A Bacia Hidrográfica Lagos São João, localizada no sudoeste do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, abrange 13 municípios que abrigam cerca de 520 mil habitantes. Na temporada de férias esse número sobe para mais de 1 milhão de pessoas. A pastagem constitui o principal tipo de uso do solo, em seguida vem as áreas urbanas e as salinas. A partir da década de 1960 essa região passou a receber maior contingente populacional, tanto de veranistas quanto de moradores fixos, beneficiados pela implantação de novas vias de acesso, como a Ponte Rio-Niteroi e pela construção da represa de Juturnaíba, que ampliou o abastecimento de água dos municípios. Surge neste contexto a especulação imobiliária, que acelera a ocupação das terras próximas a Lagoa de Araruama. Rapidamente essas terras foram loteadas e o setor da construção civil foi ganhando força. Entretanto, a região não contou com adequado planejamento, e os investimentos em saneamento básico e outras infraestruturas urbanas não acompanharam o ritmo da construção civil, que cada vez mais investia em casas, prédios e condomínios, que ampliaram consideravelmente a área urbana e a ocupação da zona costeira. Sendo assim, ficou visível o aumento da malha urbana e a ocupação de áreas impróprias, como as margens dos corpos hídricos, os manguezais, dunas e restingas, além da redução da cobertura vegetal. Dessa forma, foi substancial a perda de qualidade ambiental na região, sobretudo, com relação a água da lagoa e dos rios, que passaram a receber maior volume de efluentes sem tratamento. O potencial turístico da região tem sido explorado e provocado altos investimentos dos agentes de especulação imobiliária, entretanto além de promover a ocupação em áreas irregulares, leva a privatização de espaços públicos e incentiva o fenômeno da segunda residência. A chegada de novos turistas iniciou o processo de desenvolvimento do turismo e, consequentemente, a redução da produção salineira. Com isso, o espaço local ganhou novos significados, inseridos pela lógica da urbanização turística. Foi essa nova lógica transformadora que, gradativamente, valorizou a paisagem local, ampliando e encarecendo o seu consumo. Além de ampliar as transformações espaciais, tendo em vista a expansão da malha urbana verificada nas imagens de satélites, atuais, que foram comparadas com fotografias aéreas de décadas anteriores. Todas as transformações ocorridas na região apresentam alguma relação com o desencadeamento de novos problemas ambientais identificados nos seus ecossistemas, sobretudo a Lagoa de Araruama, ou a ampliação de problemas anteriormente existentes. / The Bacia Lakes-São João, located southwest of the State of Rio de Janeiro, covers 13 counties that are home to around 520,000 inhabitants fixed. While the holiday season that number rises to more than 1 million people. The pasture is the main type of land use, then comes the urban areas and the salt. From the 1960s the region began to receive greater populations, both vacationers and residents fixed, benefited by the construction of new sources of access, such as the Rio-Niteroi Bridge and installation of the dam Juturnaíba, which increased the supply water municipalities. Through the expansion of urban infrastructure facilities such as water distribution and ease of access, there is a backdrop of speculation that hastened the occupation of land near Araruama Lake. Quickly these lands have been allotted and construction industry was gaining momentum. However, the region did not have adequate planning, and investments in basic sanitation and other urban infrastructures have not kept up the pace of construction, which are increasingly investing in homes, buildings and condominiums, which increased considerably the urban area and the occupation of the area coast. Thus, the increase was visible in the urban areas and occupation of unsuitable, as the margins of water bodies, mangroves, dunes and salt marshes, and reduced plant cover. So, was substantial loss of environmental quality in the region, particularly with respect to pond water and rivers, which have received greater volume of untreated waste. This context highlights the increased pressure on the physical environment, caused by population growth. The tourist potential of the region has been explored and caused high investments the agents of real estate speculation, however in addition to promoting the occupation in irregular areas, leads to privatization of public spaces and encourages the phenomenon of second homes. The arrival of new tourists began the process of development of tourism and thus reducing production Salineira. Thus, the local space gained new meanings, inserted by the logic of urban tourism. It was this new logic transformation that gradually appreciated the local landscape, increasing its consumption and endearing. In addition to expanding the transformations esapaciais. All changes occurred in the region have some relationship with the onset of new environmental problems identified in their ecosystems, or extension of previously existing problems. At the end of the research are presented some results verified by conducting field trips, lectures about the area and observation images and photographs.

