Cette recherche est née d’une interrogation sur les décalages existants entre la forme, le statut de propriété et l’usage du foncier non bâti, à l’origine d’une catégorie d’espaces communément nommés les délaissés urbains. Nous nous sommes interrogés sur l’introduction d’une notion, le tiers foncier, qui permettrait de définir cet état transitoire du foncier échappant aux cadres de la ville normée. Pour la fonder, nous avons croisé l'analyse de ses formes, statuts et usages, dans le centre et la périphérie de Marseille. Il s’agissait de questionner les corrélations possibles entre les contextes morphologiques et sociaux. Le tiers foncier est apparu comme le support de plusieurs enjeux, en particulier l’habitat précaire, l’espace collectif et la biodiversité. Parallèlement, nous nous sommes interrogés sur les rapports de force, les négociations, les stratégies, tactiques et initiatives à l’œuvre et, delà, sur l’introduction de manières d’agir. Pour cela, nous avons mis en œuvre des procédures de recherche-action. Cette recherche identifie le tiers foncier non comme « un vide à remplir par du projet », mais plutôt comme l’un des constituants de la ville d’aujourd’hui, support d’un développement urbain informel qui ne fige pas la parcelle dans une forme pérenne, mais qui la fait évoluer en fonction des actions de transformation mises en œuvre par les citadins, des décisions prises par les propriétaires et des aléas budgétaires. In fine, l’un des enjeux majeurs du tiers foncier consiste à explorer des chemins de traverse qui permettraient le développement de processus d’appropriation, sans pour autant contribuer à la réduction des marges de manœuvres des citadins. / This research questions the inconsistencies between form, regulatory status and use of land, more precisely of freehold. These inconsistencies can create abandoned and neglected spaces. The persistence of this phenomenon demonstrates the necessity of inventing new words to define new mechanisms. In this perspective, I introduce the notion of tiers foncier (third freehold), which can be defined as a transitional state of land, evading the standards established in the regulated city. To define the tiers foncier, I analyzed its forms, status and uses, in the center and the periphery of Marseille. The comparison highlights singular situations: morphological, regulatory and social, in relation to the context (territory and actors). This analysis, based on an intensive (6 cases) and an extensive (scale of Marseille) survey shows that the tiers foncier is marked by several issues: precarious habitat, collective space and biodiversity. In parallel, I analyzed power relations, negotiations, strategies, tactics, and initiatives in these contexts. On this basis, I have been looking for ways of acting on the tiers foncier. For that, I chose to develop action research processes and to analyze their effects. It shows how and why the tiers foncier can be an opportunity to experiment participatory projects or, on the contrary, how and why such efforts failed. This research identifies the tiers foncier not as an empty space to fill up, but as an element of the city which supports an informal urban development. Finally, a major challenge of the tiers foncier is to explore how to allow the development of processes of appropriation, without reducing the margins of manoeuvre of citizens.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:44:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavio Alexandre Cardoso Alvares.pdf: 3762304 bytes, checksum: 4645bc340e8cd69a3eda3db68d70360f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-19 / Hospital Sirio-Libanes / This dissertation examines the working relationships of the population living in precarious housing in Bela Vista. In the district with the largest concentration of tenement houses of Sao Paulo, lies a population segregated from job opportunities that flourish in the region. To grasp the implications of that reality orientation in employment, were used two databases with non-probability samples, one quantitative and another qualitative. Was recourse to triangulation between these two bases to try to find patterns of behavior to present the people who live in tenement-house and how they put together their social relationships and labor activities. The results point to a peculiar situation of segregation, reinforced by social ties to the neighborhood and a significant influence on professional activities and a strong association with low-skilled occupations, an element that determines a remuneration far below the locality potential. Another major factor in the