The aim of this dissertation is to appraise and critically reflect on the physical pertinence of governing equations and closure relations often used for the modeling of gas-phase transport phenomena in high-temperature solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). More precisely, this work conducts a critical literature review on the concentration-induced voltage losses (i.e., concentration polarization) resulting from mass transfer limitations. Thus, the overall object of this work was to stress awareness of the limits of mathematical models studied and developed in the SOFC literature to date, and which are specifically related to concentration polarization processes. To a great extent, the design of SOFC porous layers is likened to that of optimizing the transport of multicomponent gas mixtures in structured porous catalysts, for which diffusional and flow limitations are of cardinal importance. In both cases, severe inconsistencies in mass transport models cannot be simply ignored and the main uncertainties in utilizing such models should be clarified. It is hoped that the information herein will serve usefully to support future developments of more consistent theoretical frameworks, thereby improving the confidence on the results of numerical simulations. The critical literature review has been carried out so to identify a number of physical inconsistences, ill-defined approximations, and misleading mathematical derivations. Along the review, it is argued that the choice (or, more properly, the lack of conceptual refinement) of a particular mathematical model can significantly impair the \"prediction\" of transport processes relevant to concentration-induced power losses in SOFCs. One of the keystones of this work was therefore to re-interpret and thus to reassess the frequently contradictory literature related to certain classes of gas-phase transport models pertinent to the evaluation of concentration polarization. With this revisionary approach, it is expected that one could reduce confusion, clear up apparent contradictions, and improve the possibility of gaining new insights. / Esta dissertação tem o objetivo de avaliar e refletir criticamente sobre a pertinência física de equações de conservação e de relações de fechamento, frequentemente utilizadas na modelagem multiescala de fenômenos de transporte em células a combustível de óxido-sólido (SOFC). Dêu-se atenção especial ao escoamento em \"microescala\" de misturas gasosas multicomponentes, dentro de meios porosos quimicamente reativos. Em outras palavras, esta monografia busca ressaltar quais os limites para aplicação de certas classes de modelos matemáticos, os quais têm sido desenvolvidos e utilizados na literatura de SOFCs até o presente momento. O projeto de camadas porosas de SOFCs assemelha-se à tarefa de otimizar processos de transporte em catalisadores estruturados, para os quais a existência de limitações de transporte por difusão e por escoamento tem importância primordial. Por esta razão, inconsistências originadas em modelos de fenômenos de transporte não podem ser, simplesmente, negligenciadas e, portanto, as principais incertezas ao se utilizar tais modelos devem ser devidamente esclarecidas. Espera-se, com efeito, que as informações contidas neste trabalho sejam úteis para futuros desenvolvimentos teóricos mais consistentes, de forma a aumentar a confiabilidade no uso de resultados obtidos por simulações numéricas.

