatment at different humidity conditions. The project aims to investigate the behavior of biocomposites at 50%, 80%and 100% relative humidity (RH). Also to clarify if the hydrophilization effect helps to preserve the structural integrity of the materials for longer periods at these conditions. The comparison between biocomposites comprising polypropylene (PP) with both untreated wood fibers (WF) or FibraQ (hydrophobic surface-treated wood fibers from Biofiber Tech) was made. The focus was on the mechanical properties, water absorption, macro- and microstructures. The results show that PP comprising FibraQ exhibits lower moisture uptake than the PP comprising untreated WF at high relative humidity conditions. The mechanical properties did not seem significantly affected by the surface treatment at high relative humidity conditions. It is also concluded that since the study only ran for four weeks, there was not enough time to fully understand the influence of moisture uptake over the materials’ properties.

The strive for lower fuel consumption and downsizing in the automotive industry has led to the use of alternative high performance materials, such as fibre composites. Designing chassis components with composite materials require accurate simulation models in order to capture the behaviour in car crashes. By simplifying the development process of a B-pillar with a new dynamic test method, composite material products could reach the market faster. The setup has to predict a cars side impact crash performance by only testing the B-pillar in a component based environment. The new dynamic test method with more realistic behaviour gives a better estimation of how the B-pillar, and therefore the car, will perform in a full-scale car side impact test. With the new improved tool for the development process, the search for a lighter product with better crash worthiness is done by optimising a steel carbon fibre hybrid structure in the B-pillar. The optimisation includes different carbon fibre materials, composite laminate lay-up and stiffness analysis. By upgrading simulation models with new material and adhesive representation physical prototypes could be built to verify the results. Finally the manufactured steel carbon fibre hybrid B-pillar prototypes were tested in the developed dynamic test method for a comparison to the steel B-pillar. The hybrid B-pillars perform better than the reference steel B-pillar in the dynamic tests also being considerably lighter. As a final result a hybrid B-pillar is developed that will decrease fuel consumption and meet the requirements of any standardized side impact crash test. / Strävan efter lägre bränsleförbrukning och minimalistiskt tänkande inom bilindustrin har lett till användning av alternativa högpresterande material, såsom fiberkompositer. Vid design av chassi-komponenter utav kompositer krävs noggranna simuleringsmodeller för att fånga upp bilens beteende vid en krock. Genom att förenkla utvecklingsprocessen för en B-stolpe med en ny dynamisk testmetod kan produkter bestående av fiberkompositer nå marknaden snabbare. Provuppställningen skall förutse bilens prestanda vid ett sidokrocktest genom att endast testa B-stolpen i en komponentbaserad miljö. Den nya dynamiska testmetoden med ett mer realistiskt beteende skall ge en bättre uppskattning om hur B-stolpen, och därmed bilen, kommer att prestera i ett fullskaligt sidokrocktest. Med utvecklingsprocessens nya förbättrade verktyg kan strävan mot lättare produkter med bättre krocksäkerhet utvecklas genom optimering av en hybrid B-stolpe i stål och kolfiber. Optimeringen innefattar olika kolfibermaterial, laminatvarianter och styvhetsanalyser. Genom att uppgradera simuleringsmodeller med nya material och adhesiva metoder kunde fysiska prototyper tillverkas för att verifiera resultaten. Slutligen testades de tillverkade prototyperna utav stål och kolfiber i den nyutvecklade dynamiska testmetoden för jämförelse mot den ursprungliga stål B-stolpen. Hybrid B-stolparna presterade bättre än referensstolpen utav stål i de dynamiska provningarna och är samtidigt betydligt lättare. Det slutgiltigt resultatet är en utvecklad hybrid B-stolpe som både ger minskad bränsleförbrukningen och uppfyller kraven för ett standardiserat sidokrocktest.