This report analyzes the spatial shift occurring in the nature of poverty in Pakistan. Given the rapid urban growth in Pakistan, poor families residing in cities are confronted with limited employment opportunities, poor living conditions, minimal access to services, and face environmental and health risks. Macroeconomic factors such as slow economic growth, Structural Adjustment Programs, food inflation, low job creation rate and housing crisis have all contributed to the rise in urban poverty. The weak local government structure and a lack of community involvement in governance decisions have only worsened the situation. With a burgeoning urban population, it is imperative that the government introduces a holistic pro-poor development package that focuses on interventions in the education, labor and housing markets across Pakistan. / text

The aim of this study is to explore if UNFPA’s work mission and methods direct for greater food security in the future. The analysis is based on one of UNFPA’s main frameworks; ICPD Programme of Action 1994. The analysis is based upon different themes that are recognized as tools for change; family planning, women’s empowerment and gender equality, education and child marriage. The theoretical frame of the analysis is liberalism which has been complemented with social constructivism, and has provided an insight to the discussion. The essay will also investigate whether the different theories can explain UNFPA’s framework, mission and methods.  The method used is a describing qualitative content analysis.    The research shows that UNFPA indirectly implement or propose a great deal that can have an impact on food security. In order to regulate population growth, which is one of the major trends threatening food security, different measures are proposed in the framework. Focus is on governments efforts and gender equality through SRH education. The liberal view put emphasis on human rights and the individuals right to freedom, as well as equality, which was obtained by a greater or lesser degree throughout the framework. Social constructivism could explain ICPD where liberalism failed to do so, such as the lack of emphasis on child marriage due to many societies identity and traditions.

To achieve economic development, regional authorities have to address issues that relate to climate change, efficient information flow in the market place, and health care. This dissertation presents three essays on current issues of concern to economic development in Africa. Climate change is examined in terms of its effects on the Egyptian agricultural sector; transmission of world price to small scale growers is examined in Uganda; and the benefits of insecticide-treated bed nets use is examined in Africa. In essay I, to address the impact of climate change on the Egyptian agricultural sector under alternative population growth rates, water use and crop yield assumption; the Egyptian Agricultural Sector Model (EASM) is updated and expanded to improve hydrological modeling and used to portray agricultural activity and hydrological flow. The results indicate that climate change will cause damages (costs) to the Egyptian agricultural sector and these will increase over time. Egypt may reduce these future damages by controlling its population growth rate and using water conservation strategies. In essay II, I use vector autoregressive analysis to examine the transmissions of price information to Uganda coffee growers; using monthly coffee price data on retail, futures, farmgate and world prices from 1994 to 2010. Improved transmission of world prices to farmers may increase their decision making to obtain a better market price. Directed acyclic graphs reveal that there is a causal flow of information from the indicator price to the London futures price to the Uganda grower?s price in contemporaneous time. Forecast error variance decomposition indicates that at moving ahead 12 months, the uncertainty in Uganda grower price is attributable to the indicator price (world spot price), own price (farmgate), London future and Spain retail price in rank order. In essay III, the cost of malaria in children under five years and the use of insecticide treated bed nets is examined in the context of 18 countries in Africa. I examine the direct and indirect cost of malaria in children under five years and the benefit of investing in insecticide treated mosquito nets as a preventative strategy in 18 African countries. The results indicate that the use of mosquito treated nets reduces the number of malaria cases in children; and this can induce 0.5% reduction in outpatient treatment costs, 11% reduction in inpatient treatment costs, 11% reduction in productivity loss, and 15% reduction in disability adjusted life years (DALY) annually.