O estudo das propriedades de transporte do meio poroso é um tema importante para muitas áreas como a Ciência do Solo, onde o conhecimento dos processos que envolvem o movimento da água é de fundamental importância para o manejo e a conservação do mesmo. Nas últimas décadas, as técnicas não-invasivas e o processamento de imagens têm ajudado muito na modelagem e visualização da estrutura do meio, e têm sido aplicadas no estudo da distribuição dos fluidos com diferentes abordagens. Nesse trabalho é apresentado um novo método para análise do movimento da água, baseado na descrição da estrutura tridimensional da frente de molhamento no processo de infiltração vertical na região não-saturada do solo, considerando que a frente de molhamento tem informação relevante sobre os primeiros estágios da infiltração na interface líquido-sólido. O método proposto para a descrição da estrutura tridimensional da frente de molhamento compõe-se de dois principais módulos. O primeiro é responsável pela segmentação de imagens tomográficas para a detecção da frente de molhamento e cujo resultado é crucial para a análise da superfície resultante. O segundo módulo efetua a determinação de descritores da superfície obtida baseada na computação da variabilidade morfológica e a identificação de zonas de máxima adsorção através da análise da curvatura. As imagens usadas nos experimentos foram obtidas usando um tomógrafo de campo específico para estudos de solos, permitindo o processamento sem alterar a estrutura do solo. Os resultados preliminares são encorajadores e indicam que a abordagem utilizada consegue descrever o movimento da água usando informação da frente de molhamento no espaço tridimensional e no tempo. / The study of the transport properties in porous media is an important issue for many areas such as soil science, where knowledge about processes that involve the movement of water in the soil has fundamental importance to soil management and soil conservation. In recent decades noninvasive techniques and image processing algorithms have been very helpful in modeling and visualization of the structure medium and have been applied to study of the distribution of fluid with different approaches. This work present a new method to analysis of the movement of water based on the description of the three-dimensional wetting front structure in vertical infiltration process in unsaturated soil, whereas the wetting front structure has relevant information in the earliest stages of infiltration in liquid-solid interface. The proposed method for the description of the three-dimensional wetting front structure is comprised of two main modules. The first module is responsible of the three-dimensional image segmentation for the wetting front detection and its result is a very crucial step to analysis of the surface obtained. The second module compute features of the surface obtained to analysis based on morphological variability and maximal adsorption zones identification through the curvature. The image used in the experimental test were obtained using a tomograph of field specific to soil study, allowing the processing without changing of the soil structure. Our preliminary results are encouraging and indicate that our approach can describe the movement of water using information from the wetting front in three-dimensional space and time.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Este trabalho à dedicado ao estudo do processo de transporte de fluido e massa atravÃs de sistemas irregulares. Na primeira parte desta tese, abordamos a dinÃmica do escoamento ocorrendo atravÃs de canais rugosos auto-afins. Essencialmente, os aspectos relevantes na compreensÃo do escoamento em sistemas irregulares sÃo o {it estrutural}, intimamente associado à conformaÃÃo topolÃgica e morfolÃgica do meio, e o {it fenomenolÃgico}, que faz referÃncia aos mecanismos de transporte. Portanto, inicialmente descrevemos a topologia e a morfologia do sistema irregular. Consideramos que a geometria das interfaces que constituem o duto apresenta propriedades estatÃsticas invariantes sob transformaÃÃes de escala anisotrÃpicas, ou seja, possuem correlaÃÃes espaciais de longo alcance e podem, portanto, ser caracterizadas como superfÃcies fractais auto-afins. Mostramos que o carÃter irregular desta geometria adiciona um grau de complexidade ao problema do escoamento, refletindo-se nas propriedades dos campos de velocidade e pressÃo. Como complementaÃÃo deste estudo, investigamos o processo do transporte de partÃculas com massa arrastadas por um fluido escoando no interior das estruturas rugosas anteriormente mencionadas. Investigamos como a rugosidade da estrutura influencia fortemente a natureza deste fenÃmeno e estudamos o comportamento do tempo mÃdio de trÃnsito das partÃculas no interior destes dutos rugosos, em funÃÃo de parÃmetros como o nÃmero de Stokes e o coeficiente de restituiÃÃo. Mostramos que o transporte de partÃculas em dutos com geometria auto-afim à caracterizado pela existÃncia de quatro regimes bem distintos entre si e determinados pela competiÃÃo localizada entre dois mecanismos: as interaÃÃes partÃcula-estrutura (colisÃes) e partÃcula-fluido (escoamento). AtravÃs de simulaÃÃes numÃricas de partÃculas nÃo-Brownianas transportadas por um fluido em um meio