INTRODUÇÃO: O estresse tem sido foco de interesse em diferentes áreas de estudo devido às consequências no processo saúde-doença. Destaca-se a inexistência de estudos sobre o estresse crônico no período pré e pós-natal em unhas de mulheres que tiveram parto prematuro e sua relação o método canguru (MC). OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o efeito do Método Canguru na redução do estresse psicológico materno através de escalas psicométricas e o estresse biológico crônico através dos níveis de cortisol e desidroepiandrosterona (DHEA) em unhas de mães e bebês pré-termo (PT). MÉTODO: Trata-se de estudo comparativo prospectivo. A amostra contou com 59 mães e 63 bebês, coletada num hospital com o MC implantado e em dois hospitais controle, sem o MC. Foram incluídos PT (?37 semanas), sem malformações, internados em UN; mães alfabetizadas, que tiveram contato prévio com o filho, não usuárias de drogas ou hormônios. O estresse crônico materno e do PT foi avaliado pelo Cortisol e DHEA das unhas. A primeira amostra de unhas maternas foi coletada na terceira semana de vida do PT. A segunda amostra das mães e a amostra das unhas dos PT foram coletadas três meses após parto. Para análise do cortisol e DHEA das unhas das mães foi utilizada a técnica de enzima imunoensaio e dos bebês a cromatografia líquida de alto desempenho com espectrometria de massa. As unhas foram analisadas em laboratórios especializados no Canadá. O estresse psicológico da mães foi analisado com uso das PSS-10 e PSS:NICU que foram respondidas pelas mães na semana da admissão e alta do PT. RESULTADOS: Os níveis de Cortisol e DHEA nas unhas das mães referente a gestação e puerpério não diferiu significativamente entre os grupos canguru e controle, porém, diferiu entre os tempos, sendo que, os níveis dos esteroides na gestação foi maior do que no puerpério em ambos os grupos. O estresse percebido (PSS-10) pelas mães referente a gestação (p=0,846) e puerpério (p=0,465) também não diferiu significativamente entre os dois grupos. O estresse indicado pela PSS:NICU na admissão foi moderado nos dois grupos. O maior escore foi observado na subescala alteração no papel de pais. Na alta o escore foi significativamente menor (p=0,00) no canguru do que no controle. Não houve qualquer relação entre o estresse crônico (cortisol, DHEA e razão Cort:DHEA) e o psicológico (PSS-10 na gestação e PSS:NICU no puerpério) e nem entre as duas medidas de estresse psicológico (PSS-10 e PSS:NICU na alta). O nível de cortisol foi menor nos PT submetidos ao canguru, porém, sem diferença significante (p=0,08). Diferiram significativamente a DHEA - menor no controle e a razão Cort:DHEA - menor nos PT do grupo canguru. Da análise da relação entre estresse crônico constataram-se: associação positiva entre Cort:DHEA da mãe e PT (?= 0,51canguru; ?= 0,43 controle). CONCLUSÃO: O estudo mostrou que é possível medir cortisol e DHEA em unhas de mães e de bebês PT de forma restrospectiva. Os dados sugerem que o MC pode contribuir com a regulação e redução do estresse crônico do PT e do estresse psicológico materno / INTRODUCTION: Stress has been a focus of interest in different areas of study due to the consequences in the health-disease process. We highlight the lack of studies on chronic stress in pre and postnatal period using fingernails of women who had preterm birth and its relation to the kangaroo mother care (KMC) to reduce chronic and psychological stress. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate maternal psychological stress using psicometrics tools and avaluate chronic stress of mothers and Preterm infant (PT) using the analysis of cortisol and DHEA in fingernails and analyse the implication of the kangaroo care (KMC) in reduce chronic stress. METHOD: This is a prospective comparative study. The sample were 59 mothers and 63 babies collected in a KMC\'s hospital and two controls (without the KMC). Were included PT babies (? 37 weeks), who were admitted to the NICU, those with no malformations. With regard to mothers were included that one who had saw the PT at least once and excluded those using drugs or taking hormones. Maternal and PT chronic\' stress were evaluated by fingernails\' cortisol and DHEA. The first maternal sample was collected in the third week post-delivery and the second sample in the third month after baby\'s birth. The baby\'s fingernail sample was collected in the third month of life. The enzyme immunoassay was used for analysis of mothers\' fingernails (cortisol and DHEA) and for babies\' were used high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Fingernail\'s analysis was done in Canada. The PSS-10 and PSS: mothers filled up NICU tools on first week in NICU and at discharge of the baby from this unit. RESULTS: The cortisol and DHEA\'s level in mothers\' fingernails showed no significant difference between groups. Steroids levels in pregnancy time were higher than in puerperium in both