Im Abstrom von Uranbergbauobjekten (Sachsen, Deutschland) wurden Uran, Radium-226 und Arsen in unterschiedlichen Feuchtgebieten untersucht. Dabei wurden Wasser (vor¬wiegend neutrale bis leicht basische pH-Werte), Sedimente und im Wasser befindlicher Bestandesabfall (CPOM) beprobt. Zur Klärung der Genese der Urangehalte im Sediment erfolgten Untersuchungen an Pb-Isotopen. Sie zeigen u. a., dass das Uran in den obersten Zentimetern des Sediments (organische Auflage) aus der wässrigen Phase und nicht von ca. 300 Millionen Jahre alten Erzteilchen stammt. Für die Verlagerung von Radionukliden und Arsen aus dem Wasserkörper in das Sediment wird ein neuer Weg aufgezeigt. Eine Fixierung dieser Stoffe an Bestandesabfällen (plant litter) ist möglich. Allochthoner Bestandesabfall (Blätter, Früchte, Zweige von Alnus spec. und Quercus spec.) weist nach Kontakt mit kontaminiertem Wasser (ca. 100 - 300 µgU L-1) Urangehalte von 50 - 2.000 µgU g-1 auf. Im Vergleich zu Uran sind Ra-226 und Arsen labiler am Bestandesabfall gebunden. Für die Genese der Gehalte in den subhydrischen Auflagen sind die Herkunft des (autochthonen bzw. allochthonen) Bestandesabfalls und der Abbau eine entscheidende Rolle. Sedimente aus leicht abbaubaren Bestandesabfällen (z.B. Lemna spec., Algen) weisen im Vergleich mit allochthonen Bestandesabfällen (von Bäumen) deutlich geringere Urangehalte auf. Exemplarisch wurde für einen aus allochthonen Bestandesabfällen bestehenden Sedimentkern mittels Cs-137-Bestimmung eine maximale Uranfestlegung von 1 – 2 g m-² a-1 ermittelt. Neben allochthonem Bestandesabfall führen Eisen- und Manganhydroxide, die unmittelbar an den Sickerwasseraustrittstellen ausfallen, bei relativ geringen Arsen- und Radiumkon¬zentrationen im Wasser zu hohen Arsen- bzw. Radiumgehalten im Sediment (As ≤ 5 mg g-1; Ra-226 ≤ 25 Bq g-1). Unter reduktiven Bedingungen werden Ra-226 und Arsen jedoch leicht freigesetzt. Ausgehend von den Untersuchungsergebnissen wird eine mögliche Anordnung für eine naturnahe passive Sickerwasserbehandlung vorgeschlagen.

This thesis is a study of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) activity concentration, gamma dose rate and radon (222Rn) exhalation from the waste streams of large-scale onshore petroleum operations. Types of activities covered included; sludge recovery from separation tanks, sludge farming, NORM storage, scaling in oil tubulars, scaling in gas production and sedimentation in produced water evaporation ponds. Field work was conducted in the arid desert terrain of an operational oil exploration and production region in the Sultanate of Oman. The main radionuclides found were 226Ra and 210Pb (238U - series), 228Ra and 228Th (232Th - series), and 227Ac (235U - series), along with 40K. All activity concentrations were higher than the ambient soil level and varied over several orders of magnitude. The range of gamma dose rates at a 1 m height above ground for the farm treated sludge had a range of 0.06 0.43 µSv h 1, and an average close to the ambient soil mean of 0.086 ± 0.014 µSv h 1, whereas the untreated sludge gamma dose rates had a range of 0.07 1.78 µSv h 1, and a mean of 0.456 ± 0.303 µSv h 1. The geometric mean of ambient soil 222Rn exhalation rate for area surrounding the sludge was mBq m 2 s 1. Radon exhalation rates reported in oil waste products were all higher than the ambient soil value and varied over three orders of magnitude. This study resulted in some unique findings including: (i) detection of radiotoxic 227Ac in the oil scales and sludge, (ii) need of a new empirical relation between petroleum sludge activity concentrations and gamma dose rates, and (iii) assessment of exhalation of 222Rn from oil sludge. Additionally the study investigated a method to determine oil scale and sludge age by the use of inherent behaviour of radionuclides as 228Ra:226Ra and 228Th:228Ra activity ratios.

Ce travail s’intéresse au traitement des effluents issus d’un petit bassin versant résidentiel urbain drainé par un réseau d’assainissement séparatif pluvial. Le traitement est effectué à l’aide d’une mare de sédimentation suivi d’un filtre planté de roseaux. L’instrumentation et les prélèvements permettent un suivi hydrodynamique et physico-chimique. Les résultats montrent que le système contribue fortement à la réduction de la pollution avant rejet au milieu récepteur. Les charges polluantes sont réduites de 70 à 100% pour tous les polluants (sauf la DBO5 et les nutriments, entre 4 et 100%). La mare de sédimentation a un rôle primordial dans l’élimination des polluants présents en phase particulaire, et plus particulièrement des HAPs (100%). Le filtre planté de roseaux intervient au niveau des polluants en phase particulaire non retenus par la mare, mais aussi au niveau des polluants en phase dissoute (nutriments, matière organique, micropolluants métalliques et pesticides). / This work deals with the treatment of effluents from a small urban residential catchment area drained by a separate sewer network. The treatment is made with a sedimentation pond and a constructed wetland. Instrumentation and samplings enable hydrodynamic and physic-chemical monitoring. Results show that the system deeply contributes to reduction of pollution before discharge into receiving water. The pollutant loads are reduced between 70 and 100% for all pollutants (except BOD5 and nutrients, between 4 and 100%). The sedimentation pond plays an essential role in eliminating pollutants in particulate phase, more specifically PAHs (100%). The constructed wetland treat pollutants in particulate phase that are not retained by the pond, but also pollutants in dissolved phase (nutrients, organic matter, metals and pesticides).