poroso, investigamos a influÃncia da geometria e dos efeitos inerciais sobre a eficiÃncia de captura de uma matriz sÃlida. No caso de um arranjo periÃdico de cilindros e sob a aÃÃo da gravidade, nossos resultados revelam que $delta sim St$, onde $delta$ à a eficiÃncia de captura de partÃcula, e $St$ à o nÃmero de Stokes. Na ausÃncia de gravidade, observamos uma tÃpica transiÃÃo de segunda ordem entre a captura e a nÃo-captura de partÃculas, que pode ser expressa como $delta sim(St-St_{c})^{alpha}$, com um expoente $alpha approx 0.5$, onde $St_{c}$ à o nÃmero de Stokes crÃtico. TambÃm realizamos simulaÃÃes para o escoamento atravÃs de um meio poroso aleatÃrio e confirmamos que este comportamento para a captura de partÃculas à consistente com o modelo periÃdico simples. AlÃm disso, abordamos outro aspecto do processo de transporte de fluido e massa atravÃs de sistemas irregulares, nomeadamente o transporte e captura de partÃculas arrastadas por um escoamento hidrodinÃmico no interior de uma estrutura arborescente. Uma vez caracterizado o escoamento nestas estruturas complexas, passamos efetivamente à abordagem do processo de transporte de partÃculas com massa arrastadas por um fluido, integrando-se numericamente a equaÃÃo do movimento para cada partÃcula. O objetivo deste estudo à compreender, principalmente, a dinÃmica de captura de partÃculas e poluentes no interior das vias respiratÃrias. No entanto, a aproximaÃÃo realizada foi mais abrangente. Examinamos a influÃncia que certos parÃmetros fÃsicos e geomÃtricos, tais como os fatores de homotesia, os Ãngulos de ramificaÃÃo e o nÃmero de Reynolds, exercem sobre o processo citado. Esta abordagem nos permitiu pÃr em destaque uma universalidade notÃvel das leis de captura nas estruturas ramificadas. / This work is dedicated to the study of the transport process of fluid flow and mass through irregular systems. In the first part of this thesis, we approach the transport of fluids in self-affine fractured channels. Essentially, the important aspects to the comprehension of the fluid flow in an irregular geometry are the {it structural} one, associated to the topological and morphologic conformation of the fractured media, and the {it phenomenological} one, that refers to the transport mechanisms. Therefore, initially we describe the topology and the morphology of the fracture network. We consider that the geometry of the interfaces that constitutes the channel has statistical properties that are invariant under anisotropic transformations of scale, i.e. they possess long-range correlations in space and, than, can be characterized as self-affine fractals surfaces. We show that the irregular character of this geometry adds a degree of complexity to the problem of the fluid flow that substantially affects the statistical properties of the velocity and pressure fields. As a complement of this study, we investigate the process of the particle transport with mass dragged by a fluid that flows into the rough structures previously mentioned. We investigate how the roughness influences the nature of the transport of particles by studying the behavior of their average transit time, as a function of parameters like the Stokes number and the coefficient of restitution. We show that the particle transport in ducts with self-affine geometry displays a complex behavior that is characterized by the existence of four regimes and determined by the local competition between two mechanisms: the interaction between particle and structure (collisions) and between particle and fluid (flow). We investigate through numerical calculation of non-Brownian particles transported by a fluid in a porous medium, the influence of geometry and inertial effects on the capture efficiency of the solid matrix. In the case of a periodic array of cylinders and under the action of gravity, our results reveal that $delta sim St$, where $delta$ is the particle capture efficiency, and $St$ is the Stokes number. In the absence of gravity, we observe a typical second order transition between non-trapping and trapping of particles that can be expressed as $delta sim(St-St_{c})^{alpha}$, with an exponent $alpha approx 0.5$, where $St_{c}$ is the critical Stokes number. We also perform simulations for flow through a random porous structure and confirm that its capture behavior is consistent with the simple periodic model. Moreover, we inquire into another aspect of the transport process of fluid and mass through irregular systems, namely the transport and capture of particles dragged by a hydrodynamic flow into a ramified structure. After we solve the fluid flow through these complex structures, we pass effectively to the investigation of the transport process of massive particle dragged by a fluid, through numerical integration of the movement equation for each particle. The aim of this study is to understand, mainly, the dynamics of particle and pollutants capture into the airways. Nevertheless, the selected approach was broader. We examine the influence that certain physical and geometric parameters, such as the homothety factors, the bifurcation angles and the Reynolds number, exert on the mentioned process. This approach allowed us to clarify a remarkable universality of the laws of capture in the ramified structures.

