No / Eicosanoids play an integral part in homeostatic mechanisms related to skin health and structural integrity. They also mediate inflammatory events developed in response to environmental factors, such as exposure to ultraviolet radiation, and inflammatory and allergic disorders, including psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. This review article discusses biochemical aspects related to cutaneous eicosanoid metabolism, the contribution of these potent autacoids to skin inflammation and related conditions, and considers the importance of nutritional supplementation with bioactives such as omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and plant-derived antioxidants as means of addressing skin health issues. / The Wellcome Trust and BBSRC-DRINC

yes / Background: Oral administration of purified omega-3 (ω-3) PUFAs is associated with changes to the fecal microbiome. However, it is not known whether this effect is associated with increased PUFA concentrations in the gut. Objectives: We investigated the luminal bioavailability of oral ω-3 PUFAs (daily dose 1 g EPA and 1g DHA free fatty acid equivalents as triglycerides in soft-gel capsules, twice daily) and changes to the gut microbiome, in the ileum. Methods: Ileostomy fluid (IF) and blood were obtained at baseline, after first capsule dosing (median 2 h), and at a similar time after final dosing on day 28, in 11 individuals (median age 63 y) with a temporary ileostomy. Fatty acids were measured by LC–tandem MS. The ileal microbiome was characterized by 16S rRNA PCR and Illumina sequencing. Results: There was a mean 6.0 ± 9.8-fold and 6.6 ± 9.6-fold increase in ileal EPA and DHA concentrations (primary outcome), respectively, at 28 d, which was associated with increased RBC ω-3 PUFA content (P ≤ 0.05). The first oral dose did not increase the ileal ω-3 PUFA concentration except in 4 individuals, who displayed high luminal EPA and DHA concentrations, which reduced to concentrations similar to the overall study population at day 28, suggesting physiological adaptation. Bacteroides, Clostridium, and Streptococcus were abundant bacterial genera in the ileum. Ileal microbiome variability over time and between individuals was large, with no consistent change associated with acute ω-3 PUFA dosing. However, high concentrations of EPA and DHA in IF on day 28 were associated with higher abundance of Bacteroides (r2 > 0.86, P < 0.05) and reduced abundance of other genera, including Actinomyces (r2 > 0.94, P < 0.05). Conclusions: Oral administration of ω-3 PUFAs leads to increased luminal ω-3 PUFA concentrations and changes to the microbiome, in the ileum of individuals with a temporary ileostomy.

No description available.

No description available.

Studies were conducted to investigate the tissue distribution of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD) and the regulation of SCD1 protein expression by dietary fat, insulin, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and linoleic acid (cis-9, cis-12 18:2). The first study examined tissue distribution of SCD1 protein in Holstein calves (n=6/diet) fed one of four milk replacer diets for a nine wk period after which they were sacrificed. Milk replacer diets varied in fat content and were formulated and administered as follows: 0.4 kg/d 20% protein, 20% fat (20:20; CON), 0.97 kg/d (28:20; HPLF), 0.97 kg/d (28:28; HPHF), or 1.46 kg/d (28:28; HPHF+). Samples of subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT), perirenal AT, omental AT, duodenum, proximal jejunum, distal jejunum, ileum, and liver were collected from calves fed the HPHF+ diet to determine SCD1 tissue distribution. Tissue homogenates were prepared and used for Western blotting. Additionally, dietary effects were analyzed on tissues expressing SCD1 protein for all 24 calves. The second study investigated the regulation of SCD1 protein expression by insulin, fatty acids increasing in degree of unsaturation, and increasing concentrations of linoleic (18:2) acid. Subcutaneous AT was collected from Smith Valley Meats in Rich Creek, VA and used to prepare explants cultured in treatment media for 24 h. Treatments consisted of insulin at 0, 7, 14, and 21 nM; stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2), and linolenic (18:3) acids at 100 μM; and linoleic (18:2) acid at concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 μM. Tissue explant homogenates were used for Western blotting to detect SCD1. In the first study, we found that SCD1 protein was detectable in subcutaneous AT, perirenal AT, and omental AT; however, it was not detectable in liver or small intestine samples. Also, the HPHF+ diet increased SCD1 protein expression in subcutaneous AT and perireanl AT. In the second study, SCD1 protein expression increased linearly with insulin concentration. There was no fatty acid treatment effect, but there was a negative linear effect with increase in degree of unsaturation. Finally, there was no effect on SCD1 protein expression with linoleic acid increasing in concentration. In conclusion, results indicate that SCD1 protein expression was detected in bovine AT depots, regulated by dietary fat, insulin, and by PUFA . / Master of Science