Plast- och kompositindustrin har växt i årtionden och den ständigt växande världen och ny teknik kräver ännu större mängder polymerkompositer för en mängd olika tillämpningar. Numera är de negativa miljöaspekterna av polymerproduktion och plastavfall kända, men trots detta är råoljafortfarande det primära råmaterialet för de flesta polymerer. Att hitta biobaserade material medtillräckliga egenskaper för att ersätta de fullt syntetiska materialen är avgörande för en hållbarutveckling. Detta examensarbete studerar både glasfiber och mikrokristallin cellulosaarmerade biooljebaserade polyamider, samt undersöker hur de kan kompatibiliseras, deras mekaniska egenskaper samt användbarheten för additiv tillverkning. Kompatibilisering är en viktig aspekt när två föreningar blandas för att göra en komposit. Enlämplig kompatibilisator kommer att förbättra vidhäftningen vid gränsytan mellan armeringsmaterialet och polymermatrisen och därmed öka de mekaniska egenskaperna hos materialet. Glasfiber / polyamid-kompositen kompatibiliserades med vinyltrimetoxisilan, medanmikrokristallin cellulosa / polyamid-kompositen kompatibiliserades med 4,4'-difenylmetandiiisocyanat. Båda kompositerna analyserades för att erhålla information om termiska, mekaniska och reologiska egenskaper. Yt- och sprickmorfologin undersöktes också. Resultaten indikerar att armeringen resulterade i förbättrade mekaniska egenskaper, även om den önskade kompatibiliseringen inte erhölls i experimentet. Det mest uppmuntrande resultatet var att den biobaserade cellulosaarmeringen förbättrade de mekaniska egenskaperna. Genom visuell undersökning fanns den helt biobaserade polymerkompositen vara mjukare än den glasfiberarmerade. Framtidsutsikterna visar att det finns vissa problem att ta itu med och övervinna för att dessa material ska göras lämpliga för additiv tillverkning. Nyckeln är att hitta en kompatibilisator som tålupprepad bearbetning vid höga temperaturer. För att upprätthålla enhetliga egenskaper krävskorrekt spridning av armeringsmaterialet, vilket uppnås genom att optimera tillverkningsmetoden. Dessutom är cellulosa benägen att termisk nedbrytning, så behandlingstemperaturerna för både armeringsmaterialet och polymermatrisen bör övervägas noggrant. / Plastics and composites have been a growing industry for decades, and the always growing worldand new technologies demand even greater amounts of polymeric composites for a variety ofapplications. Nowadays the negative environmental aspects of polymer production and plastic waste are known, but despite that crude oil is still the primary material for most polymers. Finding biobased materials with sufficient properties to replace the fully synthetic ones is crucial in sustainable development. This master’s thesis studies both glass fiber and microcrystalline cellulose reinforcedbio-oil based polyamide, how they could be compatibilized, the mechanical properties and applicability for additive manufacturing. Compatibilization is an important aspect when two compounds are mixed to make a composite. A proper compatibilizer will enhance the interfacial adhesion between the reinforcement and matrix, thus increasing the mechanical properties of the material. The glass fiber/polyamide11 composite was compatibilized with vinyltrimethoxysilane, and the microcrystalline cellulose/polyamide11 composite was compatibilized with 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate. Both composites were analyzed to obtain information about thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties. The surface and fracture morphology are examined, as well.The results indicate that reinforcing resulted to enhanced mechanical properties, even though the desired