Examensarbete.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2010.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:30:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 568529 bytes, checksum: 57591390719fc6e83e520999363ba837 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The broad mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks, 1904) (Acari: Tarsonemidae) has been cited as one of the most important pests of physic nut in Brazil. However, there is no information available about broad mite development on the main genotypes of physic nut cultivated in Brazil. Besides, the control of P. latus has been done with synthetic acaricides, without the knowledge of broad mite densities, due to the lack of sampling plans for the pest in this crop. The aims of this research were to study the biological parameters of P. latus and its population growth on physic nut genotypes, the predators associated to broad mite in physic nut genotypes, and to determine a sampling plan for P. latus. The informations were distributed in three chapters. In Chapter 1, it was evaluated P. latus biology and its population growth through the estimation of the intrinsic rate of population increase (rm) in laboratory and the instantaneous rate of population increase (ri) in the greenhouse, on five physic nut genotypes (Filomena, Bento, Oracília, Gonçalo and Paraguaçú). In Chapter 2 , we determined the unit amostral, the amostral technique and the more representative number of samples to compose the sampling plan of P. latus in physic nut plants. In the chapter 3, it was studied the population dynamics of P. latus in the field, in nine genotypes of physic nut, their attack seasonality, the importance of the predatory mites in controlling P. latus population. P. latus was capable to complete its life cycle and to reproduce in the tested genotypes. The biological parameters and the fecundity of P. latus didi not differ among the tested physic nut genotypes. The intrinsic rate of population increase (rm) and the instantaneous rate of population increase (ri) were similar among the genotypes. The injury levels of P. latus didn't differ among the genotypes. For the sampling plan, the leaf surface selected for the sampling of P. latus in physic nut was the abaxial and the ideal positions for sampling are those close to the petioles (P5 and P6) of that surface. The direct counting with aid of manual magnifying glass was the best sampling technique. The most representative leaves for broad mite sampling were from the 2nd to 4th leaf. Adjustment was not observed of the sample data the any frequency distribution, however the number of samples to compose the sampling plan was 79 samples/farming, what requests 0.95 hours/sampling and costs R$ 17.67 for the sampling. In the field, the levels of infestation of P. latus along the time andthe number of predatory mites didn't vary among the physic nut genotypes. There was no significant correlation betweenthe predatory mite Iphiseiodes zuluagai and P. latus populations, however there was a positive correlation among predatori mites Typhlodromalus spp., the climatic factors (precipitation, temperature and photoperiod) and the densities of P. latus. The population peak of P. latus was during November and December. / O ácaro branco Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks, 1904) (Acari: Tarsonemidae) tem sido relatado como uma das pragas mais importantes do pinhão manso Jatropha curcas L. no Brasil. No entanto, não existem informações sobre o potencial de desenvolvimento desta praga nos principais acessos de pinhão manso plantados no território nacional. Além disso, o controle de P. latus tem sido realizado utilizando-se acaricidas, sem o conhecimento das densidades populacionais, devido à inexistência de um sistema amostral desenvolvido em plantas de pinhão manso para esta praga.Assim nesse trabalho se propõe estudar os parâmetros biológicos de P. latus, seu potencial de crescimento populacional em acessos de pinhão manso, a susceptibilidade de acessos de pinhão manso a P. latus, os ácaros predadores e ainda determinar um plano de amostragem para P. latus neste hospedeiro. As informações obtidas foram distribuídas em três capítulos. No Capítulo 1, avaliou-se a biologia de P. latus e seu potencial de crescimento através da taxa intrínseca de crescimento populacional (rm) em laboratório e da taxa instantânea de crescimento populacional (ri) e as injúrias causadas pelo ácaro em casa de vegetação nos acessos de pinhão manso Filomena, Bento, Oracília, Gonçalo e Paraguaçú. No capítulo 2 determinaram-se a unidade amostral, a técnica amostral e o número de amostras mais representativos para compor o plano de amostragem de P. latus em plantas de pinhão manso. No capítulo 3, foi estudada a dinâmica populacional de P. latus em campo, em nove acessos de pinhão manso, com o intuito de conhecer as diferenças na infestação nos acessos, a sazonalidade do ataque e a importância dos ácaros predadores. P. latus foi capaz de completar seu ciclo e se reproduzir nos acessos Filomena, Bento, Gonçalo, Oracília e Paraguaçú. Não foi detectada diferença significativa na duração dos parâmetros biológicos e na fecundidade de P. latus entre os acessos de pinhão manso. As taxas de crescimento populacional em laboratório (rm) e em casa de vegetação (ri) foram semelhantes entre os acessos de pinhão manso. Os níveis de injúria de P. latus não diferiram entre os acessos de pinhão manso. Quanto ao plano de amostragem, a face da folha selecionada para a amostragem de P. latus em pinhão manso foi a abaxial e as posições ideais para amostragem são próximas ao pecíolo (P5 e P6) desta face. A contagem direta com lupa manual foi a melhor técnica amostral. As folhas mais representativas para amostragem de P. latus foram da 2ª a 4ª folha. Não foi observado ajuste dos dados amostrais a nenhuma distribuição de frequência, porém o número de amostras determinado para compor o plano de amostragem foi 79 amostras/lavoura, o que requer um tempo de 0,95 horas/amostragem e um custo de R$ 17,67 para a amostragem. No campo, os níveis de infestação de P. latus ao longo do tempo e o número de ácaros predadores não variaram entre os acessos de pinhão manso. Não foi observada correlação significativa entre os ácaros predadores da espécie Iphiseiodes zuluagai e as populações de P. latus, porém houve correlação positiva entre ácaros predadores Typhlodromalus spp., os fatores climáticos (precipitação, temperatura e fotoperíodo) e as densidades de P. latus em campo. O pico populacional de P. latus ocorreu nos meses de novembro e dezembro.