This work is devoted to the numerical analysis of saturated porous media, taking into account the damage phenomenon on the solid skeleton. The porous media is taken into poroelastic framework, in full-saturated condition, based on the Biot\'s Theory. A scalar damage model is assumed for this analysis. An implicit Boundary Element Method (BEM) formulation, based on time-independent fundamental solutions, is developed and implemented to couple the fluid flow and the elasto-damage problems. The integration over boundary elements is evaluated by using a numerical Gauss procedure. A semi-analytical scheme for the case of triangular domain cells is followed to carry out the relevant domain integrals. The non-linear system is solved by a Newton-Raphson procedure. Numerical examples are presented, in order to validate the implemented formulation and to illustrate its efficiency. / Este trabalho trata da análise numérica de meios porosos saturados, considerando danificação na matriz sólida. O meio poroso é admitido em regime poroelástico, em condição saturada, com base na teoria de Biot. Um modelo de dano escalar é empregado nesta análise. Uma formulação implícita do Método dos Elementos de Contorno (MEC), baseada em soluções fundamentais independentes do tempo, é desenvolvida e implementada de forma a acoplar os problemas de difusão de fluido e de elasto-dano. A integração sobre os elementos de contorno é feita através da quadratura de Gauss. Um esquema semi-analítico é aplicado sobre células triangulares para avaliar as integrais de domínio do problema. A solução do sistema não linear é obtida através de um procedimento do tipo Newton-Raphson. Apresentam-se exemplos numéricos a fim de validar a formulação implementada e demonstrar sua eficiência.

Foram estudados dois sistemas referentes à células a combustível de membrana de troca protônica através de modelos computacionais. Um protótipo de célula foi utilizado para o estudo da dinâmica de fluidos, tendo sido utilizados resultados cedidos para a validação da formulação do escoamento e posterior quantificação da contribuição do mesmo no transporte de espécies nos meios porosos. Este mesmo sistema foi explorado quanto à geometria dos canais de escoamento, sendo possível estabelecer uma hierarquia de perda por sobrepotencial de concentração em função da estequiometria do reagente. Obteve-se que, para as estequiometrias recomendadas em uma célula real, os melhores desempenhos seriam atingidos por geometrias de serpentina simples e serpentina dupla, ou tripla, para o ânodo e cátodo, respectivamente. Uma célula completa também fora estudada, sendo comparada a resultados experimentais obtidos localmente. Foi observado que o modelo utilizado apresenta boa concordância com os aspectos globais do dispositivo real, enquanto que os aspectos locais são largamente mal representados pelo modelo computacional. Este modelo também fora utilizado para quantificar a contribuição do transporte convectivo na distribuição de reagentes, corroborando e estendendo os estudos realizados com o protótipo de célula. Em suma, são sugeridas as possibilidades e desafios de se utilizar modelos computacionais para células a combustível e sistemas similares, neste caso estabelecendo a conexão entre um protótipo e um dispositivo real. / Two systems related to proton-exchange membrane fuel cells were studied through computational models. A cell prototype was used to study fluid dynamics, where the fluid flow formulation was validated against provided experimental results, being later used to quantify its contribution to species transport in the porous media. This same systems was explored regarding its flow channel geometry, where it was possible to establish a hierarchy relative to the concentration overpotential loss as a function of the reactant stoichiometry. It was obtained that, for the recommended stoichiometries for a real cell, the best performance would be attained by a single serpentine and a double, or triple, serpentine geometries for the anode and cathode, respectively. A full cell was also studied, being compared against experimental results obtained locally. It was observed that the model shows good agreement with the global aspects of the real device, while the local aspects are widely misrepresented. This model was also used to quantify the contribution of convection to reactant distribution, corroborating and extending the studies performed with the cell prototype. In all, the possibilities and challenges concerning the use of computational models with fuel cells and similar systems are suggested, particularly by establishing the connection between a prototype and a real device.