Regulations with respect to the storage and handling of animal waste by livestock operations state that no person shall keep animals in a permanent confinement area unless there is a nutrient management strategy. Various studies indicate that constructed wetlands and vegetative filters are effective add-on technologies to supplement the treatment provided by conventional sedimentation pond systems in livestock operations. Seven months of data from a Pond/Wetland/Vegetative Filter system receiving cattle feedlot runoff were used to i) evaluate its efficiency removing organic matter, solids and nutrients from water, (ii) quantify constructed wetland kinetic removal rates described by the P-C-k model and examine the impact of temperature, (iii) evaluate and compare the performance of a two types of vegetative filter systems at different hydraulic loading rates; and (iv) recommend an optimum management option with design loading for beef producers. Results indicate that the effect of isolated rain events on the performance of the wetland showed to be contingent on the intensity of the event, former humidity conditions of the feedlot and the hydraulic capacity of the wetland. This experiment suggests that even relatively small VFSs or short FPs can markedly improve quality of runoff from livestock operations, and that it is possible to achieve significant mass and concentration removals if they are properly operated and maintained in conjunction with a pre-treatment system. The Pond/Wetland/Vegetative Filter system was effective at reducing Chemical Oxygen Demand COD (+92%), Total Phosphorus (+93%), Orthophosphate as P (+91%), Total Inorganic Nitrogen (+96%), Ammonia as N (+97%) and Nitrate as N (+82%) from manure and exercise yard runoff, providing a cost-effective treatment option for beef producers.

Os microorganismos estão entre os maiores responsáveis pela transformação dos compostos orgânicos em uma lagoa de estabilização e são a chave do sucesso deste tratamento. A utilização de técnicas de biologia molecular em conjunto é uma das melhores formas para obter resultados mais confiáveis. A estrutura da comunidade microbiana na lagoa de estabilização facultativa da estação de tratamento de esgoto doméstico do Município de Cajati foi descrita baseada nos padrões dos fragmentos do gene RNAr 16S por PCR-DGGE, CARD-FISH, biblioteca de clones de gene RNAr 16S e sequenciamento. Os padrões obtidos com o DGGE foram correlacionados com as variáveis ambientais coletadas por análise de redundância (RDA). As amostras foram coletadas em três períodos para o estudo da variação temporal, coletou-se em três profundidades (superfície, 0,7 m e 1,5 m) para o estudo espacial vertical e em nove pontos a 0,7 m de profundidade para o estudo espacial horizontal da comunidade. / Microorganisms are amongst the most responsible for the conversion of sewage organic compounds and they are the key of the treatment success. The combination of two or more molecular techniques in this kind of assessment allows getting more accurate results concerning a microbial community. The facultative stabilization pond microbial community structure of domestic sewage treatment from Cajati city was characterized based on 16S RNAr gene fragments patterns from PCR-DGGE, FISH, 16S RNAr gene clone library and sequencing. The patterns obtained by DGGE were co-related to environmental variables by redundancy analysis (RDA). The samples were collected in three intervals to study the seasonal variation, it was collected in three depth (surface, 0,7 m and 1,5 m) to the vertical assessment and in nine spots at 0,7 m depth for the horizontal assessment of the microbial community.