This study departs from the assumption that the environmental literacy of educators is significant in the effective implementation of environmental education. The study explores and interprets the environmental literacy of currently serving educators (in-service educators) in the towns of Makwassie and Wolmaransstad. Semi-structured and unstructured interviews were used for data collection in this qualitative, case study-based research inquiry. The interview schedule was designed to cover six concepts/issues, namely, pollution, global warming, the ozone layer, water, human population growth, and sustainable development. The findings reveal that the level of environmental literacy varies from educator to educator and that various factors influence the environmental literacy of educators. The study recommends meaningful, ongoing educator training and support, more research in the area of educator environmental literacy, as well as an investigation into classroom practice in order to determine the level of the implementation of environmental education. / Science and Technology Education / M.A. (Comparative Education)

A Bacia Hidrográfica Lagos São João, localizada no sudoeste do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, abrange 13 municípios que abrigam cerca de 520 mil habitantes. Na temporada de férias esse número sobe para mais de 1 milhão de pessoas. A pastagem constitui o principal tipo de uso do solo, em seguida vem as áreas urbanas e as salinas. A partir da década de 1960 essa região passou a receber maior contingente populacional, tanto de veranistas quanto de moradores fixos, beneficiados pela implantação de novas vias de acesso, como a Ponte Rio-Niteroi e pela construção da represa de Juturnaíba, que ampliou o abastecimento de água dos municípios. Surge neste contexto a especulação imobiliária, que acelera a ocupação das terras próximas a Lagoa de Araruama. Rapidamente essas terras foram loteadas e o setor da construção civil foi ganhando força. Entretanto, a região não contou com adequado planejamento, e os investimentos em saneamento básico e outras infraestruturas urbanas não acompanharam o ritmo da construção civil, que cada vez mais investia em casas, prédios e condomínios, que ampliaram consideravelmente a área urbana e a ocupação da zona costeira. Sendo assim, ficou visível o aumento da malha urbana e a ocupação de áreas impróprias, como as margens dos corpos hídricos, os manguezais, dunas e restingas, além da redução da cobertura vegetal. Dessa forma, foi substancial a perda de qualidade ambiental na região, sobretudo, com relação a água da lagoa e dos rios, que passaram a receber maior volume de efluentes sem tratamento. O potencial turístico da região tem sido explorado e provocado altos investimentos dos agentes de especulação imobiliária, entretanto além de promover a ocupação em áreas irregulares, leva a privatização de espaços públicos e incentiva o fenômeno da segunda residência. A chegada de novos turistas iniciou o processo de desenvolvimento do turismo e, consequentemente, a redução da produção salineira. Com isso, o espaço local ganhou novos significados, inseridos pela lógica da urbanização turística. Foi essa nova lógica transformadora que, gradativamente, valorizou a paisagem local, ampliando e encarecendo o seu consumo. Além de ampliar as transformações espaciais, tendo em vista a expansão da malha urbana verificada nas imagens de satélites, atuais, que foram comparadas com fotografias aéreas de décadas anteriores. Todas as transformações ocorridas na região apresentam alguma relação com o desencadeamento de novos problemas ambientais identificados nos seus ecossistemas, sobretudo a Lagoa de Araruama, ou a ampliação de problemas anteriormente existentes. / The Bacia Lakes-São João, located southwest of the State of Rio de Janeiro, covers 13 counties that are home to around 520,000 inhabitants fixed. While the holiday season that number rises to more than 1 million people. The pasture is the main type of land use, then comes the urban areas and the salt. From the 1960s the region began to receive greater populations, both vacationers and residents fixed, benefited by the construction of new sources of access, such as the Rio-Niteroi Bridge and installation of the dam Juturnaíba, which increased the supply water municipalities. Through the expansion of urban infrastructure facilities such as water distribution and ease of access, there is a backdrop of speculation that hastened the occupation of land near Araruama Lake. Quickly these lands have been allotted and construction industry was gaining momentum. However, the region did not have adequate planning, and investments in basic sanitation and other urban infrastructures have not kept up the pace of construction, which are increasingly investing in homes, buildings and condominiums, which increased considerably the urban area and the occupation of the area coast. Thus, the increase was visible in the urban areas and occupation of unsuitable, as the margins of water bodies, mangroves, dunes and salt marshes, and reduced plant cover. So, was substantial loss of environmental quality in the region, particularly with respect to pond water and rivers, which have received greater volume