This thesis deals with the measurement of ponds and influencing aspects that may play a role in the valuation of ponds. In the first part of the thesis, the author discusses the basic concepts and issues that are necessary for the valuation of the pond. In the second part of the thesis is stated as a specific example of a pond situated on three pozemcíchy using the cost method of valuation in accordance with Decree successive steps and for comparing valuation program ABN14.

El presente trabajo de investigación es una propuesta de solución para el mal funcionamiento de la planta de tratamiento de agua residual denominada “El Pedregal”, localizada en el departamento de Ica, provincia de Chincha. Según análisis hechos por el ANA (Autoridad Nacional del Agua), la PTAR (Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales) “El Pedregal” no cumple con los parámetros de agua saliente según la norma OS 090. Por esta razón se tendrá que identificar los principales causantes del mal funcionamiento, además de plantear soluciones efectivas y que estén en el alcance de la empresa encargada de la planta “SEMAPACH S.A” (SERVICIO MUNICIPAL DE AGUA POTABLE Y ALCANTARILLADO DE CHINCHA S.A.). Uno de los principales problemas en la PTAR es su incapacidad actual de captación de agua, siendo insuficiente para la cantidad que recibe. “El Pedregal” es abastecido por 4 distritos de Chincha y abastece de agua tratada para riego a parte del distrito de Chincha Alta. Es por esto que, se plantearon propuestas de solución a esta contingencia para trasladar una proporción del agua residual a una nueva planta de tratamiento. Otro problema que se presenta la deficiente filtración del ingreso de materiales de gran tamaño a la planta, influyendo negativamente en el rendimiento y provocando obstrucciones en algunas zonas de la planta. Se plantearon propuestas con el diseño de algunas obras de arte que ayuden a disminuir el ingreso de estos materiales. Asimismo, se presentó un diseño para la construcción de un cerco perimétrico que no permita el ingreso de personas y agentes externos que puedan convertir la planta en un foco infeccioso. Se identificó que la PTAR no contaba con personal operacional y de mantenimiento, esto provocó que el ingreso de materiales de gran dimensión u otros factores externos deterioren la estructura de la PTAR, afectando su rendimiento y funcionalidad. Además, se detectó que el canal que transporta el agua desde la salida de la PTAR no soporta esta cantidad de agua. Es por ello que se diseñaran alternativas que cumplan la correcta condición de caudal, que sean económicas y sustentables. Todas las propuestas serán evaluadas y se elegirán las que obtengan mejores resultados para combinarlos en un aporte conjunto que cumpla con los objetivos planteados y que de la mejor solución integral del problema. Por lo antes mencionado, se propuso contemplar planes de gestión operacional, de limpieza y mantenimiento, añadiendo la implementación diseños, técnicas y metodologías que mejoren la productividad y eficiencia del agua tratada. Finalmente, solucionando los puntos ya explicados se espera que el agua tratada saliente de la PTAR cumpla con los parámetros establecidos por la norma para su correcto uso de riesgo y así poder disminuir la contaminación ambiental que emite la planta. / The present research work is a proposed solution to the malfunctioning of the wastewater treatment plant called "El Pedregal", located in the department of Ica, province of Chincha. According to the analyses carried out by ANA (National Water Authority), the "El Pedregal" WWTP (Wastewater Treatment Plant) does not comply with the parameters of the output water according to the OS 090 standard. Therefore, it will be necessary to identify the main causes of the malfunctioning, as well as to propose effective solutions that are within the reach of the company in charge of the plant "SEMAPACH S.A." (SERVICIO MUNICIPAL DE AGUA POTABLE Y ALCANTARILLADO DE CHINCHA S.A.). One of the main problems of the WWTP is its current inability to capture water, being insufficient for the amount it receives. "El Pedregal" is supplied by 4 districts of Chincha and supplies treated water for irrigation to part of the district of Chincha Alta. Therefore, it was proposed as a solution to this contingency to transfer part of the wastewater to a new treatment plant. Another problem is the poor filtration of large materials entering the plant, which has a negative impact on performance and causes clogging in some areas of the plant. The design of some artwork was proposed to help reduce the entry of these materials. A design was also presented for the construction of a perimeter fence to prevent the entry of people and external agents that could turn the plant into an infectious focus. It was identified that the WWTP did not have operation and maintenance personnel, which caused the entry of large materials or other external factors to deteriorate the structure of the WWTP, affecting its performance and functionality. In addition, it was detected that the channel that transports water from the WWTP outlet does not support this amount of water. Therefore, alternatives will be designed to meet the correct flow conditions, which are economical and sustainable. All proposals will be evaluated and those with the best results will be chosen to combine them into a joint contribution that will comply the proposed objectives and provide the best integral solution to the problem. For the above, it was proposed to contemplate operational management, cleaning and maintenance plans, adding the implementation of designs, techniques and methodologies that improve the productivity and efficiency of treated water. Finally, by solving the points already addressed, it is expected that the treated water leaving the WWTP will comply with the parameters established by the standard for its correct risk use and thus be able to reduce the environmental pollution emitted by the plant. / Tesis

