In this thesis, I propose that Mexican water works during the Porfiriato influenced the development of modernity because of hydrology’s link between society and environment. These two canals in particular provide a window on the relationship between the state and environment that connects the two in the efforts of state formation. The Gran Canal and the Canal de la Viga both worked as tools for social and political construction for Mexicans to imagine modernity for themselves and for their country.

After the Mining Code of 1884, Zacatecas residents saw the mining industry encroach on their water sources and menace the public health of the city. The Code allowed for the privatization of land by foreign nationals, denouncements of mines, and water rights to local sources. Municipal officials and residents soon faced a shortage of drinking water and firewood as severe drought settled in the region, along with a devastating monetary crisis. Residents voiced public health concerns with cholera, floods, and abattoirs and pushed for investment in water infrastructure, rabies vaccines, and drainage projects. Miners established unions to represent their claims in injuries and to have silicosis-tuberculosis recognized as an occupational disease. Using public and private archives, newspapers, union documents, and government correspondence, this study demonstrates how municipal officials and mining companies understood public health and occupational health, and to what extent residents tolerated the industry's hold on water. While the historiography of the city emphasizes the economics of colonial silver mining, this study examines the social and environmental links between the industry and the city as mining companies blocked union activity and water management efforts.

Esta dissertação trata das transformações ocorridas na cultura política mexicana do final do século XIX até o início do XX, enfocando o acervo imagético de um dos principais ilustradores mexicanos, José Guadalupe Posada. Está inserida na Linha de Pesquisa Política e Cultura do Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da UERJ. Os procedimentos teórico-metodológicos nortearam-se pelos aportes da História Cultural e as fontes documentais, em sua maioria ilustrações, foram pesquisadas em arquivos públicos digitais e bibliotecas. O ilustrador viveu entre 1852 e 1913 e foi considerado um dos responsáveis pelo fortalecimento da arte gráfica na América Latina, além de se destacar como um dos intelectuais mais expressivos de sua época e testemunha ocular dos acontecimentos que levaram à Revolução Mexicana. Através daquelas ilustrações analisamos o contexto histórico do México ao longo do governo de Porfírio Díaz. Foram destacadas as culturas políticas que nortearam o percurso do país, a primeira entre a metade e o fim do século XIX, a outra na primeira década do século XX. As obras de José Guadalupe Posada são uma das mais ricas fontes históricas sobre o período e contribuíram para a disseminação de ideias e valores políticos que circularam no México durante o Porfiriato. / This dissertation presents the transformations in Mexican political culture of the late 19th century to the early 20th century, aiming to focus on the imagery collection of one of the greatest Mexican illustrators: José Guadalupe Posada. The theoretical-methodological procedures were guided up by the contributions of cultural history and documentary sources, mostly illustrations, which were found in digital public archives and libraries. The illustrator lived in Mexico between 1852 and 1913, being considered one of the responsible artists for the strengthening of the graphic arts in Latin America, besides standing out as one of the most important intellectuals of his time and eyewitness of the events that led to the Mexican Revolution. Through the illustrations, it was possible to analyze the historical context of Mexico over the government of Porfirio Díaz. Furthermore, the political cultures that guided the country's path were highlighted: the first, between the half and the end of the 19th century and the other, in the first decade of the 20th century. The works of José Guadalupe Posada are one of the richest historical sources about the period, which have contributed to the spread of ideas and political values in Mexico, during the Porfiriato.

Esta dissertação trata das transformações ocorridas na cultura política mexicana do final do século XIX até o início do XX, enfocando o acervo imagético de um dos principais ilustradores mexicanos, José Guadalupe Posada. Está inserida na Linha de Pesquisa Política e Cultura do Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da UERJ. Os procedimentos teórico-metodológicos nortearam-se pelos aportes da História Cultural e as fontes documentais, em sua maioria ilustrações, foram pesquisadas em arquivos públicos digitais e bibliotecas. O ilustrador viveu entre 1852 e 1913 e foi considerado um dos responsáveis pelo fortalecimento da arte gráfica na América Latina, além de se destacar como um dos intelectuais mais expressivos de sua época e testemunha ocular dos acontecimentos que levaram à Revolução Mexicana. Através daquelas ilustrações analisamos o contexto histórico do México ao longo do governo de Porfírio Díaz. Foram destacadas as culturas políticas que nortearam o percurso do país, a primeira entre a metade e o fim do século XIX, a outra na primeira década do século XX. As obras de José Guadalupe Posada são uma das mais ricas fontes históricas sobre o período e contribuíram para a disseminação de ideias e valores políticos que circularam no México durante o Porfiriato. / This dissertation presents the transformations in Mexican political culture of the late 19th century to the early 20th century, aiming to focus on the imagery collection of one of the greatest Mexican illustrators: José Guadalupe Posada. The theoretical-methodological procedures were guided up by the contributions of cultural history and documentary sources, mostly illustrations, which were found in digital public archives and libraries. The illustrator lived in Mexico between 1852 and 1913, being considered one of the responsible artists for the strengthening of the graphic arts in Latin America, besides standing out as one of the most important intellectuals of his time and eyewitness of the events that led to the Mexican Revolution. Through the illustrations, it was possible to analyze the historical context of Mexico over the government of Porfirio Díaz. Furthermore, the political cultures that guided the country's path were highlighted: the first, between the half and the end of the 19th century and the other, in the first decade of the 20th century. The works of José Guadalupe Posada are one of the richest historical sources about the period, which have contributed to the spread of ideas and political values in Mexico, during the Porfiriato.