analysis is through employment, the formalization of labor relations strengthens the connection between people and the space, giving more personal and professional satisfaction, other factors that appear closely linked to personal identification with the location. The survey was not sufficient to show that tenement housing determines the professional activity who undergo this situation, but provides information that other factors have very strong influence, those conclusions were the biggest results of all the effort put into work. It is also a material that can enrich the understanding of this reality for all who work to improve the quality of life of those living in tenement housing, whether by the efforts of civil society organizations or by the state itself / Esta dissertação examina as relações de trabalho da população que vive em habitações precárias na Bela Vista. No bairro com a maior concentração de cortiços de São Paulo, reside uma população segregada das oportunidades trabalho que prosperam na região. Para captar as repercussões dessa realidade na orientação profissional das pessoas, foram utilizadas duas bases de dados com amostras não probabilísticas, uma de natureza quantitativa e outra qualitativas. Recorreu-se à triangulação entre essas duas bases para tentar encontrar padrões de comportamento que apresentasse de que maneira os indivíduos que vivem em cortiços constituem suas relações sociais e de trabalho. Os resultados apontam para uma situação de segregação peculiar, reforçada pelos laços sociais com a localidade e uma influência significativa nas atividades profissionais, com forte associação a ocupações de baixa qualificação, elemento que determina uma remuneração muito aquém do potencial local. Outro fator de peso nas análises se dá pelo vínculo empregatício, a formalização das relações de trabalho reforça o laço das pessoas com o espaço, dando mais satisfação pessoal e profissional, outros fatores que aparecem muito ligados à identificação pessoal com o meio. A pesquisa não foi suficiente para demonstrar que a moradia precária determina a atividade profissional dos que se submetem a essa situação, mas trouxe informações que apresentam outros fatores muito fortes, o que constituiu no maior resultado de todo o esforço empreendido no trabalho. É também um material que pode enriquecer a compreensão dessa realidade para todos que trabalham pela melhoria da qualidade de vida daqueles que residem em habitações precárias, sejam organizações da sociedade civil, ou o próprio Estado

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2016-07-12T13:21:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 7542345 bytes, checksum: 33e9e060025e8b9c075043b7218a5033 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-12T13:21:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 7542345 bytes, checksum: 33e9e060025e8b9c075043b7218a5033 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The deterioration and depreciation process on urban centers, especially in the oldest areas of Brazilian cities, has as a main phenomenon resulting from the multiplication of villages, hives, among other means of collective houses. The relative “invisibility” of precarious collective rental houses (HCPAs) in central areas, with special focus on/specially for the city of João Pessoa, leads to conclusions, sometimes rushed ones, in order to asserting of non-vitality, abandon or even the death of “historical centers”. This job points in another direction when highlights the existence of a high number of collective rental houses in the neighborhood of Varadouro. The objective is to evaluate the relations between living conditions and informality of such ways of housing, through their identification, mapping and characterization (achieved through survey forms and photographic records), as well as semi structured interviews with lessors, lessees, and representatives from PMJP (City Hall of João Pessoa). The hypothesis was investigated that the condition of invisibility of collective rental houses facilitates the establishment of precarious living conditions, which strengthens the condition of informality and consequently the performance of the informal housing rental market, consolidating a vicious circle where such issues are conditional and feed. It was observed that the inserted HCPAs in the neighborhood of Varadouro have poor living conditions on the scale of the housing unit as opposed to urban livability; despite the poor collective rental housing do not offer proven, appropriate living conditions for their tenants, they prefer to safeguard the ease of access, transport