groups (KMC and control) however, showed significant difference between times, steroids levels were higher during gestation time than the puerperium in both groups. The same occurred with the PSS-10 score (KMC\'s score referring to pregnancy (p=0,846) and puerperium (p=0,465), also had no difference was between groups. The PSS: NICU\'s stress level at admission in both groups was moderate. The highest score was showed in the subscale Parental Role. At discharge the score was significantly lower (p=0,00) in the kangaroo than in the control. There was no relationship between chronic stress (cortisol, DHEA and Cort:DHEA) and psychological stress (PSS-10 in pregnancy and PSS: NICU in the puerperium) or between the two psychological measures of stress (PSS-10 and PSS: NICU on discharge). The cortisol level was lower in PT submitted to kangaroo, however, without significant difference (p = 0.08). They differed significantly in DHEA - lower in the control and the ratio Cort:DHEA - lower in the kangaroo group. From the analysis of the relationship between chronic stress, there was a positive association between Cort: DHEA of the mother and PT (? = 0.51 kangaroo; ? = 0.43 control). CONCLUSION: The study showed that it is possible to measure cortisol and DHEA in preterm infant and mothers\' fingernails retrospectively. The data suggests that KMC can contribute to regulate and to reduce chronic stress in preterm infant and to reduce psychological mother\'s stress

Objetivo: Avaliar os níveis de hemoglobina de gestantes brasileiras antes e após a fortificação das farinhas de trigo e milho com ferro e investigar as variáveis associadas. Método: Estudo transversal que integra um projeto matricial desenvolvido com dados retrospectivos obtidos de prontuários de 12.119 gestantes atendidas em serviços públicos de pré-natal localizados em 13 municípios das cinco regiões geográficas do Brasil, divididas em dois grupos: Antes-fortificação das farinhas com ferro (gestantes com parto realizado antes de junho de 2004); e Após-fortificação (gestantes com data da última menstruação posterior a junho de 2005). A coleta de dados ocorreu em 2006-2008 e incluiu apenas gestantes de baixo risco, cujos prontuários continham pelo menos a data da primeira consulta de pré-natal e da última menstruação e a dosagem de hemoglobina (Hb). A variável dependente foi o nível de Hb (g/dL) e as independentes foram: grupo de fortificação, região geográfica, características sociais e demográficas, antecedentes obstétricos e características do pré-natal. Realizou-se análise descritiva, univariada e múltipla do nível de Hb para o total das gestantes, por região geográfica e por trimestre de gestação, por meio de modelos de regressão linear. Contruíram-se modelos de regressão polinomial para o ajuste das curvas de Hb por mês de gestação, que foram comparadas com referências nacional e internacional. Curvas de níveis médios e críticos (-2 desvios-padrão) de Hb de gestantes não anêmicas do grupo Após-fortificação também foram comparados às referências. O nível de significância de todos os testes foi de 5%. O estudo foi aprovado por Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Resultados: Não houve aumento significativo do nível de Hb para o total da amostra (p=0,325) após a fortificação, exceto em gestantes da região nordeste (p<0,001; =0,214) e em gestantes no segundo trimestre de gestação (p=0,025; =0,093). O nível de Hb foi menor entre aquelas que tinham menor idade, viviam sem companheiro, tinham menor Índice de Massa Corporal-IMC, maior idade gestacional e/ou duas ou mais gestações anteriores. Apesar da curva Após-fortificação apresentar níveis superiores em todos os meses de gestação, a regressão polinomial não mostrou efeito significativo da fortificação de farinhas (p=0,316). As curvas de Hb de ambos os grupos de fortificação mostraram-se acima dos níveis críticos das referências nacional e internacional no primeiro trimestre, com queda a seguir e estabilização no final da gestação. A curva de níveis críticos, construída com dados de gestantes não anêmicas do grupo Após-fortificação, ficou abaixo da curva de níveis críticos da referência nacional e do ponto de corte da OMS, mas semelhante à referência internacional, exceto no final da gestação. Conclusões: A fortificação de farinhas com ferro aumentou significativamente o nível de Hb apenas em gestantes da região nordeste do Brasil e no segundo trimestre de gestação. Idade, situação conjugal, IMC, idade gestacional e número de gestações anteriores mantêm-se como características importantes que devem ser consideradas na avaliação da anemia na gestação. As curvas construídas seguem os padrões das referências nacional e internacional. Propõe-se uma curva de Hb de gestantes não anêmicas para ser utilizada na avaliação da anemia em gestantes brasileiras. / Objective: To evaluate the hemoglobin levels of Brazilian pregnant women before and after fortification of wheat and