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:28:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseCSRMP.pdf: 1996119 bytes, checksum: e3d20d79ade645245302f68c4d73f873 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-29 / Three experiments were carried out at the Aquaculture Section of the Center for the Technological Development of Agribusiness in Pindamonhangaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil, whose objective was to test the use of low-volume cages in populated or not populated ponds, aiming for a better utilization of the flooded area, as well as to assess the productivity of tilapia strains. The experiments were brought to an end when the units from at least one treatment reached mean weight value of 500g (commercial size). The first experiment was carried out from March to July 2000 (fall/winter). Three cages populated with Thai tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) male juveniles, and three cages populated with red tilapia Oreochromis urolepis hornorum x Oreochromis mossambicus) male juveniles, at densities of 200, 250 and 300 fish/m³ were placed in each pond. After 126 days of culture, final mean weight and mean biomass were the double for the Thai tilapia than for the red one at the studied densities. The red tilapia did not reach commercial size at any of the densities. Feed conversion ranged from 1.24 to 1.50:1 among the densities, and survival rate was over 90% for all the treatments. The studied abiotic variables, with the exception of temperature, exhibited suitable values for the culture of tilapia. The objective of the second experiment, carried out from February to April 2001 (summer/fall), was to assess the productivity of the Thai tilapia in cages (intensive culture) placed in populated (semiintensive culture) or not populated ponds. Six cages with Thai tilapia males, at densities of 200, 250 and 300 fish/m³ were placed in the two ponds (V1 and V2). V2 was also populated with 4800 free male units of the same species. After 76 days of culture, the tilapia from the cages in P1 reached mean weight higher than 500g. In V2, only the units kept at the density of 200 fish/m³ reached 500g.Apparent feed conversion was around 1.0:1 for the confined fish and 1.3:1 for the free ones; survival rate was over 90% for all the treatments. The net yield in V2 was 2.7 times higher than in V1.The third experiment, carried out between February and June 2002 (summer/fall), examined the productivity of the Thai tilapia, as well as the effect of the amount of cages on the pond carrying capacity. Two ponds (V1 and V2) were populated with 4800 Thai tilapia male units. Six cages with 250 units each were placed in V1, and twelve (also with 250 units each) were placed in V2. After 60 days, the mortality rate in V2 was 35% for the confined population and 15% for the free fish, due to a sharp decrease in the dissolved oxygen concentration, suggesting that the pond had reached its maximum carrying capacity. At the end of the experiment, after 120 days of culture, only the units from the cages placed in V1 reached commercial size. / Foram conduzidos três experimentos no Setor de Aqüicultura do Pólo Regional do Desenvolvimento Tecnológico dos Agronegócios em Pindamonhangaba SP, visando testar a utilização de tanques-rede de pequeno volume em viveiros de piscicultura povoados ou não, procurando melhor aproveitamento da área inundada, e avaliar o desempenho produtivo de linhagens de tilápia. Os experimentos foram encerrados quando os exemplares de pelo menos um dos tratamentos atingiram peso médio de 500g (porte comercial). O primeiro experimento foi conduzido de março a julho de 2000 (outono/inverno). Foram colocados, em cada viveiro, três tanques-rede com machos juvenis de tilápia tailandesa (Oreochromis niloticus) e três com os de tilápia vermelha (Oreochromis urolepis hornorum x Oreochromis mossambicus), nas densidades de 200, 250 e 300 peixes/m3. Após 126 dias de cultivo, o peso e a biomassa média final, nas densidades estudadas, para a linhagem tailandesa foram o dobro daqueles obtidos pela vermelha que em nenhuma das densidades atingiu o porte comercial. A conversão alimentar variou de 1,24 a 1,50:1 entre as densidades, e a taxa de sobrevivência foi superior a 90% para todos os tratamentos. As variáveis abióticas analisadas, exceto a temperatura, apresentaram valores adequados à tilapicultura. O segundo experimento, realizado de fevereiro a abril de 2001(verão/outono), visou avaliar o desempenho produtivo da tilápia tailandesa em tanques-rede (cultivo intensivo), instalados em viveiros povoados (cultivo semi-intensivo) ou não. Seis tanques-rede com machos de tailandesa nas densidades de 200, 250 e 300 peixes/m³, foram instalados nos dois viveiros (V1 e V2). O V2 foi povoado ainda com 4800 exemplares livres. Com 76 dias de cultivo as tilápias dos tanques-rede do V1 atingiram peso médio