compatibilization was not acquired in the experiment. The most encouraging result was that the bio-based cellulose reinforcement enhanced mechanical properties, by visual examination thefully bio-based polymeric composite was found to be more ductile than the glass fiber reinforcedone. For future prospect, there are few issues to be addressed and overcome for these materials to bemade suitable for additive manufacturing. The key is finding a compatibilizer that can withstand high processing temperatures repeatedly. Maintaining uniform properties requires proper dispersion of reinforcement, which is achieved by optimizing the manufacturing method. In addition, cellulose is prone to thermal degradation, so the processing temperatures for both reinforcement and matrix should be considered carefully. / Muovit ja komposiitit ovat jo vuosikymmenien ajan ollut kasvava teollisuuden ala, ja alatikehittyvä maailma sekä uudenlainen teknologia vaatii entistä enemmän polymeerikomposiittejaerilaisiin käyttökohteisiin. Nykyään polymeerituotannon ja käytöstä poistuvien muovituotteidennegatiivisista ympäristövaikutuksista ollaan tietoisia. Tästä huolimatta raakaöljy on pääraaka-ainepolymeerien valmistuksessa. Ympäristövaikutusten minimoimiseksi olisi tärkeää löytääbiopohjaisia materiaaleja, jotka ominaisuuksiensa puolesta ovat riittäviä korvaamaan täysinsynteettisiä materiaaleja. Tässä työssä on tutkittu sekä lasikuidulla että mikrokiteisellä selluloosallavahvistetun bioöljypohjaisen polyamidin kompatibilisointia ja mekaanisia ominaisuuksia, sekäkyseisten komposiittien soveltuvuutta materiaalia lisääviin valmistusmenetelmiin.Kompatibilisaatio on tärkeää, kun yhdistetään kaksi eri komponenttia yhdeksikomposiittimateriaaliksi. Sen tarkoituksena on vahvistaa molekyylien rajapinnan adheesiotalujitteen ja sidemassan välillä, jolloin materiaalin mekaaniset ominaisuudet paranevat. Lasikuidullalujitettujen polyamidikomposiittien kompatibilisointiin käytettiin vinyylitrimetoksisilaanilla jamikrokiteisellä selluloosalla lujitettu polyamidikomposiitti kompatibilisoitiin 4,4'-difenyylimetaanidi-isosyanaatilla. Molempien komposiittien termiset, mekaaniset ja reologiset ominaisuudetarvioitiin. Lisäksi tutkittiin pinnan ja murtumakohdan morfologiaa.Tulokset osoittavat, että polymeerin lujittaminen parantaa mekaanisia ominaisuuksia, vaikkatavoiteltua kompatibilisaatioita materiaalien välillä ei tapahtunutkaan. Työn lupaavin tulos olibiopohjaisen mikrokiteisen selluloosan tuoma parannus materiaalin kestävyysominaisuuksille.Etenkin silmämääräisesti tarkastellessa täysin biopohjainen polymeerikomposiitti oli taipuisampaakuin lasikuidulla lujitettu komposiitti.Muutamaan asiaan tulee kiinnittää erityisesti huomiota, jos tämänkaltaisia materiaaleja halutaankäyttää materiaalia lisäävissä menetelmissä. Tärkeintä on löytää kompatibilisoija, joka kestääkorkeita lämpötiloja toistuvasti. Lujitteen tasainen dispersio on tärkeää, jotta saadaan aikaantasaista laatua ja ominaisuudet ovat samanlaiset koko materiaalissa. Tämä saavutetaanvalmistusmenetelmän optimoinnilla. Lisäksi tulee ottaa huomioon selluloosan taipumus termiseenhajoamiseen, jolloin sekä lujitteen että sidemassan prosessointilämpötilat tulisi ollasamansuuruiset.

Исследовать материалы, используемые для усиления железобетонных балок, провести расчеты усиления балки в направлении действия изгибающего момента и поперечной силы с использованием композитных материалов с их технико-экономическим обоснованием. / Investigate the materials used to reinforce reinforced concrete beams, carry out calculations of the beam reinforcement in the direction of the bending moment and shear force using composite materials with their feasibility study.