corn flours with iron and to investigate the associated variables. Methods: This collaborative cross-sectional study was developed with retrospective data obtained from medical records of 12,119 pregnant women who attended public prenatal care services in 13 municipalities of five Brazilians geographical regions. They were divided into two groups: Before-fortification (women who delivered before June/2004), and After-fortification (women with date of last period after June/2005). Data collection occurred between 2006-2008 and included only low risk pregnant women, whose medical records contained at least the date of the first prenatal visit, date of the last menstrual period and measurement of Hemoglobin (Hb). The dependent variable was the Hb level (g/dL) and the independent variables were: group of fortification, geography region, social and demographic characteristics, obstetric history and characteristics of prenatal care. We conducted descriptive analysis, univariate and multiple (linear regression) of the Hb level for the total of pregnant women, by geographic region and trimester of pregnancy. Polynomial regression models were used to fit the curves of Hb by month of pregnancy, which were compared with national and international references. Curve of Hb mean and critical levels (-2 standard deviations) constructed with data of non-anemic pregnant of After-fortification group were also compared to references. The significance level for all tests was 5%. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee. Results: There was no significant increase in Hb level for the total sample after the fortification (p=0.325), except pregnant women in the northeast region (p <0.001, =0.214) and pregnant women in the second trimester of pregnancy (p=0.025; =0.093). The Hb levels were lower on those who were younger, lived without partner, had lower body mass index-BMI, had higher gestational age and/or had two or more previous pregnancies. Although the curve of After-fortification group had presented higher levels in all months of pregnancy, the polynomial regression showed no significant effect of fortification of flour (p=0.316). The curves of Hb in both groups of fortification were higher than the national and international references critical levels in the first trimester, followed by a drop and stabilization in late pregnancy. The curve of critical levels constructed with data of non-anemic pregnant women of After-fortification group were below the curve of critical levels of national reference and the WHO cut-off point, but similar to the international reference, except in late pregnancy. Conclusions: Fortification of flour with iron significantly increased the Hb levels of pregnant women only in northeast region of Brazil and in the second trimester of pregnancy. Age, marital status, BMI, gestational age and number of previous pregnancies remain as important characteristics that should be considered in the evaluation of anemia in pregnancy. The constructed curves follow the national and international references. We propose a curve of Hb non-anemic pregnant women to be used in the evaluation of anemia in pregnant Brazilian women.

Introdução: a coleta de culturas de vigilância é uma das estratégias utilizadas no controle de infecções causadas por Staphylococcus aureus, especialmente S. aureus resistente a meticilina (MRSA). Estas culturas são utilizadas para determinar portadores assintomáticos e prevenir a disseminação do patógeno para outros pacientes através da tomada de medidas de isolamento do portador. Neste contexto, tem-se demonstrado que a descolonização de portadores pode reduzir o risco de infecções estafilocócicas em certas ocasiões. O sítio anatômico mais comumente analisado são as narinas anteriores, mas continuamos a nos questionar se seria necessária a cultura de outros sítios anatômicos para este fim. Objetivos: este estudo objetivou avaliar o desempenho de diferentes sítios de cultura de vigilância em determinar a colonização de gestantes e recém-nascidos (RN) e determinar os fatores associados a colonização nasal por S. aureus. Metodologia: este é um estudo descritivo, desenvolvido no Hospital das Clínicas de São Paulo, Brasil, um hospital terciário universitário. Os pacientes envolvidos no estudo são gestantes durante trabalho de parto e seus recém-nascidos. A coleta de material de seu em quatro sítios anatômicos para os recém-nascidos: narinas anteriores, orofaringe, períneo e umbigo, no momento do parto, no terceiro dia e semanalmente. Para as gestantes, foram coletados quatro sítios anatômicos: narinas anteriores, anus, períneo e orofaringe. Apenas a primeira cultura positiva foi considerada, os pacientes colonizados nas narinas foram comparados àqueles colonizados apenas em sítios extranasais e os fatores de risco para colonização por S. aureus foram determinados. Resultados: foram incluídas 392 gestantes e 382 recém-nascidos. A colonização materna por