superior à 500g e no V2 somente as da densidade de 200peixes/m3. A conversão alimentar aparente foi ao redor de 1,0:1 para os peixes confinados e de 1,3:1 para os livres e a taxa de sobrevivência, superior a 90% para todos os tratamentos. A receita líquida no V2 foi 2,7 vezes superior a do V1. O terceiro experimento, realizado de fevereiro a junho de 2002 (verão/outono), verificou o desempenho produtivo da tilápia tailandesa e a capacidade do viveiro em suportar diferentes quantidades de tanques-rede. Em dois viveiros com 4800 machos de tailandesa foram instalados tanques-rede com 250 exemplares cada, sendo seis no viveiro V1 e doze no viveiro V2. Após 60 dias ocorreu a mortalidade de 35% da população confinada e de 15% dos peixes livres no V2, devido à queda brusca da concentração de oxigênio dissolvido sugerindo que este viveiro atingiu sua capacidade suporte. No final do experimento, com 120 dias de cultivo, apenas os exemplares dos tanques-rede instalados no V1 atingiram o porte comercial.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-06-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:31:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 jasper_sp_me_botfca.pdf: 792511 bytes, checksum: 4bdbd9741d526729aa0258b4ad5f7d95 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O grande desenvolvimento obtido pela suinocultura brasileira deve-se, principalmente, à intensificação dos sistemas produtivos implicando em aumento da densidade, restrição de espaço, da movimentação, além da melhoria genética e nutricional. Animais com elevadas taxas de ganho de peso e eficiência alimentar são, cada vez mais, confinados e alimentados com dietas contendo maior densidade de nutrientes. A adoção de sistemas confinados de produção tem trazido, entretanto, graves problemas operacionais como a concentração de dejetos e o considerável aumento do uso de água para limpeza das instalações. Para solucionar tal problema é importante a utilização de técnicas simples e com baixo custo de instalação, como por exemplo, o sistema inovador de alagados construídos para o tratamento de águas residuárias provenientes da suinocultura. Por outro lado, há técnicas difundidas há bastante tempo, como exemplo, as lagoas de estabilização, pioneiras no Brasil. A composição e o volume das águas residuárias oriundas da suinocultura têm relação direta com o manejo dos dejetos adotado. A adoção de sistemas de manejos de resíduos de forma mais racional evita a perda de água, permitindo uma produção ambiental mais justa com baixo custo. 2 Este trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver uma análise econômica detalhada entre os sistemas de alagados construídos, tipo combinado e lagoas de estabilização, do modelo facultativa, em função de seis tamanhos de granjas de terminação e dois manejos aplicados nos dejetos (manejo úmido x manejo seco). Os resultados mostraram que o sistema de alagados construído combinado, operando com manejo seco dos dejetos, foram as hipóteses que apresentaram os melhores índices econômicos, ou seja, os menores custos de implantação, anual, por suíno e por quilograma de carne produzida... / The great Brazilian pig breeding development was done due to the intensification of productive systems with density increase, space restriction and movement, and also genetic and nutritional improvement. Animals with high weigh gain rate and feed efficiency are restricted and feed with high density nutrient diet. However, a restricted production system has brought severe operational problems such as dregs concentration and an increase necessity to use water to keep the installations clean. In order to solve this problem, is important to use simple techniques and low cost installations, for example the innovator system called combine wetlands, to treat the pig breeding waste water. On the other side, techniques used for a long time such as facultative pond was pioneer in Brazil. The components and volume of waste dreg water from pig breeding have a direct relation with the adopted dreg management system. The adoption of a rational dreg management system avoids water waste allowing an environmental fair production with low production cost. This work developed a detailed economical analysis between the constructed wetland system, model