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-06-22T19:45:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 gustavomirandateixeira.pdf: 21289543 bytes, checksum: 065f79ef58fa71e8e9917d39cf048fe1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-07T19:26:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gustavomirandateixeira.pdf: 21289543 bytes, checksum: 065f79ef58fa71e8e9917d39cf048fe1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-07T19:26:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gustavomirandateixeira.pdf: 21289543 bytes, checksum: 065f79ef58fa71e8e9917d39cf048fe1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-29 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A Simulação de Reservatórios é uma importante área da engenharia de reservatórios. Simuladores são baseados em modelos matemáticos que modelam o escoamento dos fluidos através do meio porosos. Modelos água-óleo incompressíveis são representados por sistemas de equações diferenciais parciais em duas variáveis: pressão e saturação dos fluidos. O problema consiste de um sistema de equações de difícil resolução e que exige o uso de métodos iterativos para aproximar a solução. Neste trabalho foi feita uma comparação entre métodos numéricos que aproximam a solução deste problema através uma abordagem acoplada, utilizando um método implícito e um esquema desacoplado. O sistema desacoplado utiliza um método implícito para obter a solução da equação da pressão, enquanto a solução da saturação é aproximada através dos métodos de Euler Explícito e BDF (Backward Differentiation Formulas). Para resolver as equações no espaço, os métodos de Kurganov-Tadmor e o Esquema Upwind foram utilizados. O Esquema Upwind é um método de primeira ordem, enquanto o Kurganov-Tadmor (KT) é um método central de segunda ordem. Testes foram realizados utilizando diferentes tipos de reservatórios e propriedades da rocha e do óleo. Os resultados foram comparados com soluções precisas para medir o erro numérico introduzido por cada método. Através dos resultados obtidos nesse trabalho foi possível comparar os métodos e observar que a solução através de um esquema desacoplado é mais vantajosa, principalmente ao utilizar o método BDF para resolver a equação da saturação no tempo. Comparando o esquema Upwind com o KT, verificamos que, como esperado, o KT é um método menos difusivo. Nosso trabalho sugere que o uso do método KT em associação com o BDF resulta em um método mais preciso. Por outro lado, o KT é computacionalmente mais custoso do que o Esquema Upwind. Contudo, para produzir resultados com erros numéricos semelhantes aos do KT, o método Upwind chega a ser mais de seis vezes mais lento. / Reservoir simulation is part of an important area of reservoir engineering. Reservoir simulators are based on mathematical models capable of predicting the fluid flow through porous medium. Water-oil incompressible models are represented by a system of differential partial equations in two variables: pressure and the fluid saturation. The system of equations of the problem is not simple to solve and it demands the use of iterative methods to get the approximate solution. In this work we compared a coupled implicit approach and a decoupled scheme. The decoupled system evolves in time using an implicit method to solve the pressure equation solution whereas the solution for the saturation equation is obtained using Explicit Euler and BDF (Backward Differentiation Formulas) methods. The solutions in space discretization use the Kurganov-Tadmor method and the Upwind Scheme. Upwind Scheme is a first-order finite volume based method whereas Kurganov-Tadmor (KT) is a second-order central scheme. Different kinds of reservoir types and different rock and oil properties were used to compare the results with more precise solutions in order to estimate the amount of numerical errors introduced by each method. These results allowed us to quantify the difference between the analyzed methods and to observe that the solution obtained from the decoupled method yields the best results, in particular when the BDF method is used to solve the saturation equation in time. The solution from the BDF method in association with the Upwind Scheme compared with the KT shows that, as expected, the KT method is less diffusive than the Upwind. Our work suggests that the use of the KT method in association with the BDF results in a more accurate method. On the other hand, the KT method is computationally more expensive compared to Upwind Scheme. Nevertheless, to produce numerical results with similar errors to KT, the Upwind Scheme can be more than five times slower.