S. aureus foi 53% (MSSA 49% e MRSA 9%). A colonização de RN foi 47% (MSSA 39% e MRSA 9%). Entre os RN, o melhor sítio de coleta foi o umbigo (64% para MSSA e 68% para MRSA) e a melhor associação foi narinas anteriores mais umbigo (86% para MSSA e 91% para MRSA). Entre as gestantes o melhor sítio foi narinas anteriores (MSSA 59% e MRSA 67%) e a melhor associação de sítios foi narinas anteriores mais orofaringe (83% para MSSA e 80% para MRSA). Dentre os fatores de risco, apenas o número de moradores na mesma residência foi associado à colonização materna por S. aureus (2,0+0,6 vs 3,6+1,8; p: 0,04). Conclusão: nosso estudo confirma a necessidade da coleta de vários sítios para assegurar a sensibilidade das culturas de vigilância. Não há fatores associados a colonização nasal que distinguem portadores nasais dos colonizados em sítios extranasais. Os programas de controle de infecção baseados em culturas de vigilância nasal podem ser comprometidos / Introduction: Surveillance cultures are one of the strategies used to control Staphylococcus aureus infections, especially methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). These cultures are used to determine asymptomatic carriers and prevent spread of the organism to other patients by putting carriers under isolation precautions. Also some authors demonstrated that decolonization of carriers can reduce the risk of staphylococcal infections under certain conditions. The most commonly cultured body sites are the anterior nares but the challenge remains to determine whether routine culturing of other body sites is necessary. Objectives: the study objective to evaluate the performance of surveillance cultures at various body sites in determining S.aureus colonization in pregnant women and their newborns (NB) and determine factors associated with nasal colonization. Methods: This is a descriptive study, developed on Hospital das Clinicas, São Paulo, Brazil, a tertiary-care university hospital. Patients enrolled: pregnant women during labor and their newborns. Material collection: For NB four sites were evaluated: nares, oropharynx, perineum and umbilical stump at birth, 3rd day and weekly. For pregnant women four sites during labor: anterior nares, anus, perineum and oropharynx. Only the first positive culture was considered. Nasally colonized patients were compared with colonized only extra-nasally and risk factors to S. aureus colonization were determined. Results: 392 pregnant women and 382 NB were included. S. aureus colonization was 53% among pregnant women (MSSA 49% and MRSA 4%). S. aureus colonization among NB was 47% (MSSA 39% and MRSA 9%). For NB patients, the best body site was the umbilical stump (64% for MSSA and 68% for MRSA). The best combination in NB was nares plus umbilical stump (86% for MSSA and 91% for MRSA). Among pregnant women, the best body site was the anterior nares (MSSA 59% and MRSA 67%). The best combination was nares plus oropharynx, (83% for MSSA and 80% for MRSA). Only the smaller number of household members was associated with MRSA carriage in pregnant women (2.2±0.6 vs 3.6±1.8; p: 0.04). Conclusion: Our study confirms the need for multiple culture sites to assure sensitivity. No features distinguish nasal carriers from only extra-nasal colonized people. Control programs relying mainly on nasal surveillance cultures may be compromised

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T18:54:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIZELIA RODRIGUES COSTA RIBEIRO.pdf: 3974096 bytes, checksum: 5a5d3bc4694f094f06804bcc9e3bf6cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-09 / FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO A PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO / Rates, types, perpetrators and factors associated to violence against pregnant women users of the pre-natal services of São Luís City (Maranhão/Brazil), in the year of 2010. This Thesis is an analysis of the violence against pregnant women. The expression violence against women condensates complex social phenomena, dynamic, contradictory e and historically determined. It represents, ordinarily, different forms of power to which the female gender is and was submitted in distinct societies. It is a situation lived by women of different race/ethnic, age, educational levels and socioeconomic conditions. It echoes in the family life and in the society. It has in the main feminist movements the principal subject in the strugle for implementation of Public Policies to face it. It is a notorious fact that women omit the violence suffered against them by their intimate partners. One of its manifestations is the violence against pregnant women. This Transversal Study using a convenience sample, analyzed the rates of violence practiced against pregnant women users of pre-natal services on São Luís City, in the year of 2010 and the factors associated to psychological violence and physical-sexual abuses. It