The ultra high barrier films for packaging find applications in a wide variety of areas where moisture and oxygen barrier is required for improved shelf-life of food/beverage products and for microbial free pharmaceutical containers. These materials also find applications in micro electro mechanical systems such as ICs, and for packaging in industrial and space electronics. Flexible and portable organic electronics like OLEDs (Organic Light Emitting Diodes), OPVDs (Organic Photo Voltaic Devices) and dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have a good potential in next generation solar powered devices. In fact, organic insulators, semiconductors, and metals may be a large part of the future of electronics. However, these classes of materials are just an emerging class of materials mainly because of their life time constraints. Thus significant research is required to bring them into the forefront of electronic applications. If the degradation problems can be diminished, then these polymers could play a major role in the worldwide electronic industry. A flexible polymer film itself cannot be used as an encapsulation material owing to its high permeability. While a glass or metal substrate possesses ultra high barrier properties, it cannot be used in many electronic applications due to its brittleness and inflexibility. Polymer/ nanocomposites based hybrid materials are thus a promising class of material that can be used for device encapsulation. Chapter I summarizes some of the recent developments in the polymer/nanocomposites based materials for packaging and specifically its use in flexible as well as portable organic electronic device encapsulation. While the development of low permeable encapsulant materials is a chemistry problem, an engineering/instrumentation problem is the development of an accurate technique that can measure the low levels of permeability required for electronic application. Therefore, there is a keen interest in the development of an instrument to measure permeability at these limits. The existing techniques to measure the low permeabilities of barrier films, their importance and accuracy of measurements obtained by these instruments have been briefly discussed in this chapter. Different polymer based hybrid composite materials have been developed for the encapsulation of organic devices and their materials properties have been evaluated. Broadly, two diverse strategies have been used for the fabrication of the composites: in-situ curing and solution casting. Chapters II, III and IV discuss the fabrication of nanocomposite films based on in-situ curing while chapter V discusses fabrication based on solution casting. In chapter II, amine functionalized alumina was used as a cross-linking agent and reinforcing material for the polymer matrix in order to fabricate the composites to be used for encapsulation of devices. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy were used to elucidate the surface chemistry. Thermogravimetric and CHN analysis were used to quantify the grafting density of amine groups over the surface of the nanoparticles. Mechanical characterizations of the composites with various loadings were carried out with dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). It was observed that the composites have good thermal stability and mechanical flexibility, which are important for an encapsulant. The morphology of the composites was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The work presented in chapter III is a technique based on grafting between surface decorated γ-alumina nanoparticles and the polymer to make these nanocomposites. Alumina was functionalized with allyltrimethoxysilane and used to conjugate polymer molecules (hydride terminated polydimethylsiloxane) through platinum catalyzed hydrosilylation reaction. As in the previous chapter, the surface chemistry of the nanoparticles after surface modification was characterized by different techniques (FTIR, XPS and Raman). The grafting density of alkene groups over the surface of the modified nanoparticles was calculated using CHN analyzer. Thermal stability of the composites was also evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis. Nanoindentation technique was used to analyze the mechanical characteristics of the composites. The densities of the composites were evaluated using density gradient column and the morphology of composites was evaluated using SEM. All these studies reveal that the composites have good thermal stability and mechanical flexibility and thus can be potentially used for encapsulation of organic photovoltaic devices. In addition, rheological studies of the composites were carried out to investigate the curing reaction. The platinum-catalyzed hydrosilylation reaction was studied using both DSC and rheological measurements. The competitive reactions occurring in the system was also monitored in real time through DSC and rheology. Based on the curing curves obtained from these two studies, the mechanistic detail of the curing process was proposed. In addition, swelling studies and contact angle measurements of the composites were also carried out to determine the capability of these materials as encapsulants. Chapter IV deals with a thermally stable and flexible composite that has been synthesized by following a hydrosilylation coupling between silicone polymer containing internal hydrides and mesoporous silica. The results of the characterization of the composites indicates that the composites are thermally stable, hydrophobic, flexible and can be potentially used for encapsulating flexible electronic devices. Chapter V discusses the solution casting method for the development of composites. This chapter is divided into two parts: Part I discusses the synthesis and characterization of flexible and thermally stable composites using polyvinyl alcohol as the base polymer matrix and reactive zinc oxide nanoparticles as the dispersed phase. Various studies like thermal analysis, mechanical analysis, surface analysis and permeability studies were used to characterize the composite films for their possible use as a passivation material. The material was used to encapsulate Schottky structured devices and the performance of these encapsulated devices under accelerated weathering was studied. Part II of this chapter discusses the fabrication of hybrid organic/inorganic based polymer-composite films, based on polyvinylbutyral (PVB) and organically modified mesoporous silica. PVB and amine functionalized mesoporous silica were used to synthesize the composite. An additional polyol (‘tripentaerythritol’) component was also used to enhance the –OH group content in the composite matrix. The thermal, barrier and mechanical properties of these composites were investigated. The investigation of these films suggests that these can be used as a moisture barrier layer for encapsulation. Chapter VI gives the concluding remarks of the results presented. The advantages as well as disadvantages of the in-situ cured and solution casted films and the scope for future work is discussed in this chapter.