Parmi les méthodes de Récupération Améliorée du Pétrole (RAP) il en existe une, dite chimique, qui fait appel à des fluides complexes (polymères, gels, tensioactifs) qui permet de modifier la viscosité et/ou la tension interfaciale Les solutions de polymères utilisées actuellement présentent l’inconvénient d’être sensibles de manière irréversible aux taux de cisaillement élevés observés au voisinage des puits. Une alternative à ces solutions de polymères pourrait nous être donnée par l’utilisation de micelles géantes. Il s’agit d’auto-assemblages de molécules amphiphiles dont le comportement est similaire à celui des polymères avec l’avantage d’une meilleure stabilité aux cisaillements élevés (capacité des micelles à se reformer après cisaillement).L’objectif de ce travail est d’étudier l’écoulement d’une solution de micelles géantes en milieu poreux, dans le but de déterminer son éventuelle utilité dans le RAP. Il s’agit d’une caractérisation en milieu poreux à l’échelle du laboratoire, utilisant des milieux poreux naturels, de façon à se placer dans un cadre d’étude le plus réaliste possible. Cette étude se divise en trois parties :- Une étude rhéologique de la solution de micelles géantes- Une étude monophasique de l’injection de la solution dans un milieu poreux naturel- Une étude diphasique du déplacement d’huile par la solution de micelles.Les résultats de cette étude seront comparés avec des expériences références utilisant des techniques classiques de récupération telles que l’ASP et l’injection de polymères / Among all the Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) methods used to improve oil recovery, chemical methods require the use of complex fluids like polymers or surfactant solutions. Those fluids present particular chemical and mechanical properties allowing to modify viscosity and/or interfacial tension to increase oil recovery. However, polymer solutions show a high sensitivity to shear rates existing close to wells and may lose their mechanical properties when they are injected in a porous media. An alternative method could be to use self arrangement of surfactant molecules (wormlike micelles) to displace oil in porous media. These systems show not only a similar behaviour as polymers but also a low sensibility to temperature and shear rates.The goal of this experimental work is to study the flow of wormlike micelle solutions innatural porous media in order to determine its ability to flow and displace oil in place. Itconsists in a characterization at laboratoty scale. We will use natural porous media in orderto be close to a realistic situation. This study is divided in three parts:- A rheological characterization of the micellar system- A monophasic injection within the porous medium- A diphasic _ow study of oil displacementThe results of this work are compared to standard reference experiments using classicaltechniques such as ASP or polymer injection.

Les joints à brosse sont des joints compliants utilisés dans les turbomachines. Ils sont constitués d'une brosse de fils très fins compactés entre deux plaques, de telle manière que l'ensemble comble l'écart séparant le stator du rotor. Les fils sont le plus souvent constitués d'un alliage à base de cobalt appelé Haynes 25 (d'autres matériaux peuvent être utilisés, tels que le Kevlar). Le comportement de ces joints présente un fort couplage entre l'écoulement du fluide et la déformation de la brosse. Ce type de joints peut être modélisé en considérant la brosse comme un milieu poreux. Cette méthode présente l'avantage de permettre un calcul relativement simple de l'écoulement, mais elle demande l'usage de données expérimentales afin de calibrer ses perméabilités (i.e. sa capacité à laisser un fluide s'écouler à travers lui). L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une modélisation par milieu poreux indépendante des données expérimentales. Une simulation itérative entre le calcul de la déformation des fils sous l'action des efforts de pression et la résolution de l'écoulement dans le milieu poreux formé par la brosse déformée a été mise au point. Elle repose sur le calcul numérique des perméabilités obtenues à partir de la perte de charge générée par un réseau de cylindres représentatifs de la brosse.Des joints de faible diamètre en Haynes 25 ont été testés avec de l'air afin de vérifier la validité des résultats donnés par la simulation. L'évolution du débit avec la différence de pression et avec l'interférence des joints avec le rotor a été étudiée. Les déplacements du rotor et la température des joints ont été suivis durant les essais. / Brush seals are compliant dynamic seals that are used in the turbomachines. They are made of a brush of fine bristles sandwiched between two plates, in such a way that the assembly fills the gap between the rotor and the stator. The bristles are usually made from a cobalt based alloy called Haynes 25 (other materials can be used, such as Kevlar). The behaviour of these seals shows a strong coupling between the fluid flow and the brush deformation.This kind of seal can be modelled by considering the brush as a porous medium. This method presents the benefit of a rather simple calculation of