[pt] Modelos ambientais são ferramentas importantes para a avaliação de impactos, para o controle da poluição e para medidas de remediação e de segurança em um Sistema de Gerenciamento Ambiental. Esses modelos fornecem uma estimativa do comportamento de algumas substâncias químicas (contaminantes) nos compartimentos ambientais (água, ar, solo e sedimento) em função das características físico- químicas e de transporte dessas substâncias e de dados ambientais. O estudo da transferência de substâncias químicas entre os compartimentos ambientais e as concentrações resultantes nesses compartimentos é um pré- requisito indispensável para a avaliação da provável exposição, de processos de acumulação e da toxicidade para os organismos vivos, incluindo o homem. Nesse trabalho, o contaminante de interesse é o urânio usado no ciclo do combustível nuclear. Nesse caso, as águas superficiais representam um importante caminho pelo qual o material radioativo pode ser dispersado de uma instalação nuclear para o meio ambiente e daí para o homem. O transporte do urânio em uma lagoa artificial, que recebe os efluentes tratados das Unidades de Fabricação de Pó e Pastilhas de UO2 (Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil S.A. em Resende/RJ) foi estudado. A partir de análises do urânio total no sedimento da lagoa, por fluorimetria, de julho a dezembro de 2002, o coeficiente de distribuição (KD) foi calculado. O valor encontrado para KD confirma o caminho principal de transporte do urânio para o sedimento. Com o auxílio de dados meteorológicos, verificou-se que as menores concentrações de urânio total no sedimento ocorreram durante os meses de chuva. / [en] Environmental models are important tools for impact evaluation, pollution control and remediation and safety measures in an Environment Management System. These models provide an estimate of the behavior of some chemicals (contaminants) in the environmental compartments (water, air, soil and sediment) as a function of the physical chemical and transport characteristics of these substances and of environmental data. The study of the contaminant transfer among the environmental compartments and the resulting concentrations in these compartments is an essential prerequisite for assessing the likely exposition, the accumulation processes and the toxicity for the living organisms, including man. In this work, the contaminant of interest is the uranium used in the nuclear fuel cycle. In this case, the surface waters represent an important pathway by which the radioactive material can be dispersed from a nuclear installation to the environment and from there to man. The uranium transport in an artificial pond, that receives the treated effluents from the uranium dioxide (UO2) powder and pellets plants (Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil S.A. em Resende/RJ), was studied. From the analyses of total uranium in the pond sediment, by fluorimetry, from July to December of 2002, the distribution coefficient (KD) was calculated. The value found for KD confirms the main pathway for uranium transport to the sediment. With the aid of meteorological data, it was observed that the lower concentrations of total uranium in the sediment occurred during the rainy months.

The topic of this thesis is the impact of fish pond harvest on water quality especially on concentration of suspended solids and phosphorous. Goal of the study is to contribute to ongoing discussion about carp aquaculture's role in fresh water pollution. Sampling was carried out in five carp ponds in the Třeboňsko Protected Landscape Area. Main monitored parameters were concentration of suspended solids and total phosphorous during pond drainage and fish harvest.Results of the study confirmed very negative impact of fish harvest on water quality in recipient water.

The diploma thesis focuses on problematics connected to the flood and individual kinds of anti-flooding measures in agriculturally used landscape. Theoretical part of the thesis is devoted to the general description of flood problematic. It contains basic terms connected with floods, mentions causes and flood categories, and also the factors that influence it's progress. Thesis includes precautions and solutions of the anti-flood protection. In the practical part of the thesis is characterised chosen region with flood risk. Analysis of the present state includes field research. As a result of the discovered risks have been selected appropriate anti-flood measures for stated location.

This thesis focuses on the issue of water tanks especially in the aspect of their functions, maintenance, reconstruction, development and revitalization of tanks. It also deals with the application of reservoirs in agricultural landscape. This thesis contains a description and evaluation of the history and development of tanks in the selected location of South Bohemia, which is the catchment Mladějovický stream. Within the selected and interested area contains a estimate of the economic severity of reconstruction tanks.