combine and stabilization pond, type facultative, in function of six pig end raising grange size and two dreg management systems (alternative x conventional). The results showed the constructed wetlands working with dried dejects management system the hypothesis with best economic indexes, such as a lower implementation cost, annual cost, cost per animal and per kilogram of produced meat and also required the smaller recommended area. At pig end raising granges with wet dejects management, lower implementation cost, annual cost, cost per animal and per kilogram of produced meat was found on stabilization ponds type facultative, however this technique requires big areas to be used.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LibertalamarBS.pdf: 1245835 bytes, checksum: e50b7694a4b730a50be93e5d2ce30412 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-01 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Stabilization ponds are an effective sewage treatment alternative for the climatic conditions prevailing in Brazil. In the present work, a primary facultative pond was studied, in the city of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Northeast Brazil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sedimentation dynamics in the facultative pond. The pond was divided in three section or zones along its length starting from the inlet end namely A1, A2 and A3. The research was accomplished in three phases. In the first the mapping of the sludge layer was done, sludge core samples were also collected for analysis for total, fixed and volatile solids and the depth of the sludge layer was determined using a portable echo sounder. In the second solids sedimentation rates were measured using traps placed in the inlet and outlet zones and in the third phase resuspension sludge was evaluate using a tracer. The amount accumulated sludge since the start operation was 13.583 m3. The sedimentation constant averages changed between 0.93 to 2.94 and 3.90 to 5.80 for the depths of 0.5 and 1.0 m respectively. The relationship between volatile and fixed solids (SV/SF) increased along the pond. The removal efficiencies were 52.12%, 36.09%, and 37.50% for BOD, COD and SS, respectively. The sludge accumulation model proposed had a good adjustment with 0.17 m3/hab.year rate. The results presented here demonstrated that the wind had a direct influence on the sedimentation of solids in this pond affecting the efficiency and sludge accumulation / As lagoas de estabiliza??o s?o alternativas vi?veis para o tratamento de esgoto no Brasil, pelas condi??es clim?ticas. Neste trabalho foi estudada uma lagoa facultativa prim?ria, na cidade do Natal, estado do Rio Grande do Norte. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a din?mica de sedimenta??o. A lagoa foi dividida em tr?s se??es ao longo de sua extens?o denominadas A1, A2 e A3 e o estudo foi dividido em tr?s fases. Na primeira foram feitos o mapeamento da camada de lodo, caracteriza??o do lodo e a determina??o da espessura por batimetria. Na segunda, a taxa de sedimenta??o de s?lidos foi determinada usando armadilhas suspensas verticalmente na coluna de ?gua a 50 cm e 100 cm de profundidade. Na terceira fase a re-suspens?o dos s?lidos foi verificada com tra?ador em 10% do volume da lagoa. Amostras de afluente e efluente foram coletadas para an?lise de pH, DBO, DQO e s?lidos suspensos. O volume de lodo acumulado desde o come?o da opera??o do sistema, foi de 13.583 m3. As constantes m?dias de sedimenta??o variaram entre 0,93 a 2,94 e 3,90 a 5,80 para as profundidades de 0,5 e 1 m, respectivamente. A rela??o entre s?lidos vol?teis e fixos (SV/SF) na camada de lodo aumentou ao longo da lagoa. As efici?ncias de remo??o foram de 52,09 %, 36,12%, 37,50 % para DBO, DQO e SST, respectivamente. A taxa de ac?mulo de lodo foi estimada em 0,17 m3. hab-1.ano-1 e o modelo matem?tico proposto conseguiu estimar de forma satisfat?ria o volume de lodo depositado. Os resultados mostram que a dire??o e a velocidade do vento tem uma influ?ncia direta na sedimenta??o dos s?lidos nesta lagoa afetando a efici?ncia e o ac?mulo de lodo