was applied the questionnaire with 971 pregnant women, between the 22nd and 25th gestational weeks. It was described demographic, socioeconomic and behavioral characteristics of the interviewed subjects. It was also presented aspects of the intimate partners and householder´s life. It was found 50,26%, 49,23%, 12,87%, 2,68% and 14,01% rates, for general violence and psychological, physic, sexual and the physic-sexual types, respectively. Current intimate partner is the subject that most practices psychological and physical-sexual violence. The Poisson Regression recognized as associated factors to the psychological violence: pregnant adolescent (p-value 0,010; RP 1,27; 95% CI 1,03;1,58); pregnant young (p-value 0,010; RP 1,23; 95% CI 1,06;1,44); divorced/separated pregnant (p-value 0,003; RP 1,52; 95% CI 1,15;2,01); with occupation of manager/ superior level functions (p-value 0,038; RP 1,70; 95% CI 1,18;2,45); with inadequate social support affective/interactive (p-value <0,001; RP 1,72; 95% CI 1,40;2,12); that alcohol abuse was often (p-value < 0,001 RP 1,53; 95% CI 1,23;1,89); and who belonged to the family householder autonomous/employer (p-value 0,020; RP 1,19; 95% CI 1,03;1,37). When physical-sexual violence was the outcome, the factors associated were young pregnant woman (p-value < 0,001; RP 1,90; 95% CI 1,31;2,74); family income below the nacional minimum wage (p-value < 0,001; RP 1,76; 95% CI 1,16;2,67); with inadequate social support affective/interactive (p-value 0,033; RP 1,91; 95% CI 1,05;3,47) and who belonged to the family householder (except pregnant women and intimate partner) (p-value 0,042; RP 1,60; 95% CI 1,09;2,36) and autonomous/employer (p-value <0,001; RP 1,79; 95% CI 1,29;2,49). The violence was a common phenomenon on the gestational period, so it is necessary a vigilance at the pre-natal consultation. / Taxas, tipos, perpetradores e fatores associados à violência contra gestantes usuárias de serviços de pré-natal do município de São Luís (Maranhão/Brasil), no ano de 2010. Esta Tese é uma análise da violência praticada contra mulheres gestantes. A expressão violência contra mulheres condensa fenômenos sociais complexos, dinâmicos, contraditórios e historicamente determinados. Representa, ordinariamente, diferentes formas de poder a que foi e ainda tem sido submetido o gênero feminino pelo masculino em distintas sociedades. É situação vivenciada por mulheres de diferentes raças/etnias, idades, níveis educacionais e condições socioeconômicas. Repercute na vida familiar e na Sociedade. Tem nos movimentos feministas o sujeito principal das lutas pela implementação de Políticas Públicas para o seu enfrentamento. É fato notório que mulheres omitem a violência praticada contra elas por parceiros íntimos. Uma de suas manifestações é a violência contra gestantes. Realiza pesquisa na modalidade Estudo Transversal. Utiliza amostra de conveniência. Analisa taxas de violência praticadas contra gestantes usuárias de serviços de pré-natal do município de São Luís, no ano de 2010, e fatores associados à violência do tipo psicológica e do grupo físico-sexual. Aplica questionário junto a 971 gestantes, entre a 22ª e 25ª semanas gestacionais, preferencialmente. Descreve características demográficas, socioeconômicas e comportamentais de entrevistadas. Apresenta aspectos da vida de parceiros íntimos e chefes de famílias. Encontra taxas de 50,26%, 49,23% 12,87%, 2,68% e 14,01%, nessa ordem, para violência geral e dos tipos psicológica, física e sexual e do grupo físico-sexual. Parceiro íntimo atual é o sujeito que mais pratica violência psicológica e físico-sexual. Utiliza o Modelo de Regressão de Poisson para análise. Reconhece como fatores associados à violência do tipo psicológica: gestante adolescente (p-valor 0,010; RP 1,27; IC 95% 1,03;1,58), jovem não-adolescente (p-valor 0,010; RP 1,23; IC 95% 1,06;1,44), divorciada/desquitada (p-valor 0,003; RP 1,52; IC 95% 1,15;2,01), com ocupação de gerente/funções de nível superior (p-valor 0,038; RP 1,70; IC 95% 1,18;2,45), com inadequado apoio social afetivo/interativo (p-valor <0,001; RP 1,72; IC 95% 1,40;2,12), que fazia uso abusivo de álcool frequentemente (p-valor <0,001; RP 1,53; IC 95% 1,23;1,89) e pertencia a família com chefe autônomo/empregador (p-valor 0,020; RP 1,19; IC 95% 1,03;1,37). Para o desfecho violência físico-sexual, identifica os seguintes fatores associados: gestante jovem (p-valor <0,001; RP 1,90 IC 95%; 1,31;2,74); com renda familiar inferior ao salário mínimo nacional (p-valor 0,007; RP 1,76; IC 95% 1,16;2,67); com inadequado apoio social afetivo/interativo (p-valor 0,033; RP 1,91; IC 95% 1,05;3,47) e com chefes de família outros (exceto gestante e parceiro íntimo) (p-valor 0,042; RP 1,60; IC 95% 1,09;2,36) e autônomo/empregador (p-valor <0,001; RP 1,79; IC 95% 1,29;2,49). Mostra a violência como um fenômeno comum no período gestacional e a necessidade de sua vigilância quando na consulta pré-natal.