Highway runoff transport high concentrations of heavy metals. As climate change affect the environment with for example increased storm events, the treatment of road runoff becomes more important. This study aims to evaluate the treatment of highway runoff with constructed wetlands, stormwater ponds, vegetated filterstrips, vegetated swales and filter materials for highways in proximity to nature reserves. The treatment efficiency of constructed wetlands, stormwater ponds, vegetated filterstrips and vegetated swales was examined through a literature study and modelling of the different treatment methods using the StormTac modelling tool. Modelling was done both based on the design of a facility from the literature study and also adapted to a study area along the Södertörn Crosslink. The treatment efficiency of a sand filter as well as four reactive filter materials was determined from field studies on a pilot plant in Gröndal. The results from the study show that the guidelines for stormwater quality from Järfälla municipality can be reached with the treatment of stormwater using filter material. The treatment of heavy metals with constructed wetlands and stormwater ponds is below the guidelines for stormwater quality from Järfälla municipality for some of the studied heavy metals. However, the results from the modelling show a higher treatment efficiency than from the literature study for the majority of the studied metals. Moreover, construed wetlands and stormwater ponds also provide areas for recreation and promotion of biodiversity, which in a nature reserve area should be considered beneficial. A common issue for stormwater treatment with constructed wetlands, stormwater ponds and filter materials are that the required area for filter materials with pre-sedimentation basin, as well as the requested area for constructed wetlands and stormwater ponds, are bigger than the designated area for treatment in the case study. / Dagvatten från motorvägar för med sig höga halter tungmetaller. Effekterna av klimatförändringar påverkar miljön med till exempel fler och häftigare regn, vilket leder till att rening av vägdagvatten blir allt viktigare. Denna studie syftar till att utvärdera rening av dagvatten från motorvägar med konstruerade våtmarker, dagvattendammar, översilningsytor, svackdiken och filtermaterial för motorvägar i nära anslutning till naturreservat. Reningseffektiviteten för konstruerade våtmarker, dagvattendammar, översilningsytor och svackdiken undersöktes genom en litteraturstudie och modellering av de olika reningsmetoderna i modelleringsverktyget StormTac. Modellering gjordes både utifrån utformning av en anläggning från litteraturstudien, men även för en anläggning anpassad till ett studieområde längs Tvärförbindelse Södertörn. Reningseffektiviteten för ett sandfilter samt fyra reaktiva filtermaterial bestämdes från fältstudier på en pilotanläggning i Gröndal. Resultaten från studien visar att riktlinjerna för dagvattenkvalitet från Järfälla kommun kan nås med rening av dagvatten med filtermaterial. Reningen av tungmetaller med anlagda våtmarker och dagvattendammar ligger under riktlinjerna för dagvattenkvalitet från Järfälla kommun för några av de studerade tungmetallerna, dock visar resultaten från modelleringen en högre reningseffektivitet än från litteraturstudien för majoriteten av de studerade tungmetallerna. Konstruerade våtmarker och dagvattendammar skapar även områden för rekreation och främjande av biologisk mångfald, vilket i ett naturreservatsområde bör anses vara fördelaktigt. Ett gemensamt problem för dagvattenrening med anlagda våtmarker, dagvattendammar och filtermaterial är att det området som krävs för filtermaterial med försedimenteringsbassäng, samt det önskvärda området för anlagda våtmarker och dagvattendammar är större än det avsedda området för rening i fallstudien.