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CeresVCD_DISSERT.pdf: 2077286 bytes, checksum: e92bca4faf414c0d0c184dc10f694c85 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-24 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Experience in the use of stabilization ponds shows that this is a system with low cost, easy operation and maintenance and suitable for tropical countries. One of its disadvantages is due to high concentrations of suspended solids, mainly due to algal biomass in the effluents. Accordingly, the dissolved air flotation has been shown to be an efficient post-treatment technology. However, the efficiency of this process is related to coagulation and flocculation steps, as well as the adjustment of the involved variables in the process. The objective of this work was to evaluate the algae removal efficiency from wastewater stabilization ponds and the influence of the factors involved in the process using dissolved air flotation. For this, we used primary facultative and maturation effluents of ETE Ponta Negra in Natal. We did tests of coagulation, flocculation and flotation with the samples, using the equipment flotatest. In this process were tested coagulants aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride, and varied the factors pH, coagulant concentration, polymer concentration and rate of recirculation. At the end of the experiments were analyzed turbidity, suspended solids, color, COD and chlorophyll "a". These results were submitted to descriptive statistics to verify the efficiency of the process in general, and regression analysis to identify models that describe the process and demonstrate the factors that have greater influence on flotation. After step methodology, high values were found removal efficiency of suspended solids, reaching values greater than 90% in the best cases. It was concluded that flotation is more efficient in the facultative pond effluent using ferric chloride, and the variability of algae may negatively influence the process. Regression analyzes showed that pH is the most influential variable in the coagulation-flocculation-flotation, and its optimal value among the tested is 5.5 for both coagulants / A experi?ncia no uso de lagoas de estabiliza??o mostra que esse ? um sistema que apresenta baixo custo, f?cil opera??o e manuten??o e adequado a pa?ses tropicais. Apesar disso, uma de suas desvantagens est? relacionada ?s elevadas concentra??es de s?lidos suspensos, devido principalmente ? biomassa das algas nos efluentes. Com o objetivo de remover tais algas, a flota??o por ar dissolvido tem se mostrado como uma eficiente t?cnica de p?s-tratamento. No entanto, a efici?ncia desse processo est? relacionada ?s etapas de coagula??o e flocula??o pr?vias, bem como ao ajuste das vari?veis envolvidas no processo. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a efici?ncia de remo??o de algas de efluente de lagoas de estabiliza??o bem como a influ?ncia dos fatores envolvidos utilizando o processo de flota??o por ar dissolvido. Para isso, foi utilizado efluente das lagoas facultativa prim?ria e de matura??o da ETE Ponta Negra, em Natal. As amostras coletadas foram submetidas a ensaios de coagula??o, flocula??o e flota??o com vistas ? remo??o de s?lidos suspensos, utilizando-se o equipamento flotateste. Nesse processo foram testados os coagulantes sulfato de alum?nio e cloreto f?rrico, e variados os fatores pH, concentra??o de coagulante, concentra??o de pol?mero e taxa de recircula??o da ?gua saturada. Ao fim dos experimentos, foram analisados turbidez, s?lidos suspensos, cor, DQO e clorofila a . Esses resultados foram submetidos a estat?stica descritiva para verifica??o da efici?ncia do processo em geral, e an?lise de regress?o para identificar modelos que descrevam o processo e demonstrem os fatores que apresentam maior influ?ncia na flota??o. Ap?s o desenvolvimento dos ensaios, foram encontradas altas efici?ncias de remo??o de s?lidos suspensos, chegando a valores superiores a 90% nos melhores casos. Concluiu-se que a flota??o ? mais eficiente no efluente de lagoa facultativa utilizando-se o cloreto f?rrico, e que a variabilidade de algas pode influenciar negativamente no processo. As an?lises de regress?o demonstraram que o pH ? a vari?vel de maior influ?ncia na coagula??o-flocula??o-flota??o, sendo que o seu valor ?timo dentre os testados foi 5,5 para os dois coagulantes