means and the proximity of the work, namely, the coordination and integration with its surroundings, the having to live in households located in the outskirts of the city, away from their activities and destinations. The work also showed that the informal housing rental market in Varadouro is fraught with uncertainties and conventions based and balanced from interpersonal relationships of trust-loyalty. Finally, it was found that the relationship between habitability and the informal rental market of HCPAs in Varadouro happens clearly in the way it gives (or not) the maintenance of precarious tenements rentals. Due to the relationship of trust-loyalty and dominance between lessors and lessees, adjustments and improvements of buildings usually are not hired; the habitability of housing units is submissive to these relations, when agreements and disagreements lead to precarity of HCPAs. / O processo de deterioração e desvalorização dos centros urbanos, em especial nas áreas mais antigas das cidades brasileiras, tem como um dos principais fenômenos resultantes a multiplicação de vilas, cortiços, dentre outras formas de moradias coletivas. A relativa "invisibilidade" das habitações coletivas precárias de aluguel (HCPAs) nas áreas centrais, com destaque para a cidade de João Pessoa, leva a conclusões por vezes apressadas no sentido de afirmarem a não-vitalidade, o abandono ou até mesmo a morte dos "centros históricos". Este trabalho aponta em outra direção ao destacar a existência de grande número de habitações coletivas de aluguel no bairro do Varadouro. Objetiva-se avaliar as relações entre as condições de habitabilidade e a informalidade de tais formas de moradia, através de sua identificação, mapeamento e caracterização (realizados através de fichas de levantamento e registros fotográficos), bem como de entrevistas semiestruturadas com locadores, locatários e representantes da PMJP (Prefeitura Municipal de João Pessoa). Investigou-se a hipótese de que a condição de invisibilidade das habitações coletivas de aluguel facilita o estabelecimento de precárias condições de habitabilidade, o que fortalece a condição de informalidade e, consequentemente, a atuação do mercado imobiliário informal de aluguel, se consolidando um círculo vicioso, em que tais questões se condicionam e se alimentam. Observou-se que as HCPAs inseridas no bairro Varadouro apresentam péssimas condições de habitabilidade na escala da unidade habitacional em oposição à habitabilidade urbana; apesar das habitações coletivas precárias de aluguel não oferecerem, comprovadamente, condições habitacionais adequadas para seus inquilinos, estes preferem salvaguardar a facilidade de acessos, de meios de transporte e a proximidade do trabalho, isto é, a articulação e integração com o seu entorno, a ter que residir em domicílios situados nas periferias da cidade, afastados de suas atividades e destinos. O trabalho mostrou ainda que o mercado imobiliário informal de aluguel no Varadouro é permeado de incertezas e convenções, baseado e equilibrado a partir de relações interpessoais de confiança-lealdade. Finalmente, identificou-se que a relação entre a habitabilidade e o mercado informal de locação das HCPAs do Varadouro acontece nitidamente no modo como se dá (ou não) a manutenção das habitações coletivas precárias de aluguel. Devido à relação de confiança-lealdade e de dominância entre locadores e locatários, os ajustes e melhorias das edificações comumente não são efetivados; a habitabilidade das unidades habitacionais fica submissa a essas relações, cujos acordos e desacordos conduzem à precariedade das HCPAs.

La ville algérienne subit depuis ces dernières décennies de profondes transformations de ses territoires suite à une urbanisation galopante, une mobilité croissante, une recomposition socio-spatiale et une diversification des enjeux collectifs et individuels. La recomposition de ces territoires urbains, centraux et périphériques, est soumise à des normes d’habitation et à des règles d’urbanisme, qui ont une dimension universelle et qui s’appliquent à l’ensemble des tissus urbains. Ces normes et ces règles visent à la réalisation d’une part, de lotissements d’habitat individuel et d’autre part de zones d’habitat collectif pour répondre à une crise de logement et reloger les habitants des tissus précaires et informels. Cependant, Il ne semble pas exister dans les textes réglementaires, ni dans les aménagements proposés, de volonté de prendre en compte les particularités urbaines, or la plus part des grandes villes algériennes possèdent des tissus urbains particuliers dont la morphologie, la typologie