The Mexican Herald, an English language newspaper in Mexico City during the authoritative rule of Porfirio Díaz (1895-1910), sought to introduce a vision of Mexico's development that would influence how Mexicans conceived of their country's political and cultural place within a community that transcended national boundaries. As Mexicans experienced rapid modernization led partially by foreign investors, the Herald represented the imaginings of its editors and their efforts to influence how Mexicans conceptualized their national identity and place in the world. The newspaper's editors idealized a Mexico that would follow the international model of the United States and embrace Pan-Americanism. The Herald's depictions of the ideal, future city provided an intelligible landscape to modernity. The editors' vision of modernity had significant implications for Mexican culture. The newspaper's articles and illustrations defined the parameters of modernity providing clear depictions of the physical, political, and cultural aspects of the community of modern nations.

Le but de cette étude est d’analyser l’intégration différentielle des régions du Mexique au marché national pendant la période du Porfiriat (1876-1910). La formation d’un marché national ne s’est pas développée de façon harmonieuse ou équilibrée au Mexique pendant cette période. Les hypothèses d’une croissance démographique et d’une urbanisation, d’une spécialisation croissante de la force de travail, d’une création de richesse significative, d’un développement des structures commerciales et d’un réseau de voies de communication sont confrontées à la réalité des chiffres dans deux zones de l’Etat de Guanajuato ayant connu chacune une forme de prospérité pendant le Porfiriat mais ayant suivi, depuis, des trajectoires totalement différentes. Les conclusions que nous tirons de cette analyse comparative ne sont guère édifiantes et montrent que d’un côté comme de l’autre les conditions d’une participation accrue au marché national n’étaient pas ou seulement partiellement, remplies à la fin du Porfiriat. Si l’évolution démographique constatée dans l’une et l’autre de ces régions constitue une variable potentiellement favorable à l’expansion du marché national, la création de richesses nouvelles timide d’un côté et aléatoire de l’autre ne plaide pas en faveur d’une meilleure intégration au marché intérieur de dimension nationale. La faiblesse constatée d’une part, des structures commerciales et l’absence d’autre part de dynamisme des acteurs du commerce freinent considé-rablement le processus. Enfin l’inefficacité économique et l’incohérence des décisions en matière de voies de communication limitent l’impact que des moyens modernes de transport de marchandises pouvaient avoir sur l’ouverture du marché. / These work deals with the analysis of a differential integration of the regions of Mex-ico to a national market during the Porfirian era. The formation of a national market was not a harmonious and equilibrated process during this period of time. The dis-tinct hypothesis of a population growth and urbanization, of a growing specialization of the work force, and of the wealth production, of the development of commercial structures and at last of an efficient transportation link were confronted to the real figures founded in the archive holdings of two regions of the State of Guanajuato who have, each of them, known a certain form of prosperity during the Porfirian pe-riod but then have followed, distinct paths of development. Our conclusions driven by this comparative study are not what we expected and show that the conditions of a growing participation to a national market were not, partly or even entirely fulfilled. If the demographic changes observed in our two zones are a positive indication of a potential integration to the national market, the uncertain creation of wealth in one zone and the fragile and fleeting growth of the production in the other don’t advocate in favour of a best integration to a domestic market of national dimension. On the other hand, the weakness of the commercial structures and the lack of dynamism of the trading community, were responsible for the slowdown of the process. And finally, the economic inefficiency and the inconsistent decisions in terms of transport infrastructure have slowed the impact that modern means of transport could have had on the opening of the market. / El propósito de este trabajo es de analizar la integración diferencial de las regiones de México al mercado nacional durante el Porfiriato (1876-1910). La formación de un mercado nacional nunca fue harmoniosa o equilibrada en México durante este periodo. Las hipótesis de un crecimiento demografico y de una urbanización, de una especialización creciente de la fuerza de trabajo, de la creación significativa de riquezas, del desarrollo de las estructuras comerciales y de una red de vías de comunicación se enfrentan a la realidad de las cifras recopiladas en dos zonas del estado de Guanajuato que han conocida cada una, a su manera una particular forma de prosperidad durante el Porfiriato para seguir después trayectorias totalmente diferentes. Las conclusiones que hemos sacado de este análisis comparativo no son realmente positivas y muestran que, de un lado como del otro, las condiciones de una participación mayor al mercado nacional no estaban (o lo estaban solamente en parte) reunidas al final del Porfiriato. Si la evolución demográfica verificada en cada una de las dos zonas del estudio constituye una variable potencialmente favorable a la integración, la creación tímida de nuevas riquezas de un lado y aleatoria del otro no participa a una mejor integración à un mercado interior de dimensión na-cional. La ausencia verificada de estructuras comerciales de un lado y la falta de dinamismo de otro lado de los actores del comercio frenan consi-derablemente el proceso. En fin, la ineficacia económica y la incoherencia de las decisiones en materia de vías de comunicación limitan el impacto que los medios modernos de transporte de mercancías podían tener sobre la ampliación del mercado.