The first part is characterized by a pond ecosystem and National Nature Reserve Řežabinec in terms of its historical development and creation. Are mentioned methods , the method and system of protection of the site. The paper describes a method of fish farming during the period of the individual plans of care farming in the last five years and the water conditions in the area . The ecosystem is assessed on the basis of available data in the literature to me In our own work we focus on monitoring water chemistry and state recovery tank , especially in terms of development and biomass of zooplankton species representation in the course of one growing season. He also details the fishing and agricultural management and water management conditions in the locality. Marginally judging submerged and littoral vegetation and the presence of water birds. This work demonstrated the dependence of the size of the fish stock on the frequency of a generic representation of zooplankton and the positive impact of lower stocking on the development and stability of the entire ecosystem. Contributes to the stability and sensitive farming in the last period.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:02:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SinaraCTSN_DISSERT.pdf: 2908664 bytes, checksum: ab5d0fd4fae3407675ed29d3bfa6ed5f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-21 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Untreated effluents that reach surface water affect the aquatic life and humans. This study aimed to evaluate the wastewater s toxicity (municipal, industrial and shrimp pond effluents) released in the Estuarine Complex of Jundia?- Potengi, Natal/RN, through chronic quantitative e qualitative toxicity tests using the test organism Mysidopsis Juniae, CRUSTACEA, MYSIDACEA (Silva, 1979). For this, a new methodology for viewing chronic effects on organisms of M. juniae was used (only renewal), based on another existing methodology to another testorganism very similar to M. Juniae, the M. Bahia (daily renewal).Toxicity tests 7 days duration were used for detecting effects on the survival and fecundity in M. juniae. Lethal Concentration 50% (LC50%) was determined by the Trimmed Spearman-Karber; Inhibition Concentration 50% (IC50%) in fecundity was determined by Linear Interpolation. ANOVA (One Way) tests (p = 0.05) were used to determinate the No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) and Low Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC). Effluents flows were measured and the toxic load of the effluents was estimated. Multivariate analysis - Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Correspondence Analysis (CA) - identified the physic-chemical parameters better explain the patterns of toxicity found in survival and fecundity of M. juniae. We verified the feasibility of applying the only renewal system in chronic tests with M. Juniae. Most efluentes proved toxic on the survival and fecundity of M. Juniae, except for some shrimp pond effluents. The most toxic effluent was ETE Lagoa Aerada (LC50, 6.24%; IC50, 4.82%), ETE Quintas (LC50, 5.85%), Giselda Trigueiro Hospital (LC50, 2.05%), CLAN (LC50, 2.14%) and COTEMINAS (LC50, IC50 and 38.51%, 6.94%). The greatest toxic load was originated from ETE inefficient high flow effluents, textile effluents and CLAN. The organic load was related to the toxic effects of wastewater and hospital effluents in survival of M. Juniae, as well as heavy metals, total residual chlorine and phenols. In industrial effluents was found relationship between toxicity and organic load, phenols, oils and greases and benzene. The effects on fertility were related, in turn, with chlorine and heavy metals. Toxicity tests using other organisms of different trophic levels, as well as analysis of sediment toxicity are recommended to confirm the patterns found with M. Juniae. However, the results indicate the necessity for implementation and improvement of sewage treatment systems affluent to the Potengi s estuary / Efluentes sem tratamento pr?vio adequado, ao atingirem corpos d ?gua, afetam a biota aqu?tica e o ser humano. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a toxicidade dos efluentes (sanit?rios, industriais e de despesca) que atingem o Complexo Estuarino do Jundia?/Potengi, Natal/RN, atrav?s de testes cr?nicos qualitativos e quantitativos utilizando o organismo-teste Mysidopsis juniae, CRUSTACEA, MISIDACEA (Silva, 1979). Para isso, uma nova metodologia para visualiza??o de efeitos cr?nicos em organismos de M. juniae foi usada (renova??o ?nica), baseada em outra metodologia existente para outro organismo-teste bastante similar ao M. juniae, o M. Bahia (renova??o di?ria). Testes de Toxicidade cr?nicos com dura??o de 7 dias foram aplicados para detectar efeitos dos efluentes na sobreviv?ncia e na fecundidade dos organismos testados. Para a determina??o da Concentra??o Letal (CL50), utilizou-se o m?todo Trimmed Spearman-Karber; para a determina??o da Concentra??o de Inibi??o (CI50) da fecundidade, utilizouse o m?todo de Interpola??o Linear. M?todos de An?lise de Vari?ncia ?nico Fator (p=0,05) foram usados para a determina??o da Concentra??o de Efeito N?o Observ?vel (CENO) e da Concentra??o de Efeito Observ?vel (CEO). As vaz?es de descarga dos efluentes foram medidas e estimou-se a carga t?xica dos