Le centre de recherche ArcelorMittal de Montataire développent de nouvelles solutions acier innovantes associant métal et polymère. Pour les ailes de voiture, le composite retenu est un matériau multicouche composé d’une lame d’acier sur laquelle est déposé un film mince de polypropylène choc chargé avec des particules minérales par l’intermédiaire d’une fine couche de polypropylène fonctionnalisé par le greffage d’anhydride maléique. Afin de prévoir et de connaitre le comportement de la partie organique du matériau lors de sa mise en forme par emboutissage et à posteriori de prédire l’état de ses propriétés mécaniques lors de son utilisation, la détermination des lois de comportement mécanique vrai et intrinsèque sur le modèle de la loi G’sell et Jonas est nécessaire. Ces lois sont définies selon trois chemins de déformation : la traction uniaxiale, le cisaillement simple et la traction plane. Les micromécanismes de déformation de la microstructure semi-cristalline des différentes formulations des matériaux selon leur mode de sollicitation mécanique ont été étudiés. Les résultats obtenus Post Mortem et In Situ ont permis la description qualitative et quantitative des évolutions des principales modifications microstructurales. Ces dernières diffèrent avec l’ajout de charges minérales. Deux nouvelles méthodes, la Tomographie X et la spectroscopie Raman permettent la détermination de la déformation volumique dans le cas de matériau de géométrie fine (300 µm). Le retrait lors d’un cycle thermique est étudié. Les influences du chauffage, de la formulation et de la microstructure (orientation des chaînes macromoléculaires et endommagement volumique) sont décrites / The ArcelorMittal research centre of Montataire elaborates innovative steel / polymer products. In the case of automotive fenders, the composite is a multilayered material. A thin impact polypropylene film is laminated on steel using a thin layer of a functionalized polypropylene. Mineral particles are added to improve stiffness. In order to predict and understand the behaviour of the organic layer all along its production process and finally to be able to characterize the state of its mechanical properties in use, the determination of the true and intrinsic mechanical behaviour laws according to the G’sell and Jonas model is necessary. These laws are obtained for three different mechanical paths: uniaxial tensile, simple shear and plane tensile. The deformation micromechanisms of the impact polypropylene semi-crystalline microstructure which depend on the materials formulations and on the mechanical path used are studied. Post Mortem and In Situ results give qualitative and quantitative description of the main microstructural modifications. Two new methods, X Tomography and Raman spectroscopy allow the quantification of the volume deformation which is developed during tensile tests. They are mainly available for very thin samples. X radiography and VideoTraction™ are not suitable anymore for this kind of geometry. Finally, the thermo-mechanical phenomenon of shrinkage which occurs during thermal treatment above the material melting point is analysed. Influences of the heating conditions, of the material formulations and of the material microstructure are described. Special overviews are done on the macromolecular chains orientation and on the volume damage influences

Diploma thesis deals with glass fiber surface modification using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition in order to prepare functional interface that enhances the properties of polymer composites. The effect of deposition conditions on shear strength was observed with respect to the chemical composition of the deposited film. Thin films were deposited on planar substrates and fibers using monomer tetravinylsilane in a mixture with oxygen at selected power of plasma discharge. Chemical composition of prepared material was analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. Planar substrate film adhesion was measured using the scratch test. The composite sample was prepared by embedding the surface modified fibers in unsaturated polyester resin, followed by the curing process. The cured composite sample underwent the short beam shear test.