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[EN] In the first half of the 20th century, Mexico, India and Egypt, embarked in a process of cultural self-affirmation that will live its mark in their national architecture. These three countries are placed in regions with an architectural heritage for thousands of years that, unfortunately, they have been disrespected during the Western occupation. Far from a change taking place, the blind faith in Western culture made them embrace the international style that hardly could be accepted by the lack of technical adequacy and scarcity of economic resources. Against this background, three figures emerged that are the purpose for this study: Hassan Fathy, Juan O'Gorman y Balkrishna V. Doshi. These architects present parallel lives; located obstinately against the century of the specialization and committed to acting as a guard of the local traditions. These architects will try to achieve answers to the questions of architectural identity suitable to their new nations. An identity which modernity is based on the local tradition and the technology adapted to the level of development of their countries and appropriable for their beneficiaries. The study tries to demonstrate the degree of affinity of their discourses, despite the apparent distance of their homelands. We will focus on the strategies to confront those common problems that they found in the course of their works. These strategies will form a common catalogue of architecturally applicable solutions in developing countries who try to reach the benefits of globalization without giving up their cultural roots. / [ES] En la primera mitad del siglo XX, México, India y Egipto, se embarcaron en un proceso de autoafirmación cultural que tendrá su eco en la arquitectura nacional. Se trata de tres estados asentados en regiones con una herencia arquitectónica de miles de años que, lamentablemente, había sido denostada en una lucha de poder durante la ocupación occidental. Lejos de producirse un cambio, la fe ciega en occidente les hizo abrazar un estilo internacional que a duras penas podía ser aceptado por la falta de adecuación técnica y carestía de recursos económicos. Ante este panorama, surgieron las tres figuras que son objeto de estudio: Hassan Fathy, Juan O'Gorman y Balkrishna V. Doshi. Estos arquitectos presentan vidas paralelas; ubicadas tercamente a contracorriente en el siglo de la especialización y empeñadas en actuar como centinelas de las tradiciones locales. Los tres arquitectos tratarán de lograr respuestas a las cuestiones de identidad arquitectónica dentro de sus naciones embrionarias. Una identidad cuya modernidad se base en la tradición local y la tecnología apropiada al nivel de desarrollo de sus países natales y apropiable por sus beneficiarios. El estudio pretende demostrar el grado de afinidad de sus discursos, pese a la lejanía aparente de sus países de origen. Se incidirá sobre sus estrategias para afrontar aquellos problemas comunes que se encontraron en el ejercicio de su profesión. Estas estrategias configurarán un catálogo común de soluciones arquitectónicas aplicables en países en vías de desarrollo que pretendan alcanzar los beneficios de la globalización sin renunciar a sus orígenes. / [CAT] En la primera meitat del segle XX, Mèxic, Índia i Egipte, es van embarcar en un procés d'autoafirmació cultural que tindrà el seu ressò en l'arquitectura nacional. Es tracta de tres estats assentats en regions amb una herència arquitectònica de milers d'anys que, lamentablement, havia estat injuriada en una lluita de poder durant l'ocupació occidental. Lluny de produir-se un canvi, la fe cega en occident els va fer abraçar un estil internacional que amb prou feines podia ser acceptat per la falta d'adequació tècnica i carestia de recursos econòmics. Davant aquest panorama, van sorgir les tres figures que són objecte d'estudi: Hassan Fathy, Juan O'Gorman i Balkrishna V. Doshi. Aquests arquitectes presenten vides paral·leles; situades tossudament a contracorrent al segle de l'especialització i obstinades a actuar com a sentinelles de les tradicions locals. Els tres arquitectes tractaran d'aconseguir respostes a les qüestions d'identitat arquitectònica dins de les seves nacions embrionàries. Una identitat moderna basada en la tradició local i la tecnologia apropiada al nivell de desenvolupament dels seus països natals i apropiable pels seus beneficiaris. L'estudi pretén demostrar el grau d'afinitat dels seus discursos, malgrat la llunyania aparent dels seus països d'origen. S'incidirà sobre les seves estratègies per afrontar aquells problemes comuns que es van trobar en l'exercici de la seva professió. Aquestes estratègies configuraran un catàleg comú de solucions arquitectòniques aplicables en països en vies de desenvolupament que pretenguin aconseguir els beneficis de la globalització sense renunciar als seus orígens. / Artola Dols, S. (2015). VIDAS PARALELAS: HASSAN FATHY, JUAN O'GORMAN Y BALKRISHNA DOSHI. Paralelismos y divergencias a través de sus obras y teorías sobre arquitectura en el contexto postcolonial [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/59435 / TESIS