A human enters with his activities to the industrial landscape in the same natural way as the nature entered before, and developed them.

Kleine, flache Gewässer gelten als sogenannte „hotspots“ der Primärproduktion und Kohlenstoffbindung. Diese Doktorarbeit zielt darauf ab, die Primärproduktion verschiedener kleiner Gewässer zu quantifizieren sowie die Mechanismen, die den Kohlenstoffkreislauf dieser Systeme beeinflussen, zu analysieren. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf dem Einfluss globaler Veränderungen, die diese Mechanismen verändern können Im ersten Abschnitt wurde die Primärproduktion (PP) in kleinen, temporären Söllen untersucht, die sehr anfällig für Störungen sind. Ich konnte zeigen, dass die PP der Sölle im Sommer außergewöhnlich hoch ist, was hauptsächlich auf eine hohe Makrophytenproduktion zurückzuführen ist Im zweiten Teil analysiere ich die Ergebnisse eines Experiments zum Einfluss erhöhter Temperaturen auf die benthische PP kleiner Gewässer im Frühjahr. Acht Mesokosmen wurden bei normalen und um 4°C erhöhten Wassertemperaturen gemäßigter Breiten betrieben. In der ersten Hälfte des Experiments konnte ich eine erhöhte benthische PP in den erwärmten Mesokosmen feststellen, die auf direkte Temperatureffekte und indirekte Auswirkungen einer höheren Nährstoffverfügbarkeit zurückzuführen war. Anfang Juni stieg jedoch der Einfluss der Makroinvertebraten auf das Periphyton in den erwärmten Mesokosmen, so dass keine Unterschiede in der PP mehr auftraten. Schließlich, untersuche ich die Resilienz eines Sees gegenüber einem plötzlichen Eintrag gelösten organischen Kohlenstoffs (DOC) aus dem terrestrischen Umland, der zu einer starken Braunfärbung des Wassers führte. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf Veränderungen der Wasserqualität und der aquatischen PP des Sees, nachdem sich die DOC-Konzentration verfünffacht hatte. Drei Jahren nach Erreichen der maximalen DOC- und Gesamt-Phosphor im See sanken diese signifikant, lagen jedoch noch immer 1,5- bzw. 2-fach oberhalb der Ausgangskonzentrationen vor dem DOC-Eintrag. Die benthische PP zeigte eine teilweise Erholung, erreichte jedoch ebenfalls nicht die Ausgangswerte. / Small, shallow freshwater ecosystems are now considered hotspots of primary production & carbon sequestration. Yet till recently they’ve been mostly neglected. This thesis aims at explaining the underlying mechanisms affecting carbon cycling in these systems, particularly focusing on how contemporary global changes alter ecological equilibria. In the first section, using a compartmental approach, I study primary production in small, temporary ponds (kettle holes) within agricultural fields that are highly susceptible to environmental & anthropogenic disturbances. I show that summertime gross primary production (GPP) in kettle holes is exceptionally high, mostly driven by a strong macrophyte production. In winter, periphyton contributes to the majority of the systems’ GPP. High summertime deposition, correlated to GPP, and low sediment mineralization rates, signified a high potential for carbon burial. In the second experiment, I test the impact of increased temperatures on periphyton production during spring. I use eight mesocosms running at normal & +4°C temperatures. Initially, I recorded elevated periphyton GPP in the warmed treatment driven by direct temperature effects & indirect effects of higher nutrient availability. By late spring, the trend is reversed due to increased grazing pressure in the warm treatment. In the third study, I investigate a lake’s resilience to a sudden brownification event: A 5-fold increase in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. Within three years after peak brownification, the lake DOC & total phosphorous concentrations dropped significantly but seem to have plateaued at 1.5 & 2-fold their pre-brownification levels, respectively. Consequently, benthic GPP, which had collapsed due to light limitation at peak brownification, marked only a partial recovery, while phytoplankton (& whole-lake) GPP remained higher than pre-brownification levels. Phytoplankton & periphyton exhibited an inverse response to DOC & TP concentrations.