efluentes. Foram realizadas an?lises multivariadas de ordena??o - An?lise de Componentes Principais (ACP) e An?lise de Correspond?ncia (AC) - para identificar quais os par?metros f?sico-qu?micos dos efluentes que melhor explicam os padr?es de toxicidade encontrados na sobreviv?ncia e na fecundidade de M. juniae. Com esse trabalho verificou-se a viabilidade da aplica??o do sistema de renova??o ?nica nos testes cr?nicos com M. juniae. A maioria dos efluentes se mostrou t?xicos quanto ? sobreviv?ncia e fecundidade de M. juniae, com exce??o de alguns efluentes de despesca, sendo os mais t?xicos o efluente da ETE Lagoa Aerada (CL50, 6,24% e CI50, 4,82%), ETE Quintas (CL50, 5,85%), Hospital Giselda Trigueiro (CL50, 2,05%), CLAN (CL50, 2,14%) e COTEMINAS (CL50, 38,51% e CI50, 6,94%). Nos efluentes de carcinicultura foi verificada maior toxicidade em efluentes coletados ao final do per?odo de despesca, o que denota que ela foi causada pela excessiva carga org?nica. Os efluentes sanit?rios de maior carga t?xica foram os efluentes originados das ETEs ineficientes de alta vaz?o, enquanto que os industriais de maior carga t?xica foram, em geral, os efluentes t?xteis e o da CLAN. A carga org?nica relacionou-se com os efeitos t?xicos dos efluentes sanit?rios e hospitalar na sobreviv?ncia de M. juniae, assim como metais pesados, cloro residual total e fen?is. Nos efluentes industriais verificou-se rela??o entre toxicidade e carga org?nica, fen?is, ?leos e graxas e benzeno. Os efeitos sobre a fecundidade relacionaram-se, por sua vez, com cloretos e metais pesados. Testes de toxicidade utilizando outros organismos, bem como an?lises da toxicidade do sedimento, s?o recomendados para confirmar os padr?es encontrados com o M. juniae. Os resultados dos testes indicam a necessidade de implementa??o e melhoria dos sistemas de tratamento de efluentes que s?o conduzidos ao estu?rio do Rio Potengi

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O corpo hídrico, objeto deste estudo, o igarapé Grande, localiza-se no Município de Boa Vista, Estado de Roraima, na região Norte do Brasil. O igarapé Grande possui como afluente à sua margem direita, o igarapé da Paca, tendo sua foz no rio Branco. O presente estudo visa avaliar, através da determinação de parâmetros físico-químicos e biológico (clorofila-a) o nível de contaminação do Igarapé Grande após receber efluente da ETE/Boa Vista-RR e o impacto ambiental causado pelo aporte de substâncias no igarapé e possivelmente no rio Branco. Na realização deste estudo foram selecionados seis pontos de coletas considerados estratégicos para o alcance dos objetivos propostos. Foram analisados os parâmetros: cor, turbidez, condutividade, pH, temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, nitrito, amônia, fósforo total, cloreto, DBO5, DQO, clorofila-a, cobre, manganês, zinco, ferro e níquel. As técnicas de coleta, transporte e preservação e análises das amostras obedeceram às recomendações da NBR n 9898 de junho de 1987 e os métodos padrões descritos no Standart Methods for Examination of Water and Wasterwater. Através das observações realizadas pode-se verificar que o igarapé sofre o impacto humano através da retirada da cobertura vegetal, impermeabilização do solo pela ocupação das imediações e lançamentos de agentes poluidores. Através dos resultados, com exceção das espécies metálicas, foi possível confirmar o impacto do lançamento do efluente sobre igarapé Grande. Parâmetros como fósforo, amônia, nitrito e clorofila-a demonstraram que o igarapé Grande não possui capacidade de assimilação, em especial nos períodos de seca, dos nutrientes e espécies contaminantes durante o percurso até a sua foz no rio Branco. / The water body, the object of this study, the creek Grande, located in the city of Boa Vista, Roraima, in northern Brazil. The river has as large tributary to the right bank of the creek Paca, and his mouth in the rio Branco. This study aims to evaluate, through the determination of physico-chemical and biological (chlorophyll-a) the level of contamination of the igarapé Grande after receiving STP effluent/Boa Vista-RR and the environmental impact caused by the injection of substances into the creek and possibly in rio Branco. In this study we selected six collection points considered strategic to the achievement of objectives. Parameters were assessed: color, turbidity, conductivity, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, nitrite, ammonia, total phosphorus, chloride, BOD5, COD, chlorophyll-a, copper, manganese, zinc, iron and nickel. The techniques of collection, transportation and preservation of samples and analysis followed the recommendations of the NBR N. 9898 of June 1987 and the standard methods described in Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wasterwater. Through the observations can be verified that the stream is impacted by human removal of vegetation, soil sealing by the occupation of the surroundings and releases of pollutants. Through the results, with the exception of metal species, it was possible to confirm the impact of effluent discharge on igarapé Grande. Parameters such as phosphorus, ammonia, nitrite and chlorophyll-a showed that the creek does not have great capacity to assimilate, especially in periods of drought, nutrient and contaminant species en route to its mouth on the rio Branco.