My thesis is focused on the influence of water areas on the proposal of a new land arrangement in land adjustment. I chose the cadastral area of Žár u Nových Hradů and Netřebice. I made the work by comparing maps of land cadastre, land register and comprehensive landscaping project, where I focused on the comparison of changes in arrangement and area of ponds and reservoirs with adjacent land and changes in ownership.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / We studied species richness, abundance and spatial-temporal distribution of tadpole communities in eight ponds in an area of Cerrado in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. We carried out this study during a rainy season (October 2009 to March 2010). We determined the spatial and temporal niche breadth by standardized Levins index, and we used null models to explore the patterns of niche overlap. Additionally, we evaluated the influence of environmental descriptors and spatial distribution of ponds on the studied communities using redundancy analysis (RDA) applied to three phases of the rainy season (outset, middle and the end). We recorded tadpoles of 18 species belonging to four families: Hylidae, Leiuperidae, Leptodactylidae, and Microhylidae. Most species was considered specialist regarding to spatial niche breadth a (BA <0.20), and generalist regarding the temporal niche breadth (BA> 0.50). The spatial niche overlap did not differ from expected by chance, while the temporal niche overlap was clearly not random. Niche overlap was negatively correlated with ecomorphological guilds, even after removed the phylogenetic effects. This pattern seems figure a mechanism to reduce the competitive pressure among ecologically similar species. In relation to environmental and spatial components, these presented differential influence and importance along the rainy season. In early season pond area and the percentage of marginal vegetation up to 30 cm height were the descriptors related to community organization. During the full rainy season, the percentage of marginal vegetation up to 40 cm height, percentage of flat margin profile, pond depth, as well as two spatial co-variables explained the spatial distribution of species, followed by pure environmental variables and by pure spatial variables. At the end of rainy season no environmental or spatial and descriptor was included in the model. The importance of environmental descriptors of spatial components of spatially structured descriptors varied throughout the rainy season, indicating that dynamic processes occurs along the time are responsible for the organization of the studied communities. / Estudamos a riqueza, a abundância e a distribuição espaço-temporal de comunidades de girinos em oito poças em uma área de cerrado no estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Nós realizamos o presente estudo durante uma estação chuvosa (outubro de 2009 a março de 2010). Assim, determinamos a amplitude de nicho espacial e temporal, através do Índice de Levins padronizado e utilizamos modelos nulos para explorar os padrões de sobreposição de nicho. Adicionalmente, avaliamos influência de descritores ambientais e da distribuição espacial das poças sobre as comunidades de girinos estudadas. Para tanto, utilizamos análises de redundância (RDA), considerando três fases da estação chuvosa (início, meio e final). Registramos girinos de 18 espécies, pertencentes a quatro famílias: Hylidae, Leiuperidae, Leptodactylidae e Microhylidae. Em relação à amplitude de nicho espacial, a maioria das espécies foi considerada especialista em relação à utilização das poças (BA < 0,20), enquanto no nicho temporal a maioria foi considerada generalista (BA > 0,50). A sobreposição de nicho espacial não diferiu do esperado ao acaso, enquanto a sobreposição de nicho temporal foi claramente não aleatória. A sobreposição de nicho temporal apresentou correlação negativa com as guildas ecomorfológicas, mesmo após retirado o efeito filogenético. Tal padrão pode figurar um mecanismo de diminuição da pressão competitiva entre as espécies ecologicamente similares. Em relação aos componentes ambientais e espaciais, estes tiveram influência e importância diferenciadas ao longo da estação chuvosa. No início estação a área das poças e a porcentagem de vegetação marginal com até 30 cm de altura, foram os descritores relacionados à organização das comunidades. Durante a estação chuvosa plena, a porcentagem da vegetação marginal com até 40 cm de altura, a porcentagem de margens planas, a profundidade, bem como duas covariáveis espaciais explicaram a distribuição espacial das espécies, seguida pelas variáveis ambientais puras e pelas variáveis espaciais puras. Ao final da estação chuvosa nenhum descritor ambiental ou espacial foi incluído no modelo. A importância dos descritores ambientais, do componente espacial e dos descritores espacialmente estruturados variou ao longo da estação chuvosa, indicando que processos dinâmicos ao longo do tempo são responsáveis pela organização das comunidades larvárias estudadas.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:28:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1243360 bytes, checksum: 1a76113c574d181605d3082a1e118459 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-26 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Microalgae are currently considered to be one of the most promising alternative sources for biodiesel production. Variations in growing conditions, combined with the cultivation in wastewater are usually employed in order to maximize lipids accumulation at a relatively low cost. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different light intensities and ultraviolet predisinfection system in the lipid characterization of microalgae cultivated in high rate ponds, using wastewater as growing medium. Twelve high rate algal ponds were operated in parallel. Six of them received UASB effluent, and the others six had as growth medium UASB effluent that had previously passed through an ultraviolet pre-disinfection system. The units were also covered with shade screens for blocking 9, 18, 30 and 60% of solar radiation. The results showed that Chlorella and Desmodesmus were the dominant genera in all units. The total lipid content did not vary significantly among the units; the medium value was 9.5%. Units with higher solar radiation blocking were the ones that least accumulated lipids. Besides photosynthetically active radiation measured in the air (PAR), the variables subaquatic PAR, VSS concentration and chlorophyll-a concentration were the ones that best explained lipid accumulation. In terms of lipid productivity, the unit with more shadow and without the pre-disinfection system was the most productive, with mean value of 1.21 g. m-2.d-1. The lipid profile had a predominance of C16, C18:1 e C18:3 acids. The condition with 60% shade and without the pre-disinfection system was the one that combined the best lipids characteristics, qualitative and quantitative, for biodiesel production. / Microalgas são, atualmente, consideradas como uma das mais promissoras fontes alternativas para a produção de biodiesel. Variações nas condições de cultivo, aliadas ao cultivo em águas residuárias, são usualmente empregadas, visando maximizar o acúmulo de lipídeos a um custo relativamente baixo. Esse estudo objetivou investigar a influência de diferentes intensidades luminosas e da prédesinfecção por radiação ultravioleta na caracterização lipídica de microalgas cultivadas em lagoas de alta taxa, utilizando esgoto doméstico como meio de cultivo. Foram operadas em paralelo doze lagoas de alta taxa. Uma linha era composta de seis lagoas que receberam efluentes domésticos diretamente do reator UASB, e a outra linha de seis lagoas que tiveram como meio de cultivo efluente doméstico do UASB que passou por processo prévio de desinfecção ultravioleta. As unidades foram ainda cobertas com telas de sombreamento para o bloqueio de 9, 18, 30, 60 e 80% da radiação solar. Os resultados mostraram que os gêneros Chlorella e Desmodesmus foram os dominantes em todas as unidades. O teor de lipídeos totais não variou significativamente entre as unidades, ficando em torno de 9,5%. As unidades com maior bloqueio da radiação solar foram as que menos acumularam lipídeos. Além da radiação solar fotossinteticamente ativa medida no ar (PAR), as variáveis PAR subaquática, concentração de SSV e de clorofila a explicaram o acúmulo de lipídeos. Em termos de produtividade lipídica, a unidade com maior sombreamento e sem a pré-desinfecção UV foi a mais produtiva, com valor médio de 1,21 g. m-2.d-1. O perfil lipídico teve maior predominância dos ácidos graxos C16, C18:1 e C18:3. De forma geral, a condição com 60% de sombra e sem a pré-desinfecção UV, foi a que aliou as melhores características, em termos de quantidade e qualidade, dos lipídeos acumulados para produção de biodiesel.