et les pratiques ne se conforment pas à celle du lotissement ou des ensembles collectifs. Pire encore le processus et les opérations de relogement évoluent sans concertations entre les différents acteurs du projet. L’exemple de la ville de Annaba a permis à la fois de prendre "à revers" les projets de relogement des aménageurs ainsi que les idéaux qu’ils véhiculent et de révéler le décalage entre les représentations des relogeurs et des relogés (publiques et sociales). Ceci est lié essentiellement à un climat d’ignorance et de méfiance mutuelle. La collaboration entre ces deux acteurs reste très restreinte. Les causes sont multiples et seraient à l’origine de l’image actuelle (dévalorisée) de la ville et des expressions spatiales et sociales souvent à l’opposé du projet urbain de base. La nature des relogements effectués, d’un habitat traditionnel précaire avec ses règles d’usage codifiées et assimilées, à un habitat social de type collectif standard, peut provoquer des réactions problématiques sur le plan social (rapport de voisinage) et/ou sur le plan spatial (détournement des espaces publics, délimitation des espaces privés). Changeant d’horizon spatial, parfois social, ces citadins reformulent leurs manières de voir la ville, mais détournent une opération d’urbanisme unilatéralement échafaudée par les aménageurs. Derrière toute cette expression architecturale et/ou urbaine, individuelle et/ou collective, sous forme de réponse spatiale et/ou sociale, se cache les particularités d’un tissu traditionnel qui perd de son efficacité, de son apport, ainsi que son identité. Les habitants essaient de reproduire (reformuler) certaines pratiques essentiellement issues de la médina traditionnelle, autrefois centre de vie sociale important. Reste à savoir les conséquences de ces nouvelles formes de réponses sociales et spatiales sur les nouveaux aménagements et leurs aspects urbains. / In recent decades, the Algerian city has undergone profound transformations of its territory territories following a rampant urbanization, a growing mobility, a socio-spatial recomposition and a diversification of the collective and individual stakes. The recomposition of these urban, central and peripheral territories is subject to housing standards and urban planning rules, which have a universal dimension and apply to all urban fabrics. These norms and rules are aimed at the realization of a share of individual housing estates and other areas of collective housing to respond to a housing crisis and relocate the inhabitants of old unhealthy and degraded fabrics. However, it does not seem to exist in the regulatory texts, or in the proposed developments, willingness to take into account the urban particularities, but most of the major Algerian cities have particular urban fabrics whose morphology, typology and practices do not conform to subdivision or collective sets. Worse still, the process and the relocation operations evolve without any consultation between the different actors of the project. The example of the city of Annaba has made it possible at the same time to "reverse" the relocation plans of developers and the ideals they convey and to reveal the gap between the representations of relocators and relocated. This is essentially linked to a climate of ignorance and mutual mistrust. The collaboration between these two actors remains very limited. The causes are multiple and would be at the origin of the current (devalued) image of the city and the spatial and social expressions often opposite to the basic urban project. The nature of the relocations carried out, from a traditional urban housing with its codified and assimilated rules of use, to a standard collective type of housing, can provoke problematic reactions on the social level (neighborhood report) and / or on the spatial (appropriation of public spaces, delimitation of private spaces). Changing their spatial horizon, sometimes social, these townspeople reformulate their ways of seeing the city, but divert an operation of urbanism unilaterally scaffolded by the developers. Behind all this architectural expression and / or urban, individual and / or collective, in the form of spatial and / or social response, lies the peculiarities of a traditional fabric that loses its effectiveness, its contribution, as well as its identity. The inhabitants try to reproduce (reformulate) certain practices essentially coming from the traditional medina, other times center of social life important. It remains to be seen what impact these new forms of social and spatial responses will have on new developments and their urban aspects.