the flow, but it requires the use of experimental data in order to calibrate its permeabilities (i.e. its ability to let the fluid flow through it). The aim of this thesis is to propose a model using the porous medium approach but without the need of preliminary experimental data. An iterative simulation between the calculation of the bristles' deformation under the influence of the pressure forces and the solving of the flow in the porous medium formed by the deformed brush was developed. It relies on the numerical calculation of the permeabilities obtained from the pressure drop generated by an array of cylinders representative of the brush.Low diameter Haynes 25 seals were tested with air in order to verify the validity of the results given by the simulation. The evolution of the mass flow rate with the pressure difference and the interference between the seal and the rotor was studied. Displacements of the rotor and temperature of the seals were also monitored during the tests.

Ce travail de thèse rentre dans le cadre d'une collaboration entre l'université de Sfax et l'université du Maine. La thèse intitulée "Influence des conditions d’interfaces d’un milieu poreux saturé sur la propagation des ondes ultrasonores : analyse acoustique et diélectrique". Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire de thèse étudie les mécanismes pouvant se reproduire dans un milieu poreux saturé par un fluide incompressible, lorsqu'il est soumis à un gradient de pression pour l'étude acoustique, et un gradient de champs électromagnétique pour l'analyse diélectrique.De ce fait le présent mémoire s'intéresse à présenter deux techniques de caractérisation :i) La caractérisation acoustique où la théorie de Biot a été adoptée pour comprendre les mécanismes de la propagation des ondes ultrasonores dans les matériaux poreux saturés et étudier l'influence de changement des conditions d'interfaces sur les coefficients de réflexion et de transmission. Le cas de présence d'un défaut plan dans le volume du matériau a été traité. Dans le même objectif, l'étude de l'influence de la présence de plusieurs inclusions sphériques sur lamodification des lignes de champs de vitesses a été présentée en proposant un modèle de tortuosité adapté selon la nature de l'inclusion et le milieu poreux hôte (homogénéité et l'anisotropie).ii) L'analyse diélectrique qui permet de décrire la structure interne et l'interaction entre le solide et le fluide saturant. Des mesures diélectriques ont été effectuées sur des céramiques de silice poreuse identiques à celle utilisée lors de la caractérisation ultrasonore, afin d’étudier l'influence de l'état des surfaces latérales de l'échantillon sur l'interaction entre le fluide saturant et les surfaces intérieures de la structure poreuse.Les résultats permettent de mettre en évidence une analogie entre les comportements de l'inclusion dans le champ de vitesse du fluide et celui d'une sphère diélectrique dans un champs électrique uniforme. Des expériences acoustiques et des mesures diélectriques (spectroscopie) ont été réalisées et comparées aux simulations numériques et aux modèles théoriques dans les deux parties d'étude. / This work is part of a collaboration between the University of Sfax and the University of Maine. The thesis entitled "Influence of the interface conditions of a saturated porous medium on the propagation of ultrasonic waves: acoustic and dielectric analysis". The work presented in this dissertation examines theme chanisms that can be reproduced in a porous medium saturated by an incompressible fluid when subjected to a pressure gradient for the acoustic studyand an electromagnetic field gradient for the dielectricstudy. Consequently, the present paper is interested in presenting two techniques of characterization:i) Acoustic characterization where Biot's theory was adopted to understand the mechanisms of propagation of ultrasonic waves in saturated porous materials and to study the influence of changing interface conditions onreflection and transmission coefficients. The presence of a flat defect in the volume of the material has be entreated. The study of the influence of the presence of several spherical inclusions on the modification of the lines of velocity fields was presented by proposing a model of tortuosity adapted according to the nature of the inclusion and the porous medium host (homogeneityand anisotropy).ii) The dielectric analysis which allows to describe the internal structure and the interaction between the solidand the saturating fluid. Dielectric measurements were carried out on porous silica ceramics identical to thoseused in ultrasonic characterization in order to study the influence of the state of the lateral surfaces of the sample on the interaction between the saturating fluid and the surfaces of the porous structure.The results make it possible to demonstrate an analogy between the behavior of the inclusion in the velocity field of the fluid and that of a dielectric sphere in a uniformelectric field. Acoustic experiments and dielectric measurements (spectroscopy) were carried out and compared with numerical simulations and theoretical models in both parts of the study.