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Joann M. Kouba / The objective of this study was to evaluate the reproductive effects of supplementing normally cycling mares with marine-derived omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids during the estrous cycle. Fifteen mares were assigned to a control diet (CONT, n=7) or a fish oil supplemented diet (FO, n=8) containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The FO mares received 18.48 g EPA/10.08 g DHA/mare/d. At the start of the trial, mares were synchronized using a progesterone and estradiol protocol. Following synchronization, mares were monitored with transrectal ultrasonography throughout the second estrous cycle. Ovarian activity, ovulation, and presence of a corpus luteum were noted. Mares were ultrasounded throughout the third estrous cycle until a 35 mm follicle was detected. Upon detection of the 35 mm follicle, hCG was administered. Within 16 hr, transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicular aspiration (TUGA) was performed on the preovulatory follicle, signifying the end of the trial. Follicular fluid was analyzed for fatty acid and hormone concentrations. Serum fatty acids were measured every 2 wk and serum hormone concentrations were analyzed during the second estrous cycle at 5 d to 1 d prior to ovulation, at ovulation, and 3 and 5 d post-ovulation. Samples were also collected prior to hCG administration and on aspiration day for hormone analysis. Serum estradiol-17β, progesterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) were measured. Fish oil supplementation increased (P < 0.01) arachidonic acid (ARA), EPA, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and DHA in mare serum and increased (P<0.01) EPA, DPA, and DHA in follicular fluid. No overall treatment effect was found on serum hormone concentrations during the second estrous cycle, but a decrease (P<0.05) in IGF-1 was noted in the FO group on aspiration day. Concentrations of IGF-1 were also lower (P<0.05) in follicular fluid in the FO group compared to controls. No other follicular fluid differences were observed. Supplementation resulted in a smaller diameter follicle (P<0.05, 38.0 ± 0.47 mm) on aspiration day than the CONT group (39.5 ± 0.5 mm). Dietary n-3 fatty acids modify mare serum and follicular fluid fatty acid profiles, with supplementation of EPA and DHA decreasing serum and follicular IGF-1 concentrations.

Ever since the emergence of the hypothesis that linked the aetiology of schizophrenia with abnormal membrane phospholipids composition, an increasing number of evidences have suggested reduced membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with schizophrenia. This has led to a conduct of several studies to evaluate the efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplement in the modification of membrane phospholipids and treatment of schizophrenia. The two main omega-3 fatty acid classes, EPA and DHA, play a vital role in membranes. This project work reviews omega-3 fatty acid studies and summarizes their outcomes. Eight original articles (nine studies) were reviewed. Six out of nine studies measured RBC membrane fatty acids levels and all six studies reported a significant increase in EPA after EPA supplement. Two studies reported increased DHA post omega-3 fatty acid and DHA supplement, respectively. One study observed a dose-dependent increment in DHA after EPA supplement. Improved symptoms were observed in seven studies, while one study found a worsening of symptoms in patients with low baseline PUFA. Moreover, out of the six studies that evaluated the correlation between symptom change and membrane fatty acids change, three studies observed a correlation between increased EPA and symptom improvement. One study reported an increased AA associated with improved symptoms, in contrast to another study, which found a correlation between increased AA and worsened symptoms. The conclusion from this project work is that EPA supplement can increase the EPA levels in membranes; however, its therapeutic effect in schizophrenia requires further investigation using larger studies. / Ända sedan tillkomsten av hypotesen som länkade etiologin av schizofreni med onormala sammansättningar av membranfosfolipider, har bevis för nedsatt membranfettsyror hos patienter med schizofreni ökat. Detta har lett till genomförandet av flera studier för att utvärdera effekten av omega-3 supplement i modifieringen av membranfosfolipider och i behandling av schizofreni. De två viktigaste omega-3 klasserna, EPA och DHA, spelar en viktig roll i membran. Detta projektarbete granskar de omega-3 studierna och sammanfattar deras resultat. Åtta originalartiklar (nio studier) granskades. Sex av nio studier mätte nivåer av RBC membranfettsyror och alla sex studierna rapporterade en signifikant ökning av EPA efter EPA behandling. Två studier rapporterade ökad DHA efter omega-3 och DHA behandling, respektive. En studie observerade en dosberoende ökning i DHA efter EPA behandling. Förbättrade symtom observerades i sju studier, medan en studie fann en försämring av symtom hos patienter med låg baseline PUFA. Av de sex studier som utvärderade sambandet mellan symtomförändring och förändring i membranfettsyror, hittade två studier samband mellan ökad EPA och symtomförbättring. En studie rapporterade en ökad AA i samband med förbättrade symtom, i motsats till en annan studie, som fann ett samband mellan ökad AA och försämrade symtom. Slutsatsen från detta projektarbete är att EPA tillägg ökar nivåer av EPA i membranfosfolipider; men dess terapeutiska effekt vid schizofreni kräver ytterligare utredning med hjälp av större studier.