Bakgrund: Det pågår en bostadskris i många av Sveriges kommuner - framför allt i storstäderna. I dess svallvågor växer andra typer av boendeformer fram när förstahandskontrakt och bostadsrätter är allt svårare att få tillgång till. Unga vuxna är en av de grupper som är som mest utsatta på bostadsmarknaden och som har svårt att få tillgång till ett eget eller långsiktigt boende. I relation till tidigare forskning visar det att det finns ett tomrum när det kommer till att undersöka sexuellt välbefinnande och hälsa i relation till prekära boendeformer. Däremot finns det studier som berör andra aspekter av prekära boenden och bostadskris - där det tydligt identifieras att prekära boenden medför bland annat stress och psykisk ohälsa.  Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka huruvida prekära boendesituationer påverkar sexualitet, sexuellt välbefinnande och sexualliv hos unga vuxna. Målet är även att fånga upp hur enskilda individer förstår och navigerar sina boendesituationer i relation till sin sexualitet, möjligheten till intimitet och att utveckla relationer.  Metod: Studien är baserad på sex kvalitativa intervjuer med unga vuxna som har erfarenhet av olika prekära boendeformer. Flera bor inneboende eller i kollektiv, en bor med förälder och en annan med ett andrahandskontrakt.  Resultat:Genomgående teman som identifierats i empirin är hur boendet påverkar sexualiteten, möjlighet till privatliv, relationer och intimitet. En viktig aspekt som fångas upp i empirin är hur prekära boendeformer på flera sätt suddar ut en given gräns mellan det privata och publika i de intervjuades liv - där boendet traditionellt får representera privatlivet. Empirin har analyserats med hjälp av Erving Goffmans begreppspar frontstage och backstage, Simon och Gagnons sexuella skript-teori samt Gayle Rubins sexuella värdehierarki.  Ett prekärt boende bidrar i många fall till att vissa interpersonella och intrapsykiska sexuella skript förändras i relation till boendet, där vissa strategier behöver tillämpas för att uppleva en möjlighet till sexuellt välbefinnande. Strategier som att vara tyst, bara ha sex när hyresvärden eller rumskamraterna är borta eller att ha sex hos andra framkommer i empirin. Studien visar också att möjligheter till handlingsutrymme också är en viktig aspekt av att få sex, relationer och intimitet att funka inom ett prekärt boende.  Slutsats: Ett prekärt boende påverkar aspekter av sexuellt välbefinnande och möjligheter till relationsskapande och intimitet. En aspekt som påverkar detta är de sociala, emotionella och materiella aspekterna av att bo i ett prekärt boende samt bristen eller få möjligheter till privatliv. Studien ger incitament till vidare forskning kring hur olika boendesituationer påverkar individers sexuella välbefinnande. / Background: There is a housing crisis in many of Sweden's municipalities, especially in the major cities. In its aftermath, other types of housing options are emerging as first-hand contracts and owned housing are becoming increasingly difficult to access. Young adults are one of the groups most vulnerable in the housing market and struggle to attain their own long-term accommodation. In relation to previous research, there is a gap in investigating sexual well-being and health in relation to precarious housing situations. However, studies exist that address other aspects of precarious housing and the housing crisis, clearly identifying that precarious housing leads to stress and mental health issues, among other things. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine whether precarious housing situations affect sexuality, sexual well-being, and sex life among young adults. The goal is also to understand how individuals comprehend and navigate their housing situations in relation to their sexuality, the possibility of intimacy, and developing relationships. Method: The study is based on six qualitative interviews involving young adults with experience in various precarious housing forms. Several participants live with roommates or in collective housing, one lives with a parent, and another has a sublease agreement. Results: Consistent themes identified in the empirical data include how housing affects sexuality, privacy, relationships, and intimacy. An important aspect captured in the data is how precarious housing blurs the boundary between the private and public spheres in the lives of the interviewees, where housing traditionally represents privacy. The data has been analyzed using Erving Goffman's front stage and backstage concepts, Simon and Gagnon's sexual script theory, as well as Gayle Rubin's sexual hierarchy of value. Precarious housing often leads to changes in interpersonal and intrapsychic sexual scripts related to the housing situation, requiring certain strategies to experience sexual well-being. Strategies such as being quiet, only having sex when the landlord or roommates are away, or having sex elsewhere emerged in the data. The study also demonstrates that opportunities for agency are a crucial aspect in achieving sexual experiences, relationships, and intimacy within a precarious housing situation. Conclusion: Precarious housing affects aspects of sexual well-being and opportunities for forming relationships and intimacy. One aspect influencing this is the social, emotional, and material aspects of living in precarious housing, as well as the lack of or limited opportunities for privacy. The study provides incentive for further research on how different housing situations impact individuals' sexual well-being.