Hamrebäcken rinner genom östra delen av Västerås och har Mälaren som recipient. Under bäckens flödesväg tillkommer dagvatten och föroreningar i form av näringsämnen och tungmetaller från dess avrinningsområde. Bäcken utgör ett av de mest prioriterade vattendragen i Västerås gällande utsläpp av dagvatten. Detta examensarbete har utförts med syftet att utreda föroreningssituationen för Hamrebäcken och hur dess recipient Mälaren påverkas. Examensarbetet syftade även till att undersöka reningseffekten för en befintlig dagvattendamm samt att utifrån ett kostnads- och reningsperspektiv beskriva ett antal åtgärdsförslag för att uppnå en förbättring av bäckens ekologiska och kemiska status. Utvärdering av Hamrebäckens föroreningsbelastning samt reningseffekt för befintlig dagvattendamm och åtgärdsförslag utfördes med hjälp av den Excelbaserade dagvatten- och recipientmodellen StormTac.   Resultatet från studien visade att den modellerade belastningen från flera av bäckens delavrinningsområden överskrider föreslagna riktvärden för mindre vattendrag. Den totala belastningen från Hamrebäckens avrinningsområde överskrider i fallet för föroreningarna bly och suspenderat material även föreslagna riktvärden för Mälaren. Modellering av den befintliga dammen indikerar att anläggningen är underdimensionerad i förhållande till dess belastningsyta. Dammens reningseffekt uppnår inte heller effektmålen i Västerås stads handlingsplan för dagvatten. Ett förslag om utbyggnation av dammen har tagits fram utifrån litteraturstudie och tillgänglig yta för åtgärden. Den simulerade ombyggnationen uppnådde inte uppsatta effektmål men gav en betydande ökning i reningseffekt. Åtgärder som syftar till att öka dammens avskiljningsförmåga bör därför utredas ytterligare.   Fyra ytterligare åtgärdsförslag togs fram och reningseffekten av dessa modellerades i StormTac. Detta inkluderade två olika placeringar av dagvattendammar, en skärmbassäng med flytande våtmark, samt en konstruerad våtmark. Från genomförd modellering rekommenderas vidare utredning av åtgärdsförslagen inkluderande ett anläggande av en skärmbassäng med flytande våtmark, alternativt en konstruerad våtmark. Detta då dessa åtgärdsförslag uppnådde effektmålen för rening enligt Västerås stads handlingsplan för dagvatten. Åtgärdsförslagen skilde sig något åt gällande kostnadseffektivitet. Detta ansågs dock inte ensamt vara argument nog för att motivera anläggning av något åtgärdsförslag till följd av osäkerheter i det beräknade resultatet. Att en skärmbassäng kan utföras i närtid och inte kräver några ingrepp i avrinningsområdet kan anses som ytterligare argument för installation av anläggningen. En konstruerad våtmark kan i sin tur motiveras med att anläggningen bidrar till att höja det estetiska och ekologiska värdet av området. Dessa argument bör beaktas i valet av metod och det fortsatta arbetet med att minska områdets föroreningsbelastning och förbättra bäckens ekologiska och kemiska status. / Hamrebäcken is a small stream in Västerås, which flows through the eastern part of the city. Along it’s course to Lake Mälaren, the stream receives polluted stormwater containing such as heavy metals and nutrients. The primary objective of this master thesis was to investigate the level of pollutants in Hamrebäcken. A secondary objective was to study the reduction efficiency of an existing wet stormwater treatment pond in the area, and propose ways in which to achieve a higher ecological and chemical status for the stream. The stormwater and recipient software model StormTac was used to estimate the level of pollutants and to investigate the reduction efficiencies of different stormwater treatment facilities.   The study revealed that pollutant levels were too high for several of the subwatersheds, based on the recommended guidance for small streams. The pollutant load for the total watershed exceeded the guidance levels for Lake Mälaren for lead and suspended solids. Modelling the reduction efficiency of the existing wet pond indicated that the pond’s size was inadequate to cater for the quantity of incoming stormwater in need of treatment. Subsequently, the pollution reduction efficiency of the pond was not meeting those objectives set out in the Stormwater Action Plan developed by Västerås municipality. A proposal for rebuilding the pond was therefore developed, taking into account the existing conditions of the area and using recommendations from literature. When modeled in StormTac, the modified pond showed a substantial increase in reduction efficiency compared to that of the existing pond. Despite not reaching the objectives of the Action Plan, this suggested that it would be beneficial to investigate measures that increase the reduction efficiency of the existing wet pond further. As a result, an additional four alternatives for reducing the pollutant load of Hamrebäcken were developed using StormTac. These consisted of two wet stormwater treatment ponds at different locations within the watershed, a screen basin with floating treatment wetlands, and a constructed wetland.   The modeling revealed that the most feasible of the investigated measures was an installation of either a screen basin with floating treatment wetlands or a constructed wetland, both measures adjacent to the outlet of Hamrebäcken. This was mainly due to the modeled reduction capacity of these measures where the reduction objectives of the Action Plan were reached. A difference in cost effectiveness was found between the different measures. This was however not considered to solely be argument to justify the implementation of a certain measure due to uncertainties in the modelled result. The fact that a screen basin can be installed in the near future and without occupying space in the watershed are additional arguments for the use of this measure. A constructed wetland can in return be motivated by a potential increase in esthetic and ecological value of the area. These arguments should be considered in the continued investigation of choosing a measure for reducing the pollutant load of Hamrebäcken and to achieve a higher ecological and chemical status for the stream.