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LigianneDCS_DISSET.pdf: 2777562 bytes, checksum: 699ad396b1a2d174d06a78ebb268c3b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-27 / Stabilization pond is the most used sewage treatment system in the country, corresponding to approximately 90% of all systems. The systems evaluated were stabilization ponds system of sewage treatment in the city of Natal / RN. This research aimed to analyze the possible uses through physical-chemical and bacteriological of these final effluent ponds for urban uses depending on the characteristics after passage around the treatment system. The parameters used were chosen according to those established by Chernicharo et al. (2006), in order to characterize the effluent. The parameters evaluated were: DO, temperature, pH, conductivity, organic nitrogen, ammonia, NTK, total phosphorus, and series of solid fecal coliforms. Generally, the characteristics of the effluent followed variability found in the literature. The results showed an efficiency that is technically feasible to use the effluent end of some of STPs analyzed when checked parameters alone, if fitting in unrestricted urban use, restricted use and urban land use / Lagoa de estabiliza??o ? o sistema de tratamento de esgoto mais utilizado no pa?s, correspondendo a cerca de 90% de todos os sistemas. Os sistemas avaliados s?o do tipo lagoas de estabiliza??o integrantes do sistema de tratamento de esgoto da cidade de Natal/RN. Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar os poss?veis usos atrav?s de caracter?sticas f?sico-qu?micas e bacteriol?gicas dos efluentes finais dessas lagoas para usos urbanos ? depender de suas caracter?sticas ap?s passagem por todo o sistema de tratamento. Os par?metros adotados foram escolhidos de acordo com os estabelecidos por Chernicharo et al. (2006), de modo a caracterizar o efluente. Os par?metros avaliados foram: OD, temperatura, pH, condutividade, nitrog?nio org?nico, am?nia, NTK, f?sforo total, s?rie de s?lidos e coliformes fecais. De forma geral, as caracter?sticas do efluente acompanharam a variabilidade encontrada na literatura. Os resultados encontrados mostraram que h? viabilidade t?cnica para utiliza??o dos efluentes finais de algumas das ETE analisadas, quando verificados par?metros isoladamente, se enquadrando no uso urbano irrestrito, uso urbano restrito e uso predial

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MoisesAFQ_DISSERT.pdf: 1322817 bytes, checksum: d69733a37de991cb265f0cf0939bee27 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This research evaluated the microalgae removal produced in a stabilization pond system using biofilters as post-treatment, besides characterizing the effluents of stabilization ponds and filters in relation to concentrations of algal biomass (chlorophyll a and suspended solids), organic matter (BOD and COD), total phosphorus, orthophosphate, pH and dissolved oxygen, and tried to correlate physicochemical parameters with chlorophyll "a". It was held at the Ponta Negra ETE which is constituted by three stabilization ponds, with a primary facultative pond and two of maturation. For the algae removal were used two submerged bio-filters: the filter FPF (Facultative Pond Filter), fed with facultative pond effluent; and the filter MPF (Maturation Pond Filter), fed with second maturation pond effluent. The filling material of both filters was predominantly gravel no. 2, although it contains portions of gravel no. 1 and no. 3. The filters operating conditions were bad, they were nearly 10 years without maintenance, without cleaning or removal of sludge since the time of its construction, and part of the filling material may be obstruct. Despite poor operating conditions were obtained satisfactory results, in level of posttreatment. Removal efficiencies in relation to BOD and COD were 7 and 25% in FPF and 9 and 19% and in MPF, respectively. In relation to TSS efficiencies in MPF and FPF were 37 and 20%, respectively. As for the chlorophyll "a" removal, the FPF efficiency was 44% and the MPF was 40%. There was 50% of consumption of dissolved oxygen, on average, within the filters. Two profiles were performed in the filters, and it was possible to conclude that variations throughout the day were not statistically significant, and