Submitted by Fabiana Gonçalves Pinto (benf@ndc.uff.br) on 2015-10-16T19:34:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosangela de Oliveira Azevedo.pdf: 1496012 bytes, checksum: 26505762b218ab7165e4556241f916c0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-16T19:34:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosangela de Oliveira Azevedo.pdf: 1496012 bytes, checksum: 26505762b218ab7165e4556241f916c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Mestrado Profissional em Enfermagem Assistencial / A assistência de enfermagem à gestante considerada de alto risco obstétrico ainda é um desafio para a equipe de enfermagem no que se refere ao cuidado através de ações estruturadas. Sob este aspecto, realizou-se pesquisa exploratória, descritiva e documental de abordagem quanti-qualitativa sobre as ações da enfermagem na atenção à gestante considerada de alto risco. A equipe que presta tal assistência deve identificar problemas de saúde que possam resultar em maiores danos a essa mulher, fazendo-se necessárias diretrizes assistenciais capazes de recomendar, gerar e fornecer cuidados diferenciados. Assim, o gerenciamento do cuidado de enfermagem é fundamental no sentido de previsão e provisão de ações estruturadas de enfermagem que assegurem o bem-estar da gestante e família. O estudo foi realizado na Maternidade do Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro (HUAP), da Universidade Federal Fluminense, localizada no município de Niterói e referência para o atendimento à gestante de alto risco da região Metropolitana II do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os objetivos propostos foram: elaborar diretrizes assistenciais de enfermagem em conformidade com o que preconiza o Ministério da Saúde, na atenção obstétrica de alto risco, sendo necessário descrever o perfil das gestantes de alto risco atendidas na maternidade do HUAP e, identificar as ações de enfermagem essenciais ao atendimento a essa clientela, quando internada. Empregou-se triangulação de dados obtidos pela observação não participante, pesquisa documental de prontuários e discursos dos profissionais de enfermagem que foram analisados à luz da produção científica acerca de modelos assistenciais de atenção obstétrica de alto risco. Dos resultados obtidos destaca-se que: a atenção obstétrica, desde a chegada da gestante e família à maternidade, é assistemática, revelando ações estruturantes que limitam a produção de saúde; ainda não se pratica o acolhimento e escuta sensíveis adequados; se dá pouca atenção à subjetividade da gestante, o que prejudica a tomada de decisão em relação aos planos de cuidados e; a equipe de enfermagem que atua no setor referiu estar capacitada e atuar há dez anos na maternidade. As situações observadas permitiram construção de duas categorias analíticas: a realidade revelando o estruturante e; a realidade revelando a necessidade de ações estruturadas. Acredita-se que por meio do gerenciamento de cuidado - diretriz assistencial é possível o alinhamento das ações de enfermagem, promovendo atendimento à gestante com ações resolutivas, assegurado as especificidades e os níveis de complexidade. / Nursing care to pregnant women considered at high obstetric risk is still a challenge for nursing staff with regard to the provision of care through structured actions. In this aspect, an exploratory, descriptive and documentary research with quantitative and qualitative approach to the nursing actions in care practices for pregnant women considered at high risk was conducted. The staff providing such assistance should identify health problems that may result in further damage to these women, thus creating the need for assistance guidelines to recommend, generate and provide special care. This way, the nursing care management is essential in order to forecast and provide structured nursing actions to ensure the mother and family welfare. The study was conducted in the maternity ward of the Antônio Pedro University Hospital (HUAP), of Fluminense Federal University, located in Niterói and specialized in the provision of care of high risk pregnancies in 2nd Metropolitan region of the state of Rio de Janeiro. The proposed objectives were to develop nursing care guidelines in accordance with the recommendations by the Ministry of Health about obstetric high risk, being necessary to describe the profile of high-risk pregnant women in HUAP maternity and identify the nursing actions essential to assist to these patients when hospitalized. Data triangulation was used, obtained through non-participant observation, research in document records and from speeches of nursing professionals that were analyzed with a focus on scientific production about models of obstetric high risk health care. Based on the results it is emphasized that: obstetric care, since the arrival of the mother and family to the hospital is unsystematic, revealing structural actions that limit the production of health actions; the hosting actions and appropriate sensitive listening are still not practiced; little attention is given to the subjectivity of the mother, which impairs decision making in relation to care plans and; the nursing team working in the sector reported being trained and acting for ten years at the hospital maternity ward department. The situations observed allowed the construction of two analytical categories: the reality revealing the structure and the reality revealing the need for structured actions. We believe that through management of care actions – an assistance policy, the alignment of nursing actions is possible, promoting care measures with resolving actions to pregnant women, given their characteristics and levels of complexity.