O experimento foi realizado no Biotério Experimental da USP em Pirassununga - SP. Na primeira fase foram utilizados 42 coelhos machos em crescimento da raça Nova Zelândia mantidos individualmente durante todo o experimento. O ensaio biológico totalizou 150 dias. Na Fase 1 os animais receberam dietas com indução de hipercolesterolemia (0,5% de colesterol), com desequilíbrio na proporção de Omega-6/Omega-3 (n-6:n-3) de 15:1 e vice versa e balanço na proporção de n-6:n-3 de 4:1 (controle), totalizando 6 ensaios, os quais foram divididos aleatoriamente em 7 grupos de 6 coelhos cada. Óleos de girassol e de peixe foram utilizados como fontes de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados n-6 e n-3, respectivamente. Na Fase 2, os animais remanescentes continuaram recebendo as mesmas dietas, exceto no grupo B (hipercolesterolemia) que passou a receber o tratamento controle para verificar o efeito. No final da Fase 1, três animais de cada grupo foram eutanasiados com retirada da artéria aorta para determinação de placas lipídicas, histopatológica, colesterol total e imunohistoquímica para verificação da expressão da enzima LDL-receptor e determinação histopatológica do tecido hepático. Em soro foram realizadas determinações de perfil de ácidos graxos, colesterol total, LDL e HDL-colesterol e triacilgliceróis. Células endoteliais aórticas de coelhos foram isoladas para a realização do teste dose resposta com óleo de peixe para identificar a melhor relação do consumo destes ácidos graxos comparando com o experimento in vivo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi monitorar os efeitos do fornecimento de cada dieta sobre o teor de colesterol total, LDLcolesterol, HDL-colesterol e triacilgliceróis em sangue de coelhos. No geral, o perfil de ácidos graxos no soro correspondeu diretamente com a dieta consumida. Os principais efeitos dos ácidos graxos poli-insaturados Omega 3 foi a redução dos lipídios séricos quando os coelhos remanescentes da dieta hipercolesterolêmica (0,5% de colesterol e n-6:n-3 de 2:1) passaram a receber o equilíbrio da relação de ácidos graxos 4:1 de n-6:n-3. O teor de colesterol total no soro, artérias e o crescimento dos ateromas foram influenciados pelo elevado consumo de ácidos graxos n-6 e n-3 associados à adição de colesterol nas dietas. Por outro lado verificamos que o excesso de Omega 3 associado ou não ao colesterol contribuiu para o agravamento das placas ateroscleróticas inclusive deposição de cálcio nas mesmas e paredes endoteliais. Provavelmente, o excesso de n-3 tenha ocasionado efeito contrário às suas funções anti-inflamatória, antiagregatória e anti-trombótica. Dietas hipercolesterolêmicas provocaram esteatose hepática e o elevado consumo de Omega-6 em detrimento do baixo consumo de Omega -3 induziram hepatite crônica. Já o consumo elevado de Omega-3, sem colesterol, regrediu a esteatose hepática nos animais. O consumo equilibrado de n-6:n-3 reduziu a expressão da enzima LDL-receptor no grupo que anteriormente recebeu dieta hipercolesterolêmica. Ressaltando-se a importância do consumo equilibrado destes ácidos graxos já que esta enzima é controlada pelo colesterol livre circulante. No teste dose-resposta em células endoteliais da aorta de coelhos foi evidenciado que a melhor proporção de n-6:n-3 seria de 9 vezes mais do que a concentração de Omega 3 recomendada de 5:1. / The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Biotery by USP in Pirassununga - SP. In the first phase were used 42 male rabbits growing New Zealand breed individually maintained throughout the experiment. The biological assay amounted to 150 days. In phase 1, the animals received diets induced hypercholesterolemia (0.5% cholesterol) with imbalance in the ratio of Omega-6 / Omega-3 (n-6 / n-3) 15:1 and vice versa, and balance the ratio of n-6 / n-3 of 4:1 (control), totaling six tests, which were randomly divided into 7 groups of six rabbits each. Sunflower and fish oils were used as sources of fatty acids polyunsaturated n-6 and n-3, respectively. In Phase 2, the remaining animals continued to receive the same diets except in group B (hypercholesterolemia) who went on to receive the control treatment to check the effect. At the end of Phase 1, three animals from each group were sacrificed with the aorta artery removed for determination of lipid plaques, histopathology, immunohistochemistry and total cholesterol to verify the expression of LDL-receptor enzyme and determination of histopathological liver tissue. In serum profile were made determinations of fatty acids, total cholesterol, LDL and HDL cholesterol and triglycerides. Aortic endothelial cells of rabbits were isolated to perform the dose response test with fish oil to identify the best value for the consumption of these fatty acids compared to the in vivo experiment. The objective of this work was to monitor the effects of provision for each diet on