that, regardless of the time of collection, they would have the same representation comparing to the time of data collection (7 am) and the daily average, although individual variations throughout the day have been shown to be significant. Another important observation is that the correlations between Chlorophyll a and TSS were bigger and more significant in the effluent of the filters than in the effluent of the ponds / A pesquisa avaliou a remo??o das microalgas produzidas em um sistema de lagoas de estabiliza??o utilizando biofiltros como p?s-tratamento, al?m de caracterizar os efluentes de lagoas de estabiliza??o e dos filtros no tocante ?s concentra??es de biomassa algal (clorofila a e s?lidos suspensos), mat?ria org?nica (DBO e DQO), ortofosfato, f?sforo total, pH e oxig?nio dissolvido, e buscou correlacionar os par?metros f?sico-qu?micos com a clorofila a . Foi realizada na ETE Ponta Negra que ? constitu?da por tr?s lagoas de estabiliza??o, sendo uma lagoa facultativa prim?ria e duas de matura??o. Para a remo??o das algas, foram utilizados dois biofiltros submersos: o filtro FLF -alimentado com efluente da lagoa facultativa; e o filtro FLM - alimentado com efluente da segunda lagoa de matura??o. O material de enchimento de ambos os filtros foi predominantemente brita n? 2, apesar de conter por??es de brita n? 1 e n? 3. As condi??es operacionais dos filtros eram p?ssimas, pois estavam h? quase 10 anos sem manuten??o, sem limpeza ou remo??o do lodo desde a ?poca da constru??o, podendo parte do material de enchimento estar colmatado. Apesar das condi??es operacionais prec?rias foram obtidos resultados satisfat?rios, em n?vel de p?s-tratamento. As efici?ncias de remo??o em rela??o ? DBO e DQO foram de 7 e 25% no FLF e 9 e 19% no FLM, respectivamente. Em rela??o aos SST as efici?ncias no FLF e FLM foram de 37 e 20%, respectivamente. Quanto ? remo??o de clorofila a , a efici?ncia no FLF foi de 44% e no FLM foi de 40%. Houve o consumo de 50% do oxig?nio dissolvido, em m?dia, no interior dos filtros. Foram realizados dois perfis nos filtros, e foi poss?vel concluir que as varia??es ao longo do dia n?o foram estatisticamente significativas, e que, independentemente do hor?rio da coleta, teriam a mesma representatividade ao comparar com o hor?rio da coleta da pesquisa (7 horas da manh?) e a m?dia di?ria, embora as varia??es pontuais ao longo do dia tenham se mostrado expressivas. Outra importante observa??o foi que as correla??es entre Clorofila a e SST foram maiores e mais significativas nos efluentes dos filtros do que nos efluentes das lagoas

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PedroASF.pdf: 2737700 bytes, checksum: d21b042ed827c2fb029870f975f7fdcf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-07 / This work intends to develop an approach based through scientific criteria in the operational diagnosis of ponds of stabilization, starting from analyses accomplished in loco and in laboratory of 78 systems of sewer treatment through ponds of stabilization in the State of Rio Grande do Norte. The objectives of the research are: to map, to evaluate and to diagnose the operational acting of the ponds of stabilization of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, through visits in loco and analyses laboratory; to build a SIG, through the map rain, locate the points of releases of sewages of the systems of existent ponds in Rio Grande do Norte, as well as operational data and his/her respective efficiency diagnosis in the removal of BOD and Coliforms Termotolerantes; to evaluate, in real scale, three systems of ponds of stabilization of RN in the operational efficiency for the parameters BOD5, COD, pH, Temperature, OD and Coliforms Termotolerantes. Of 78 ETEs of appraised RN just, 9% or 7 had maximum concepts in what concerns the removal of BOD and Coliforms Termotolerantes and 41% or 32, they had the worst concepts in term of operational efficiency. The flowing concentrations ETEs of RN of BOD and Coliforms were of 410mg/L and 2,50x107UFC/100ml, the predominant configuration is of the type F1+M1+M2, the relationship BOD/COD revealed for the sewer tributary characteristic biodegradable high. For the study of case of 3 ETEs, the best operational efficiencies in decreasing order were: Cidade (Municipal