Objetivos: Conocer las experiencias de maternidad en mujeres peruanas adultas del nivel socioeconómico medio-alto que fueron madres en su adolescencia. Material y método: Estudio cualitativo desarrollado con 9 mujeres peruanas adultas que fueron madres en su adolescencia y cuyas edades estuvieron comprendidas entre los 42 a 46 años. Se aplicó la estrategia de la entrevista no estructurada y la información recolectada fue analizada utilizando la técnica del análisis temático. Resultados: Los principales hallazgos revelan que las participantes construyen en la actualidad una imagen de madres resilientes, protectoras y valientes. Esto se ha logrado, según refieren, porque en el proceso del embarazo y la crianza de sus hijos vivenciaron acontecimientos que cambiaron su vida: se casaron, dejaron de estudiar y tuvieron que asumir, en algunos casos, el rol de la figura paterna. Por otra parte, las mujeres reconocen que pensamientos y emociones como la inseguridad, desconfianza y tristeza han estado presentes en el inicio de su maternidad y fueron importantes para afrontar el cuidado de sus hijos. Conclusiones: Ser madre en la adolescencia, aún en contextos socioeconómicos medio y alto, está sujeta a dificultades personales y familiares. A pesar de estas circunstancias, las mujeres que participaron en el estudio han enfrentado la maternidad en su adolescencia y construyeron una figura de madres resilientes. En el inicio de la maternidad se reconocen pensamientos y emociones que fueron afrontándose en la medida que se construía el vínculo del cuidado con sus hijos. / Aim: Become aware of the maternity experiences of Peruvian adult women of the medium-high socioeconomic level who become mothers in their adolescence. Material y method: Qualitative research conducted on 9 Peruvian adult women who became mothers in their adolescence whose age ranged from 42 to 46 years. The unstructured interview strategy was applied, and the findings were analyzed using the thematic analysis technique. Results: The main findings reveal that the participants currently build an image of resilient, protective and courageous mothers. This has been achieved, according to them, because during pregnancy and their offspring upbringing they experienced events that changed their lives: they got married as well as the need to interrupt their studies and assume in some of the cases the role of both parents in the absence of a father figure. Otherwise, women identify that thoughts and emotions such as insecurity, mistrust and sadness had been since the beginning of their maternity and were important to cope with the care of their children. Conclusions: Even in medium and high socioeconomic contexts, being a mother in adolescence mean to confront emotional, family and professional difficulties. Despite the circumstances, the women who participated in the study had been coping with maternity in their adolescence and they built a resilient mother figure. At the beginning of their maternity thoughts and emotions were recognized as women had been coping with it while they were building a family bond care with their children. / Tesis

No description available.

La anemia en gestantes es un problema de salud pública importante a nivel mundial. Según la prevalencia registrada, en Perú persiste como un problema moderado. La pobre adherencia a la suplementación oral de hierro es una de las principales barreras para la efectividad de esta intervención. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la variación de la adherencia a la suplementación oral de hierro en el tiempo y los factores asociados a esta. Para ello, se reanalizó la base de datos de la vigilancia centinela: “Estudio de adherencia a la suplementación con Hierro durante la gestación en las direcciones de salud de Apurímac y Ayacucho” de la Dirección General de Epidemiología (DGE), el cual tuvo un diseño de cohorte prospectiva longitudinal. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las 416 gestantes registradas y un análisis bivariado y multivariado en base a 376 gestantes. Se identificaron las variables sociodemográficas, gestacionales, relacionadas a la suplementación en el embarazo anterior y actual. Para el análisis de los factores asociados a la adherencia se usó el modelo GEE. En la segunda y tercera visita de seguimiento la adherencia incrementó en 4% y 8%, mientras que en la quinta y sexta, se redujo en 8% y 20,6%, respectivamente. Los factores que redujeron la adherencia fueron: falla en la dispensación (25, 3%), náuseas (9,5%), interacción de náuseas y vómitos (13,5%), y no le cae bien el suplemento (11%). En conclusión, la adherencia disminuye con el tiempo y los factores relacionados al suplemento y la falla en la distribución se relacionan a la reducción de esta / Anemia in pregnant women is a major public health problem worldwide. According to the registered prevalence, in Peru it persists as a moderate problem. Poor adherence to oral iron supplementation is one of the main barriers to the effectiveness of this intervention. The aim of this study was to determine the variation in adherence to oral iron supplements over time and the factors associated with it. To do this, the sentinel surveillance database of the "Study of Adherence to Iron Supplementation During Pregnancy in the Health Directions of Apurimac and Ayacucho", of general directorate of epidemiology (DGE), a longitudinal prospective cohort, was reanalyzed. A descriptive analysis of the 416 registered pregnant women and a bivariate and multivariate analysis based on 376 pregnant women was carried out. Sociodemographic, gestational, supplementation in the previous and current pregnancy variables were identified. For the analysis of the factors associated with adherence, the GEE model was used. At the second and third follow-up visit, adherence increased by 4% and 8%, while at the fifth and sixth, it decreased by 8% and 20,6%, respectively. The factors that reduced adherence were: dispensing failure (25,3%), nausea (9,5%), interaction of nausea and vomiting (13,5%), and did not like the supplement (11%). In conclusion, adherence decreases with time and the factors related to the supplement and the failure in the distribution are related to its reduction. / Tesis