of untreated waste. This context highlights the increased pressure on the physical environment, caused by population growth. The tourist potential of the region has been explored and caused high investments the agents of real estate speculation, however in addition to promoting the occupation in irregular areas, leads to privatization of public spaces and encourages the phenomenon of second homes. The arrival of new tourists began the process of development of tourism and thus reducing production Salineira. Thus, the local space gained new meanings, inserted by the logic of urban tourism. It was this new logic transformation that gradually appreciated the local landscape, increasing its consumption and endearing. In addition to expanding the transformations esapaciais. All changes occurred in the region have some relationship with the onset of new environmental problems identified in their ecosystems, or extension of previously existing problems. At the end of the research are presented some results verified by conducting field trips, lectures about the area and observation images and photographs.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-11-28T14:10:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariana Oliveira Breda.pdf: 588678 bytes, checksum: dfbffb2bf31e84d654f1e337dae28971 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-28T14:10:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariana Oliveira Breda.pdf: 588678 bytes, checksum: dfbffb2bf31e84d654f1e337dae28971 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-01 / Aphis gossypii Glover is one of the major pest of cotton in Brazil, causing direct and indirect damage through viruses transmission. In alternative production systems, the control of this pest is carried out by natural biological control and by application of botanical insecticides. However, the performance of A. gossypii, its natural enemies and insecticides may be affected by different features of cotton cultivars, as the tricomas density. The objectives of this study were examine the interactions between white (BRS 8H and BRS 201) and colored fiber cotton cultivars (BRS Verde, BRS Safira and BRS Rubi), botanical insecticide (Azamax®, castor bean oil emulsion, aqueous extract of neem seeds, Eucalyptus citrioda Hook and E. staigeriana essential oils), A. gossypii and its natural enemy Cycloneda sanguinea (L.).Tested cultivars did not influence the development and feeding preference of A. gossypii, the locomotion and search ability of C. sanguinea and the effectiveness of tested botanical insecticides. The essential oils of E. staigeriana e E. citriodora showed no decrease in pest population and caused severe phytotoxicity in all cotton cultivars. Azamax® showed A. gossypii mortality ranging between 64 and 100%, and negative instantaneous growth rate (ri), from the concentration of 1.25%. For aqueous extract of neem seeds aphid mortality ranged between 12 and 92% and the ri was negative from concentration above 2.5%. Castor bean oil emulsion had low toxicity, with mortality rates ranging between 8 and 68% and negative ri, from concentration of 3.0%. Azamax® 0.25 and 1.25%, aqueous extract of neem seeds 2.25% and castor bean oil emulsion 3.0% showed high mortality to larvae of the 1st and 4th instars of C. sanguinea preventing the emergence of adults. / Aphis gossypii Glover constitui uma das principais pragas do algodoeiro no Brasil, causando danos diretos e indiretos através da transmissão de viroses. Em sistemas alternativos de produção, o controle dessa praga é mediado pelo controle biológico natural e a aplicação de inseticidas botânicos. Entretanto, a ação desse inseto, dos seus inimigos naturais e dos inseticidas utilizados pode ser influenciada por características das cultivares de algodoeiro, como a densidade de tricomas. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram analisar as interações de cultivares de algodão de fibra branca (BRS 8H e BRS 201) e colorida (BRS Verde, BRS Safira e BRS Rubi), inseticidas botânicos (Azamax®, extrato aquoso de nim, óleo de mamona e óleos essenciais de Eucalyptus staigeriana Hook e E. citriodora), A. gossypii e Cycloneda sanguinea (L.), um dos principais inimigos naturais desse pulgão no Brasil. Observou-se que de maneira geral, as cultivares testadas não influenciaram o desenvolvimento e a preferência alimentar de A. gossypii, a locomoção e capacidade de busca de C. sanguinea e a eficiência dos inseticidas botânicos testados. Os óleos essenciais de E. staigeriana e E. citriodora não provocaram redução na população da praga e causaram intensa fitotoxidade em todas as cultivares de algodão. Azamax® apresentou mortalidade de A. gossypii, entre 64 e 100%, e taxa instantânea de crescimento (ri) negativa, a partir da concentração de 1,25%. Para o extrato aquoso de nim a mortalidade variou entre 12 e 92% e as ri foram negativas, a partir da concentração de 2,5%. O óleo de mamona teve baixa toxicidade, com mortalidade variando entre 8 e 68% e ri negativas a partir da concentração de 3,0%. Azamax® a 0,25 e 1,25%, extrato aquoso de nim a 2,25% e óleo de mamona a 3,0% causaram mortalidade elevada para larvas de 1° e 4° ínstares de C. sanguinea, inviabilizando a emergência de adultos.