Dagvatten kallas det regn- och smältvatten som rinner av från hårdgjorda ytor i stadsmiljön. Detta vatten för ofta med sig stora mängder av föroreningar som tungmetaller, näringsämnen och oljerelaterade ämnen, vilka kan göra stor skada om de når recipienter. För att rena dagvattnet och därmed minska föroreningsbelastningen byggs det allt fler öppna dagvattensystem som t.ex. våtmarker och dammar. Studier har visat att dessa system har hög reningseffekt och dessutom är de kostnadseffektiva. Kunskapen om hur avskiljningen i dessa system fungerar och om hur de bäst utvärderas är dock begränsad. Kungsängsdammen utanför Uppsala är en nybyggd dagvattenanläggning som är avsedd att rena och fördröja dagvattnet från industri- och handelsområdet Boländerna. Detta examensarbete syftar till att utreda reningsfunktionen av anläggningen. Framför allt genomfördes flödesproportionell provtagning vid inlopp och utlopp under 8 veckor. Ämnen som analyserades var näringsämnena P och N, suspenderat material, tungmetallerna As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, Zn och oljekolväten. Vid några tillfällen analyserades också de oljerelaterade organiska föreningarna PAH:er, oktyl- och nonylfenoler samt tributyltenn. Flödesproportionell provtagning rekommenderas för att säkert avgöra avskiljningseffektiviteten av en damm, men nackdelen är att den tar mycket tid och stora resurser i anspråk. Utöver denna metod genomfördes kompletterande mätningar med sedimentfällor samt en beräkning av föroreningsbelastning vid inloppet med programmet StormTac. Den flödesproportionella provtagningen visade att Kungsängsdammen fungerar väl som avskiljningsanläggning för föroreningar. Suspenderat material, näringsämnen och tungmetaller avskiljs effektivt och utloppshalterna understiger föreslagna riktvärden för dagvatten. Detta trots att både zink, koppar, kväve och suspenderat material hade inloppshalter som låg över riktvärdena. Flödesberäkningar visade att andelen av flödet som bräddas i bypass-diket förbi dammen är viktig vid bedömning av avskiljningseffektiviteten. För organiska föreningar uppmättes tributyltenn i halter över miljökvalitetsnormen för ytvatten både vid inlopp och vid utlopp. Inloppskoncentrationer framräknade i StormTac gav överensstämmande resultat med den flödesproportionella provtagningen för tungmetaller och näringsämnen. Vidare visade undersökningen av sediment att sedimentationen sker främst i fördiket och i inloppet till dammen. Fördiket är i stort behov av rensning, då sediment riskerar att spolas bort vid höga flöden. / Stormwater is the name for rainwater and snowmelt runoff from impervious surfaces in the urban environment. This water often carries large amounts of pollutants such as heavy metals, nutrients, and oil-related substances, which can cause great damage if they reach the receiving waters. To clean the storm water and thus reduce the pollution load, more and more open storm water systems are being built, such as wetlands and ponds. Studies have shown that these systems have high pollutant removal efficiency and are cost effective. Knowledge of how these systems work and how they best are evaluated is limited. “Kungsängsdammen” near Uppsala is a newly constructed stormwater facility that is designed to clean and retard stormwater from the industrial and commercial area Boländerna. This thesis aims to investigate the purification function of the facility. Flow proportional sampling was carried out at the inlet and outlet for 8 weeks. Substances that were analyzed were nutrients P and N, suspended solids, heavy metals As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, Zn and petroleum hydrocarbons. On some occasions, the petroleum-related organic parameters PAHs, octyl and nonylphenols and tributyltin were analyzed. Flow proportional sampling is recommended to determine the efficiency of a stormwater pond, but the problem is that it takes much time and considerable resources. In addition to this method, additional measurements were carried out with sediment traps, and a calculation of pollution load at the inlet with the program StormTac. The flow proportional sampling showed that the “Kungsängsdammen” pond-, functions well as a treatment facility for pollutions. Suspended solids, nutrients and heavy metals are separated effectively and the outlet concentrations for these substances were below proposed guideline values. This is observed, despite the fact that zinc, copper, nitrogen and suspended solids had intake concentrations above the guideline values. Flow calculations showed that the bypass flow is important when estimating the pollutant removal efficiency. For organic compounds, tributyltin was measured at concentrations above the Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for surface water both at the inlet and outlet. The inlet concentrations that were calculated in StormTac were consistent with the results of the flow proportional sampling for heavy metals and nutrients. Moreover, the investigation of sediments showed that sedimentation occurs mainly in the ditch before the pond and at the inlet to the pond. The ditch is in need of cleansing, because of the risk of sediment being washed away during high flows. The flow proportional sampling showed that the “Kungsängsdammen” pond-, functions wellas a treatment facility for pollutions. Suspended solids, nutrients and heavy metals are separated effectively and the outlet concentrations for these substances were below proposedguideline values. This is observed, despite the fact that zinc, copper, nitrogen and suspended solids had intake concentrations above the guideline values. Flow calculations showed that the bypass flow is important when estimating the pollutant removal efficiency. For organiccompounds, tributyltin was measured at concentrations above the Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for surface water both at the inlet and outlet. The inlet concentrations that were calculated in StormTac were consistent with the results of the flow proportional sampling for heavy metals and nutrients. Moreover, the investigation of sediments showedthat sedimentation occurs mainly in the ditch before the pond and at the inlet to the pond. The ditch is in need of cleansing, because of the risk of sediment being washed away during high flows.

La Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift (FVR) est une zoonose observée pour la première fois au Kenya en 1930 qui s'est peu à peu propagée à la plupart des pays d'Afrique. La FVR est une maladie à transmission vectorielle dont le virus appartient au genre Phlebovirus de la famille des Bunyaviridæ. En Afrique de l'Est, l'émergence de foyers est prédite par des modèles statistiques, ce qui n'est pas le cas en Afrique de l'Ouest où les facteurs et les mécanismes en jeu sont encore mal définis. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'identifier les facteurs et les processus épidémiologiques expliquant l'émergence de foyers de FVR au Sénégal, en mettant en œuvre une approche éco-épidémiologique centrée sur les principaux moustiques vecteurs du virus. Par l'étude de variables environnementales et climatiques et par leur exploitation dans des modèles mathématiques, nous avons tenté de répondre à deux questions épidémiologiques majeures : (1) quelles sont les zones potentiellement à risque, et (2) quelles sont les périodes favorables à l'apparition de foyers. L'étude a été menée à l'échelle locale, dans une zone d'environ 10 km2 autour du village de Barkedji situé dans la région sylvo-pastorale du Ferlo.Pour localiser les zones à risque de transmission du virus, nous utilisons la télédétection et l'analyse paysagère afin de caractériser l'environnement favorable aux deux principaux candidats vecteurs du virus, Aedes vexans et Culex poicilipes. Pour identifier les périodes à risque, nous avons développé un modèle d'abondance de populations de moustique des deux espèces vectrices prenant en compte la dynamique des gîtes larvaires (les mares), et dont les simulations ont été validées avec des données de terrain de capture de moustiques. Pour se faire, nous avons dû préalablement développé un modèle dynamique de hauteur d'eau des mares temporaires, modèle calibré et validé à partir de données de terrain et de données d'observation de la Terre.Les résultats de l'analyse paysagère ont confirmé que les milieux favorables aux vecteurs de la maladie pouvaient être caractérisés par télédétection. Ils ont aussi mis en évidence l'importance des mares et de la densité de végétation environnante, et ont abouti à une cartographie de l'hétérogénéité spatiale du risque de circulation de la FVR. Les résultats de l'analyse temporelle ont montré que les années de circulation active du virus coïncidaient avec les années pour lesquelles les deux espèces de moustiques étaient présentes en forte quantité. On observe ainsi deux années à très forte densité des deux moustiques vecteurs, en 1987 et en 2003, correspondant aux années d'épidémie/épizootie les plus importantes dans la région. / The Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an arboviral zoonosis, first identified in Kenya in 1930, which has spread over many African countries. The RVF virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne virus member of the family Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus. Statistical models that are used for predicting RVF outbreaks in East Africa do not work in West Africa where the factors and processes involved are still not well described. The aim of this thesis is to identify the factors and epidemiological processes that explain the emergence of RFV outbreaks in Senegal. To achieve that, we have chosen an eco-epidemiological approach targeted on the main candidate mosquito vectors of the RFV virus. By using the environmental and climatic variables and by their exploitation in mathematical models, we tried to answer two major epidemiological questions: (1) where are the potential zones at risk? And, (2) when are the periods favourable to RFV outbreaks?The study has been carried out at a local scale, in an area of about 10 km2 centred on the village of Barkedji in the pastoral Ferlo region in northern Senegal.When identifying risk areas for virus transmission, we used remote sensing and landscape analysis to characterize favourable environments fot the two main candidate vectors, Aedes vexans and Culex poicilipes (Diptera: Culicidae). For predicting risk of RVF outbreaks, we developed a mosquito population model for the two vector species taking into account the dynamics of the ponds as breeding sites. The results of the simulation have been validated with captured mosquito field data. This required the prior development of a temporary pond dynamics model that was calibrated and validated with field and remote sensing data.The results of the landscape analysis confirmed that favourable environments for the mosquito vectors of the RVF could be characterised by remote sensing. The importance of the ponds and the surrounding vegetation density was also highlighted, allowing to map the spatial heterogeneity of RVF circulation risk. The results of the mosquito model simulations showed that years of active virus circulation matched the years when both vector species were densely present. Indeed, the simulations showed high mosquito densities in 1987 and 2003, which correspond to the most important epidemic and epizootic events in that region.