total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDLcholesterol and triglycerides in the blood of rabbits. In general, the profile of fatty acids in serum corresponded directly with the diet consumed. The main effects of polyunsaturated Omega 3 fatty acids was the reduction of serum lipids when the remaining rabbits with hypercholesterolemic diet (0.5% cholesterol and n-6: n-3 2:1) have received the balance of the relationship fatty acid 4:1 n-6: n-3. The total cholesterol content in serum, the growth of arteries and atheroma were influenced by a high intake of n-6 fatty acids and n-3 associated with the addition of cholesterol in diets. On the other hand we verified that the excess of Omega 3 with or without cholesterol contributed to the aggravation of the atherosclerotic plaques including deposition of calcium in them and endothelial walls. Probably the excess of n-3 has caused the opposite effect to their anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic and anti-aggregatory functions. Hypercholesterolemic diets caused hepatic steatosis and high intake of Omega-6 to the detriment of low consumption of Omega -3 induced chronic hepatitis. High consumption of Omega-3, no cholesterol, decreased hepatic steatosis in animals. Highlighting the importance of the balanced intake of this fatty acids, since this enzyme is controlled by circulating free cholesterol. In dose-response test in endothelial cells of the rabbits aorta was evident that the best ratio of n-6: n-3, nine times more than the recommended concentration of Omega 3 to 5:1.

Em equinos é descrita uma variabilidade na qualidade do sêmen congelado, relacionada principalmente a variações consideráveis na composição da membrana plasmática do espermatozoide. Neste contexto, estudos investigam alternativas para aumentar a fertilidade ao se usar sêmen congelado, e a adição de ácidos graxos polinsaturados ao diluente de congelamento é sugerida. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da adição de diferentes níveis de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados: ácido eicosanóico e ácido docosahexaenóico, em meio diluente específico para a espécie sobre as características do espermatozoide pós-descongelamento. Foi utilizado sêmen de quatro garanhões (quatro ejaculados por garanhão) da raça Crioula. O sêmen foi diluído em diluente de congelamento comercial a base de gema de ovo, glicerol e dimetilformamida (Botu-Crio©) ajustando a concentração para 200 x 10⁶ espermatozoides viáveis/mL (grupo controle) e, na sequência, os demais tratamentos: adição de ácido docosahexaenóico nas doses 25μm e 50μm /mL e ácido eicosanóico nas doses 25μm e 50μm /mL. Após o descongelamento foram realizadas análises de cinética espermática no sistema de Análise Computadorizada para Avaliação Espermática, das seguintes variáveis: motilidade total, motilidade progressiva, motilidade rápida, motilidade lenta, motilidade local, velocidade de trajeto, velocidade progressiva, velocidade curvilinear, amplitude do deslocamento lateral da cabeça, frequência de batimentos, retilinearidade e linearidade; e avaliação da integridade física através do uso de sondas fluorescentes, e funcionalidade de membrana pelo teste hiposmótico. Não ouve diferença nas variáveis avaliadas. Este é o primeiro estudo que descreve a adição de ácido eicosanóico ao sêmen equino. Concluí-se a adição de ácido docosahexaenóico e eicosanóico nas concentrações testadas não alterou as variáveis avaliadas no sêmen de garanhões da raça Crioula. / In equines, a variability in the quality of frozen semen is described, mainly related to the considerable variations in the composition of the sperm plasma membrane. In this context, studies investigate alternatives to increase fertility when using frozen semen, and the addition of polyunsaturated fatty acids to the freezing diluent is suggested. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of different levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids: eicosanoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, in specific diluent medium for the species on the characteristics of the post-thawing spermatozoa. Semen was used of four stallions (four ejaculates per stallion) of the Crioula breed. The semen was diluted in commercial freezing diluent based on egg yolk, glycerol and dimethylformamide (Botu-Crio ©) by adjusting the concentration to 200 x 10 vi viable spermatozoa / mL (control group) and, in sequence, the other treatments: addition of docosahexaenoic acid at 25μm and 50μm / mL and eicosanoic acid at 25μm and 50μm / mL. After thawing, sperm kinetics analyzes were performed in the Computerized Analysis System for Sperm Evaluation, of the following variables: total motility, progressive motility, rapid motility, slow motility, local motility, path velocity, progressive velocity, curvilinear velocity, lateral head displacement amplitude, beating frequency, linearity and linearity; and evaluation of physical integrity through the use of fluorescent probes, and membrane functionality by the hyposmotic test. No difference in the variables evaluated. This is the first study to describe the addition of eicosanoic acid to equine semen. We concluded that with the addition of docosahexaenoic and eicosanoic acid at the concentrations tested did not alter the variables evaluated in the semen of Crioula stallions.