The study deals with a description of vegetation of part of catchment area of Oslava river between villages Velke Mezirici and Vanec. The search had been realised during the vegetation seasons of the years 2006 and 2007. There are characterised geological-petrographical, soil, climatic, hydrographic ratios and basic phytogeographical characteristics of this area in the form of a search. Selected genera of the observed plants was characterised and their incidence is figured in the schematic maps of the area. There were found out 327 kinds of plants there. In the annex there are attached schematic maps with places of occurence of the plant genera and photographic documentation.

The diploma thesis The preparation of an educational pathway Hluboka upon Vltava - Zoo Ohrada deals with compiling of the terrain in the neighbourhood of the Zoo Ohrada, subsequent creating of designs and texts for individual information boards. The Educational pathway is called, "On the dam of the Municky pond". The first part of the diploma thesis describes physical-geographical characteristics of the defined area and the history of building educational pathways in the Czech Republic, their types and classification. One chapter is devoted to building educational pathways and possibilities of their financing. The content of the second part of the diploma thesis is a design of the educational pathway itself, texts about individual stages, suggestions for an arrangement of information on information boards including visual documentation, their marking and realization. Scope of the boards is varied, they provide a lot of information about flora and fauna that can be found in this area and also information about natural and environmental regularities and relationships between organisms. A part of the diploma thesis is also a methodical guide with plenty of games, suggestions and activities to make the course of the educational pathway more interesting. The appendix of the diploma thesis contains fotodocumentation, maps and a set of worksheets wit a key.

Dagvattnet från Märsta är belastat med bland annat tungmetaller och näringsämnen. Vattnet hamnar i Märstaån och transporteras vidare ut till Mälaren. Steningedalens våtmark är ett dammsystem som renar och fördröjer en del av Märstaåns flöde före transport ut mot Mälaren.   Syftet med detta självständiga arbete på kandidatnivå har varit att undersöka anläggningens reningsfunktion med hjälp av sedimentprovtagning. Sedimentprover har tagits vid in- och utloppet och en kemisk analys av dessa har utförts i ett ackrediterat laboratorium. Resultaten från in- och utloppet har jämförts för att se om det sker en minskning av föroreningar genom systemet. Fem sedimentfällor har placerats ut i delar av dammsystemet för att undersöka sedimentfördelningen och muddringsbehovet i anläggningen. Resultatet av studien visade att dammsystemet har en god vattenreningsfunktion med avseende på tungmetallerna bly, nickel, kadmium, krom, koppar och zink samt näringsämnet fosfor. Anläggningen har bedömts att vara i behov av muddring. / In Märsta, the storm water is contaminated with heavy metals and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) among other pollutants. The water emits to the river Märstaån and further to the lake Mälaren. The wetland of Steningedalen is a pond system that delays part of the stream in Märstaån and purifies the water on its way through the system. This independent project is based on investigation of the purification functioning at Steningedalen wetland. The investigation has been done by sediment sampling and analysis. The samples were taken from the inlet and the outlet of the pond system. Chemical analysis has been made on these samples in an accredited laboratory. The results were compared in order to see if there is a trend through the system. Five sediment traps were placed in parts of the system to study the distribution of the sediment and the need of dredging. The results of the study have concluded that the stormwater pond system has a good water purification function with regard to heavy metals lead, nickel, cadmium, chromium, copper and and zinc aswell as the nutrient phosphorous. The study has also shown that the system is in need of dredging.