[EN] The present study was designed to evaluate in independent trials the effect of replace protein fishmeal (HP) by four plant sources, lupine (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet), corn gluten (CGM), amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus L.) and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) on the growth of juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. For this four sets of diets were developed. The first two containing 35% protein and 11% lipids were prepared to replace the 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the protein from HP by protein lupine (LKM) or CGM. The other two series of isoproteic (30%) and isolipidic (9.5%) diets were formulated to replace 0, 15, 25, 35 and 45% protein HP by protein amaranth and quinoa. Only the contents of corn starch and fish oil were varied to maintain constant levels of protein and lipid in all the experimental diets. All diets had squid meal to provide attractability. Depending on the test conducted eight (LKM and CGM) or seven (amaranth and quinoa) juveniles of about 1g were stocked randomly in aquariums (44 m-2 or 39 m-2) 50 L equipped with a flow-through water system using full-strength seawater. Six aquariums (replicates) were assigned to each of the treatments in a completely randomized design. The shrimp were fed ad libitum twice a day for about eight weeks. At the end of the growth trial, shrimp were fed experimental diets containing 0.5% of chromium oxide. Overall survival in the study was higher than 74% and did not change significantly (p>0.05) when HP was replaced partially or completely by each of the sources evaluated. The results of this study showed that LKM can replace 50% of the protein of HP without significantly (p>0.05) reducing growth (6.7-7.0 g final weight). LKM inclusion in any of the tested levels resulted in a significantly (p<0.05) reduced the apparent digestibility of dry matter (ADMS) and apparent digestibility of crude protein (ADPC) of the feed. The gradual increase of CGM in diets produced a significant (p<0.05) decrease of shrimp final weight (5.9 to 3.2 g) and growth rate (2.7 to 1.7% d-1) compared to those fed CGM 0 (7.1 g and 3.0% d-1). Feed Conversion Factor (FCA) was also significantly (p<0.05) affected by CGM level, diets CGM50, CGM75 and CGM100 had higher FCA than CGM0 and CGM25. The inclusion of CGM on any level tested resulted in a significant decrease in ADMS, from 77.9 to 66.0%, and ADPC, 80.5 to 52.0%, of the feed. The apparent digestibility of amino acids, except lysine, declined with the addition of CGM, reflecting the ADPC. While those shrimps fed diets based on amaranth showed that the diet with 15% replacement obtained a better growth (p<0.05) after the control diet. Diets with replacement 15% and 25% reported significantly (p<0.05) better DAMS (79.7% and 71.2%) and ADPC (88.4% and 81.1%) than the diet with 35% and 45% substitution. The replacement of quinoa in any of the assessed levels have not demonstrated performance (p<0.05) lower than the control diet. The DAMS and ADPC for quinoa diets were statistically superior (p<0.05) than control diet. These results show that lupine and quinoa have a very good potential as a protein source up to 50% and 45% respectively of the HP protein which is equivalent to a third of the total protein in the diet. The cost-benefit of including these ingredients needs to be evaluated. Lower values of corn gluten and amaranth on the HP could be due to low protein digestibility, imbalance of amino acids and / or the presence of antinutritional factors. / [ES] El presente estudio fue diseñado para evaluar en ensayos independientes el efecto de reemplazar la proteína de la harina de pescado (HP) por cuatro fuentes de origen vegetal, altramuz (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet), gluten de maíz (CGM), amaranto (Amaranthus caudatus L.) y quinua (Chenopodium quinoa) sobre el crecimiento de camarones juveniles Litopenaeus vannamei. Para esto se elaboraron cuatro series de dietas. Las dos primeras conteniendo 35% de proteína y 11% de lípidos fueron preparadas para sustituir el 0, 25, 50, 75 y 100% de la proteína proveniente de la HP por proteína de las harinas de altramuz (LKM) o CGM. Las otras dos series de dietas isoproteicas (30%) e isolipidicas (9,5%) fueron formuladas para reemplazar 0, 15, 25, 35 y 45% de la proteína de la HP por proteína de amaranto y quinua. Solamente los contenidos de almidón de maíz y aceite de pescado variaron para mantener constante los niveles de proteína y lípidos en todas las dietas experimentales. Todas las dietas tuvieron harina de calamar. Dependiendo del ensayo realizado ocho (LKM y CGM) o siete (amaranto y quinua) juveniles de alrededor de 1g fueron sembrados aleatoriamente en los acuarios (44 m-2 o 39 m-2) de 50 l equipados con un sistema de recambio de agua de mar de flujo continuo. Seis acuarios (réplicas) fueron asignadas a cada uno de los tratamientos en un diseño completamente aleatorizado. Los camarones fueron alimentados ad libitum dos veces al día por aproximadamente ocho semanas. Al final del ensayo de crecimiento, los camarones fueron alimentados con las dietas experimentales conteniendo 0,5% de óxido de cromo. La supervivencia en general del estudio fue superior a 74% y no varió significativamente (p>0,05) cuando la HP fue reemplazada parcial o totalmente por cada una de las fuentes evaluadas. Los resultados de este estudio mostraron que LKM puede reemplazar el 50% de la proteína de la HP sin disminuir significativamente (p>0,05) el crecimiento (6,7-7,0 g peso final). La inclusión de LKM en cualquiera de los niveles ensayados resultaron en una significativamente (p<0,05) reducción de la digestibilidad aparente de materia seca (DAMS) y la digestibilidad aparente de proteína cruda (DAPC) del alimento. El gradual incremento del CGM en las