No description available.

Due to climate change, water resources’ scarcity and distribution variability have generated a growing interest in sustainable water management in recent years. In addition, the growing interest in implementing nature-based solutions for urban resilience leads to the development of decentralized water supply systems such as rainwater harvesting systems (RWHS) as a complementary resource to conventional centralized water supply systems. The study is motivated by the climatic risks that the city of Madrid is subject to face in the upcoming years such as pronounced summer droughts and urban heat waves, leading to the reduction of water resources availability. This study aims to use Multi-criteria decision analysis and Geographic Information systems as tools for locating optimal space for the installation of pond harvesting systems (PHS) in Madrid for water recollection for non-potable purposes in the city. Attaining this aim, two objectives were set. Firstly, to evaluate and select the most relevant criteria for the installation of PHS and secondly, to generate a map of the most suitable locations for installation of PHS in the city of Madrid through a proposed GIS-MCDA methodology and a complimentary evaluation for each possible solution, to obtain a global vision of the applicability of PHS in Madrid. Through the first objective, several criteria were set for PHS installation, namely: distance to the river, rainfall, slope, soil characteristics, and land use. These criteria were applied to Madrid through a GIS-MCDA methodology, using these two tools’ synergy to obtain a suitability map for PHS installation. Two criteria weightings will be performed to evaluate the model’s robustness by modifying the criteria’ weights resulting in two different suitability scenarios. The discussion will analyze the results obtained considering the two scenarios and propose the most suitable location clusters identified. Finally, the conclusion will reflect the study’s most important findings and open the door to further research on the topic, such as the design, operation infrastructure, drainage logistics distribution, and other modifications in Madrid’s current water management system. / Som en konsekvens av den pågående klimatförändringen och dess inverkan i distributionen av vattenresurser har det skapats ett växande intresse för en hållbar vattenförvaltning de senaste åren. Detta växande intresse leder till implementationen av naturbaserade lösningar för urban resiliens och till en utveckling av decentraliserade vattenförsörjningssystem som regnvattenuppsamling (RWHS) som en komplementerande resurs till konventionella centraliserade vattenförsörjningssystem. Huvudsyftetmed denna studie är att täcka forskningsklyftan och att genom användning av verktyg som multikriterieanalys och geografiskt informationssystem (GIS) lokalisera en optimal plats för installation av dammar för regnvattenupptagning som del av stadsplanering för att skapa en hållbar vattenförvaltning i staden. För att uppnå detta, sattes två mål. Det ena var att utvärdera och välja de mest relevanta kriterierna för installation av dammuppsamlingssystem (PHS), det andra målet var att generera en karta över de lämpligaste platserna för installation av PHS i Madrid (Spanien) genom en föreslagen GIS-MCDA-metod och en kompletterande utvärdering för varje möjligt resultat i syfte att få en global vision av tillämpligheten av PHS i Madrid. De främsta kriterierna som utsågs för att göra utvärderingen av uppsamlingssystems installationen var: avstånd till f loden, nederbörd, sluttning, markegenskaper och markanvändning. Dessa kriterier tillämpades genom en GIS-MCDA-metodik, och med hjälp av dessa verktygs synergi erhölls en lämplighetskarta för PHS-installationer. Två kriterie viktningar kommer att utföras för att utvärdera modellens robusthet och vilket även kommer att resultera i två olika lämplighetsscenarier. Diskussionen kommer bestå av en analys av resultaten med hänsyn till de två scenarierna, och föreslå de två lämpligaste lokaliseringsklustren som identifierats. Slutligen kommer slutsatsen att återspegla studiens viktigaste resultat och öppna dörren för ytterligare forskning i ämnet, såsom design, driftinfrastruktur, dräneringslogistikdistribution och andra modifieringar i Madrids nuvarande vattenledningssystem.