district), it Ro?a (State) and S?o Miguel (SAAE). The removals of final BOD were 51,6mg/L; 108,27mg/L and 62,6mg/L, tends efficiency of 82%; 74% and 81%. In term of coliforms removal in the final effluentes were 1,90x103UFC/100ml; 1,50x104UFC/100ml and 3,10x104UFC/100ml, tends efficiencies of 99,99%; 99,95% and 99,90%. In what it concerns the practice of agricultural re?so of cultures consumed raw, none of 3 ETEs assisted the parameters of the Resolution CONAMA 357/05, for other re?so practices, all assisted the categories B and C of OMS. For release in body receiving ETE Cidade just, they assist the demands of the resolution of CONAMA 357/05, by study of purification solemnity of the receiving body. The maintenance lack and operation; exclusive operator in ETEs and operation knowledge was the contributory factors for the operational fall in appraised ETEs of RN / Este trabalho se prop?e a desenvolver uma abordagem fundamentada atrav?s de crit?rios cient?ficos no diagn?stico operacional de lagoas de estabiliza??o, a partir de an?lises realizadas in loco e em laborat?rio de 78 sistemas de tratamento de esgoto por meio de lagoas de estabiliza??o no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Os objetivos da pesquisa s?o: mapear, avaliar e diagnosticar o desempenho operacional das lagoas de estabiliza??o do estado do Rio Grande do Norte, atrav?s de visitas in loco e an?lises laboratoriais; construir um SIG, atrav?s do mapa hidrogr?fico, locar os pontos de lan?amentos de efluentes dos sistemas de lagoas existentes no Rio Grande do Norte, como tamb?m dados operacionais e seu respectivo diagn?stico de efici?ncia na remo??o de DBO e Coliformes Termotolerantes; avaliar, em escala real, tr?s sistemas de lagoas de estabiliza??o do RN na efici?ncia operacional para os par?metros DBO5, DQO, pH, Temperatura, OD e Coliformes Termotolerantes. Das 78 ETEs do RN avaliadas apenas, 7 lagoas correspondente a 9%, tiveram conceito: Bom, que concerne a remo??o de DBO e Coliformes Termotolerantes e 32 lagoas correspondente a 41%, tiveram conceito: Ruim, em termo de efici?ncia operacional, para os par?metros de DBO e Coliformes Termotolerantes. As concentra??es m?dias afluentes as ETEs do RN de DBO e Coliformes foram de 410mg/L e 2,50x107UFC/100ml, a configura??o predominante ? do tipo F1+M1+M2 (Facultativa prim?ria, seguida por duas lagoas de matura??o, uma prim?ria e outra secund?ria) , a rela??o DBO/DQO revelou para o esgoto afluente caracter?sticas biodegrad?veis. Para o estudo de caso, envolvendo as 3 ETEs, uma para cada ?rg?o de gest?o, as melhores efici?ncias operacionais em ordem decrescente foram: Cidade (Munic?pio), Ro?a (Estado) e S?o Miguel (SAAE). As remo??es de DBO final foram 51,6mg/L; 108,27mg/L e 62,6mg/L, tendo efici?ncia de 82%; 74% e 81%, respectivamente. Em termo de remo??o de coliformes nos efluentes das ETEs foram 1,90x103UFC/100ml; 1,50x104UFC/100ml e 3,10x104UFC/100ml, tendo efici?ncias de 99,99%; 99,95% e 99,90%. No que concerne a pr?tica de re?so de culturas consumidas cruas, nenhumas das 3 ETEs atenderam aos par?metros da Resolu??o CONAMA 357/05, para outras pr?ticas de re?so, todas atenderam as categorias B e C da OMS. Para lan?amento em corpo receptor h?drico apenas a ETE Cidade, atende as exig?ncias da resolu??o do CONAMA 357/05, mediante estudo de autodepura??o do corpo receptor. A falta de manuten??o e opera??o; operador exclusivos nas ETEs e conhecimento de opera??o foram os fatores contribuintes para o diminuto quadro de efici?ncia no que concerne a remo??o final de DBO e Coliformes Termotolerantes nas ETEs avaliadas do RN

After a year 1989 opened new possibilities for sport fishing. The biggest change in this direction is the possibility of fishing in private fishing grounds. Fishing firms and the other private subjects started to derive benefit from this kind of fishing. This phenomenon is caused by increasing of the fishing pressure on wild waters and higher buying power of the population and its willingnes to spend more money for quality leisure time.Because most of these fishing grounds belong to commercial producers of market fish and sport fishing is realized as a form of economic mining fish on rod as a payed service. This fact causes different way of organisation and different rules of sport fishing.