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao Katia Alvarez Rodriguez.pdf: 22830774 bytes, checksum: 7da7c913719a287d7f9ec9ce099f951e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Hospital Central do Exército / Nos últimos anos a obesidade mórbida tem despertado grande interesse em pesquisadores, particularmente no que diz respeito às alterações metabólicas e nutricionais e está associada a várias co-morbidades entre elas a hipertensão arterial, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemias. Dentro dessa abordagem, diversas pesquisas têm sido conduzidas visando o desenvolvimento de modalidades terapêuticas que tenham impacto positivo na obesidade. Este estudo tem como principal objetivo avaliar a ação terapêutica da farinha de linhaça na redução do peso e na diminuição do risco de doença cardiovascular em indivíduos obesos mórbidos candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica. Este ensaio clínico de caráter prospectivo, randomizado e duplo-cego cruzado comparado ao placebo, foi realizado com 21 pacientes com diagnóstico de obesidade mórbida que são acompanhados no Hospital Central do Exército através da equipe multidisciplinar do grupo de obesidade. Os pacientes foram randomizados para a suplementação da farinha de linhaça (contendo 20 g em forma de barra de cereal) e placebo e avaliados por um período de 30 dias consecutivos, com intervalo de 30 dias após a administração das barras para a posterior inversão da administração dos mesmos por mais um período de 30 dias, foram submetidos à uma avaliação clínica, dietética, antropométrica e laboratorial. No presente estudo, o estado nutricional e metabólico foi avaliado pelo Índice de Massa Corpórea (IMC), circunferências cintura (CC), quadril (CQ), relação cintura /quadril (RC/Q) e dosagens bioquímicas de glicemia em jejum, perfil lipídico e Proteína C Reativa (PCR). Os achados entre os grupos foram comparados pela análise de variância. O valor de p foi significante se p< 0,05. Observou-se redução significativa para PCR com p valor= 0,01 e nos valores antropométricos como peso, IMC, CC e R C/Q com p valor < 0,05. Na presente experiência, houve adesão e tolerância satisfatória ao consumo às barras de cereal, mostrando que a ingestão de 20g/dia de farinha de linhaça pode apresentar efeitos positivos na diminuição do peso e PCR, diminuindo assim, complicações metabólicas e cardiovasculares futuras, com consequente diminuição da mortalidade / In recent years, morbid obesity has attracted great interest by researchers, particularly regarding metabolic and nutritional changes and it is associated with multiple co-morbidities including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemias. Within this approach, many studies have been conducted for the development of therapeutic modalities that have positive impact on obesity. This study aims to evaluate the therapeutic action of flaxseed flour on weight reduction and decreased risk of cardiovascular disease in morbidly obese candidates for bariatric surgery. This prospective clinical trial of character, randomized, double-blind crossover comparison with placebo, was conducted on 21 patients diagnosed with morbid obesity that are followed in the Central Army Hospital by a multidisciplinary team of the group of obesity. Patients were randomized to supplementation of flaxseed meal (containing 20 g bar-shaped cereal) and placebo it is evaluated for a period of 30 consecutive days with an interval of 30 days after administration of the bars for the subsequent reversal of the administration the same for over a period of 30 days and after, underwent a clinical evaluation, dietary, anthropometric and laboratory. In this study, nutritional and metabolic status were evaluated by body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist / hip ratio (RC / Q) and biochemical measurements of fasting glucose, lipid profile and C-reactive protein (CPR). The findings were compared between groups by analysis of variance. The p value was significant at p <0.05.There was a significant result for PCR with p value = 0.01. Significant reduction in the assessment of weight, BMI, WC and WHR, with p value <0.05. In this experiment, there was satisfactory compliance and tolerance to the consumption of cereal bars, showing that the intake of 20g/day of flaxseed flour may have positive effects in reducing the weight and CRP, thereby reducing future cardiovascular and metabolic complications, with consequent decreased mortality