The National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) is the definitive source for wetland resources in the United States. The NWI production unit in Hadley, MA has begun to upgrade their digital map database, integrating descriptors for assessment of wetland functions. Updating is conducted manually and some automation is needed to increase production and efficiency. This study assigned landscape position descriptor codes to NWI wetland polygons and correlated polygon environmental properties with public domain terrain, soils, hydrology, and vegetation data within the Coastal Plain of Virginia. Environmental properties were applied to a non-metric multidimensional scaling technique to identify similarities within individual landscape positions based on wetland plant indicators, primary and secondary hydrology indicators, and field indicators of hydric soils. Individual NWI landscape position classes were linked to field-validated environmental properties. Measures provided by this analysis indicated that wetland plant occurrence and wetland plant status obtained a stress value of 0.136 (Kruskal's stress measure = poor), which is a poor indicator when determining correlation among wetland environmental properties. This is due principally to the highly-variable plant distribution and wetland plant status found among the field-validated sites. Primary and secondary hydrology indicators obtained a stress rating of 0.097 (Kruskal's stress measure = good) for correlation. The hydrology indicators measured in this analysis had a high level of correlation with all NWI landscape position classes due the common occurrence of at least one primary hydrology indicator in all field validated wetlands. The secondary indicators had an increased accuracy in landscape position discrimination over the primary indicators because they were less ubiquitous. Hydric soil characteristics listed in the 1987 Manual and NTCHS field indicators of hydric soils proved to be a relatively poor indicator, based on Kruskal's stress measure of 0.117, for contrasting landscape position classes because the same values occurred across all classes. The six NWI field–validated landscape position classes used in this study were then further applied in a public domain digital data analysis. Mean pixel attribute values extracted from the 180 field-validated wetlands were analyzed using cluster analysis. The percent hydric soil component displayed the greatest variance when compared to elevation and slope curvature, streamflow and waterbody, Cowardin classification, and wetland vegetation type. Limitations of the soil survey data included: variable date of acquisition, small scale compared to wetland size, and variable quality. Flow had limitations related to its linear attributes, therefore is often found insignificant when evaluating pixel values that are mean of selected pixels across of wetland landscape position polygons. NLCD data limitations included poor quality resolution (large pixel size) and variable classification of cover types. The three sources of information that would improve wetland mapping and modeling the subtle changes in elevation and slope curvature that characterize wetland landscapes are: recent high resolution leaf-off aerial photography, high-quality soil survey data, and high-resolution elevation data. Due to the data limitations and the choice of variables used in this study, development of models and rules that clearly separate the six different landscape positions was not possible, and thus automation of coding could not be attempted. / Master of Science

The escalating impact of climate change has become a significant global concern, particularly in urban environments through the risk of flooding, due to intensified precipitation patterns. Nature Based Solu-tions (NBS), offer effective strategies for mitigating flood risks by enhancing stormwater management and promoting urban resilience. Multicriteria Analysis (MCA) has shown to be useful for identifying suitable areas for NBS, however, there is limited research on its application specifically for urban flood resilience in Sweden. Therefore, this study aims to develop a GIS-based suitability mapping framework within MCA method for allocating suitable areas for two NBS measures: Retention Pond (RP) and Detention Basin (DB), applying it to a case study in Sweden. The study employs a mixed-method approach and consists of (1) framework develop-ment through a literature review, geospatial data assessment, and key-informant interviews, and (2) application of the framework to a case study area in Sweden. In the case study area, the resulting suitability map indicates that 7.5 % of DBs and 7% of RPs met all criteria. Key-informant interviews with local experts provided valuable insights, particularly the exclusion of hazardous zones as well as emphasizing the importance of considering not only biophysical characteristics, but also socio-cultural factors. In conclusion, this study contributes to the body of knowledge on NBS suitability mapping. The findings offer guidance to climate strategists and urban planners on a municipal level, selecting optimal locations for NBS strategies for urban flood resilience and stormwater management.

IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE The subject of my doctoral dissertation is an exploration of fishing rights as a collection of a wide range of legal norms regulating the behavior of the recipients only in the performance of fishing, but also in civil, administrative and criminal relations with the breeding and hunting fish related. Due to the current lack of scientific literature on this topic, the thesis also basic definition and status of the Czech Fishing rights in the legal system of the Czech Republic and important connections not only in relation to the institutions of environmental law, but also of civil and criminal law. Basic Institutes of fishing rights are always described as in historical context, as from the time of its inception developed, as well as in international comparisons of countries that their cultures are very close to us.