Dans l’industrie, des systèmes de protection collectifs doivent être mis en œuvre pour protéger aussi bien les travailleurs que l’environnement. Des filtres à fibres sont généralement disposés dans les circuits de ventilation générale pour capter ces particules en suspension dans l’air. Les performances de ces media fibreux en termes d’efficacité de collecte et consommation énergétique sont relativement bien documentées lors de leur fonctionnement dans des conditions standards (humidité et température ambiantes). Cependant, peu d’études s’intéressent à l’interaction de l’humidité de l’air avec un dépôt composé de particules nanostructurées collectées par ces media filtrants et son incidence sur l’évolution de la perte de charge. Le travail de thèse a donc consisté dans un premier temps à la mesure d’isothermes de sorption de quatre poudres nanostructurées. Un modèle semi-prédictif d’adsorption-condensation basé sur le modèle GAB et la loi de Kelvin a ensuite été proposé. La seconde partie de l’étude a permis de décrire expérimentalement la variation de perte de charge et d’épaisseur d’un milieu poreux, formé par ces mêmes particules nanostructurées, pour différentes valeurs d’humidité. Grâce à la variation d’épaisseur du milieu déterminée par trigonométrie laser et au modèle d’adsorption-condensation, la porosité pour chaque valeur d’humidité relative a pu être calculée. En incorporant les valeurs de porosité et d’épaisseur dans trois modèles de perte de charge, il a été possible de représenter de façon satisfaisante les résultats expérimentaux. Enfin, une analyse rhéologique des poudres est proposée pour quantifier leur augmentation de cohésion sous humidité / Air quality has emerged as a major public environmental and health issue. Almost all fine particles in the air are man-made or manufactured and there are many questions regarding the impact of ultrafine (<100nm) particles on human health. Thus, in most cases, institutions use large-scale protection equipment to protect workers. These institutions often use particulate air filters placed within the flow of general ventilation. Almost all of the available data corresponds to standard ambient air conditions. Despite this, few studies focus on the interaction of water moisture on the deposit formed by these accumulated nanoparticles and the impact on the pressure drop. The first part of this study consists of the measurement of sorption isotherms of four nanostructured powders. A semi-predictive sorption model based on the theory of the multimolecular adsorption (described by the GAB equation) and on the capillary condensation (Kelvin’s law) was developed. The second part of the study experimentally describes the thickness and pressure drop variation of a porous medium formed by these nanostructured particles for different values of humidity. Through the thickness variation of the media - determined by laser trigonometry - and adsorption-condensation model, the porosity for each humidity value has been calculated. Following this, three pressure drop models available in the literature have been modified by introducing cake thickness and porosity variation according to relative humidity. This allows us to model the experimental data for all the samples. Finally, a rheological analysis of powders is proposed to quantify the cohesion changes under moisture conditions