dietas produjo un significativo (p<0,05) decrecimiento del peso final (5,9 a 3,2 g) de los camarones y sus tasas de crecimiento (2,7 a 1,7% d-1) comparado a aquellos alimentados con 0 CGM (7,1 g y 3,0 % d-1). El Factor de Conversión Alimenticia (FCA) fue también significativamente (p<0,05) afectado por el nivel de CGM, las dietas CGM50, CGM75 y CGM100 tuvieron un más alto FCA que CGM0 y CGM25. La inclusión de CGM en cualquier nivel ensayado resultó en un significativo decrecimiento en DAMS, de 77,9 a 66,0%, y en DAPC, de 80,5 a 52,0%, del alimento. La digestibilidad aparente de aminoácidos, con la excepción de lisina, declinó con la incorporación de CGM, reflejando la ADPC. En tanto que los camarones alimentados con las dietas a base de amaranto mostraron (p<0,05) que la dieta con 15% de reemplazo obtuvo un mejor crecimiento después de la dieta control. Las dietas con reemplazo de 15% y 25% registraron significativamente (p<0,05) una mejor DAMS (79,70% y 71,21%) y DAPC (88,39% y 81,10%) que las dieta con 35% y 45% de sustitución. El reemplazo de la quinua en cualquiera de los niveles evaluados no demostraron tener un rendimiento (p<0,05) inferior a la dieta control. La DAMS y DAPC para las dietas con quinua fueron estadísticamente superiores (p<0,05) a la dieta control. Estos resultados muestran que el altramuz y quinua tienen un potencial muy bueno como fuente proteína hasta el 50% y 45% respectivamente de la proteína de la HP lo cual es equivalente a un tercio del total de la proteína presente en la dieta. Los valores más bajos del gluten de maíz y amaranto relativo a la HP podrían ser debido a la baja digestibilidad de la proteína, imbalance de aminoácidos y/o a la pres / [CAT] El present estudi va ser dissenyat per a avaluar en assajos independents l'efecte de reemplaçar la proteïna de la farina de peix (HP) per quatre fonts d'origen vegetal, tramús (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet), gluten de dacsa (CGM), amarant (Amaranthus caudatus L.) i quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) sobre el creixement de gambetes juvenils Litopenaeus vannamei. Per a açò es van elaborar quatre sèries de dietes. Les dos primeres contenint 35% de proteïna i 11% de lípids van ser preparades per a substituir el 0, 25, 50, 75 i 100% de la proteïna provinent de la HP per proteïna de les farines de tramús (LKM) o CGM. Les altres dos sèries de dietes isoproteicas (30%) i isolipidicas (9,5%) van ser formulades per a reemplaçar 0, 15, 25, 35 i 45% de la proteïna de la HP per proteïna d'amarant i quinoa. Només els continguts de midó de dacsa i oli de peix van variar per a mantindre constant els nivells de proteïna i lípids en totes les dietes experimentals. Totes les dietes van tindre farina de calamar per a proveir atractabilidad. Depenent de l'assaig realitzat huit (LKM i CGM) o set (amarant i quinoa) juvenils d'al voltant de 1g van ser sembrats aleatòriament en els aquaris (44 m-2 o 39 m-2) de 50 l equipats amb un sistema de recanvi d'aigua de mar de flux continu. Sis aquaris (rèpliques) van ser assignades a cada un dels tractaments en un disseny completament aleatorizado. Les gambetes van ser alimentats ad libitum dos vegades al dia per aproximadament huit setmanes. Al final de l'assaig de creixement, les gambetes van ser alimentats amb les dietes experimentals contenint 0,5% d'òxid de crom. La supervivència en general de l'estudi va ser superior a 74% i no va variar significativament (p>0,05) quan la HP va ser reemplaçada parcial o totalment per cada una de les fonts avaluades. Els resultats d'este estudi van mostrar que LKM pot reemplaçar el 50% de la proteïna de la HP sense disminuir significativament (p>0,05) el creixement (6,7-7,0 g pes final). La inclusió de LKM en qualsevol dels nivells assajats van resultar en una significativament (p<0.05) reducció de la digestibilitat aparent de matèria seca (DAMS) i la digestibilitat aparent de proteïna crua (DAPC) de l'aliment. El gradual increment del CGM en les dietes va produir un significatiu decreixement del pes final (5,9 a 3,2 g) de les gambetes i les seues taxes de creixement (2,7 a 1,7% d-1) comparat a aquells alimentats amb 0 CGM (7,1 g i 3,0 % d-1). El Factor de Conversió Alimentària (FCA) va ser també significativament (p<0.05) afectat pel nivell de CGM, les dietes CGM50, CGM75 i CGM100 van tindre un més alt FCA que CGM0 i CGM25. La inclusió de CGM en qualsevol nivell assajat va resultar en un significatiu decreixement en DAMS, de 77,9 a 66,0%, i en DAPC, de 80,5 a 52,0%, de l'aliment. La digestibilitat aparent d'aminoàcids, amb l'excepció de lisina, va declinar amb la incorporació de CGM, reflectint l'ADPC. En tant que les gambetes alimentats amb les dietes a base d'amarant van mostrar que la dieta amb 15% de reemplaçament va obtindre un millor creixement després de la dieta control. Les dietes amb reemplaçament de 15% i 25% van registrar significativament una millor DAMS (79,70% i 71,21%) i DAPC (88,39% i 81,10%) que les dieta amb 35% i 45% de substitució. El reemplaçament de la quinoa en qualsevol dels nivells avaluats no van demostrar tindre un rendiment inferior a la dieta control. La DAMS i DAPC per a les dietes amb quinoa van ser estadísticament superiors a la dieta control. Estos resultats mostren que el tramús i quinoa tenen un potencial molt bo com a font proteïna fins al 50% i 45% respectivament de la proteïna de la HP la qual cosa és equivalent a un terç del total de la proteïna present en la dieta. El cost-benefici d'incloure estos ingredients necessita ser avaluat. Els valors més baixos del gluten de dacsa i amarant relatiu a la HP podrien ser degut a la baixa digestibilitat de la proteïna, imbalance d'aminoàcids y/o a / Molina Poveda, C. (2016). Evaluación de varias fuentes de proteína vegetal en dietas para camarón Litopenaeus vannamei [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/63666 / TESIS