L’infection génitale par le Virus du Papillome Humain (VPH) est l’infection transmissible sexuellement la plus fréquente. Sa prévalence la plus élevée est retrouvée chez les femmes en âge de procréer. Bien que la littérature expérimentale s’accorde sur la plausibilité biologique de l’effet du VPH sur les issues négatives de grossesse, les résultats des études observationnelles sont équivoques. Parmi ces issues négatives figure l’accouchement prématuré qui reste une cause majeure de mortalité périnatale et de morbidité à vie dans le monde. La présente thèse avait alors pour but de faire la lumière sur la qualité de la littérature actuelle sur les issues négatives de grossesse en lien avec le VPH en général et d’approfondir l’association entre le VPH et l’accouchement prématuré en particulier. À cette fin, trois objectifs de recherche étaient visés, à savoir: 1) évaluer systématiquement l’ampleur de l’association entre l’infection VPH et les issues négatives de grossesse dans la littérature et la qualité des évidences sur ces relations, 2) estimer l’association entre l’infection VPH pendant la grossesse et l’accouchement prématuré et 3) identifier les déterminants de la transmission du VPH dans le placenta chez les femmes infectées par le VPH au niveau vaginal. Trois analyses ont été menées pour répondre à chacun des objectifs. D’abord, nous avons effectué une revue systématique et des méta-analyses pour chacune des issues négatives de grossesse suivantes: avortement spontané, rupture prématurée et/ou préterme et des membranes, accouchement prématuré, faible poids de naissance, retard de croissance intra-utérine, troubles hypertensifs gestationnels et mortinaissance. Ensuite, en utilisant les données des femmes éligibles de la cohorte prospective HERITAGE (n=899), nous avons estimé l’association entre l’infection VPH (pendant la grossesse et dans le placenta) et l’accouchement prématuré. Dans un modèle de régression logistique, un ajustement pour la confusion a été assuré par pondération par l’inverse de probabilité de l’infection VPH au premier trimestre en fonction des caractéristiques maternelles. Enfin, l’analyse des déterminants du VPH dans le placenta a été réalisée sur l’échantillon de la cohorte de femmes positives au VPH au premier trimestre de grossesse (n=354) en utilisant un modèle d’équations d’estimation généralisée. La revue systématique et les méta-analyses ont montré que l’infection VPH est associée à plusieurs issues négatives de grossesse dont l’accouchement prématuré. Cependant, ces résultats doivent être interprétés avec prudence, compte tenu des limites dans certaines études en raison d’erreur de mesure de l’exposition au VPH, d’une détection du VPH en dehors de la période de grossesse, et d’un contrôle insuffisant pour la confusion. Les résultats de notre étude de cohorte prospective ont montré que la persistance des VPH16/18 pendant la grossesse et la présence du VPH dans le placenta sont associées à l’accouchement prématuré avec un odds ratio ajusté (aOR) de 3,72 (IC 95% 1,47-9,39) et 2,53 (IC 95% 1,06- 6,03) respectivement. Cet effet est indépendant des antécédents de traitement de dysplasies cervicales. Par ailleurs, la présence du VPH dans le placenta est associée à l’origine ethnique autre que blanc (aOR 1,78; IC 95% 1,08-2,96), aux anomalies cervicales (aOR 1,92; IC 95% 1,14-3,24), à l’infection génitale ou urinaire (aOR 2,32; IC 95% 1,15-4,68), à la coinfection VPH au 1er trimestre (aOR 2,56; IC 95% 1,72-3,83), à la persistance d’un VPH à haut risque autre que les génotypes 16/18 (2,31; IC 95% 1,20-4,45) et à la persistance des VPH-16/18 pendant la grossesse (aOR 4,55; IC 95% 2,40-8,66). Dans l’ensemble, les résultats de cette thèse apportent de nouvelles connaissances sur l’infection VPH vaginale pendant la grossesse et dans le placenta. L’association entre l’accouchement prématuré et la persistance du VPH-16/18 en cours de grossesse ou l’infection VPH dans le placenta indique qu’un certain nombre d’accouchements prématurés, jusque-là inexpliqués, pourraient être en lien avec le VPH. Cet effet direct de l’infection VPH sur l’accouchement prématuré vient s’ajouter à celui, déjà montré, du traitement cervical des lésions dysplasiques. Le VPH placentaire est associé aux marqueurs d’une réponse immunitaire inadéquate contre le VPH vaginal. Nos résultats plaident en faveur de la couverture vaccinale optimale contre le VPH dans le but d’alléger le fardeau des naissances prématurées. / Human Papillomavirus (HPV) genital infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection. Its highest prevalence is found in women of childbearing age. Although experimental studies agree on the biological plausibility of detrimental effect of HPV on pregnancy outcomes, observational studies yielded contradictory findings. Among these negative outcomes there is preterm delivery, which remains a major cause of perinatal mortality and lifelong morbidity worldwide. Therefore, this thesis aimed to shed light on the quality of the current literature on negative outcomes related to HPV in general and specifically to further investigate the association between HPV and preterm birth. We targeted three research objectives: 1) systematic assessment of the association between HPV infection and negative pregnancy outcomes in the literature and the quality of the evidence on these relationships, 2) estimate the association between HPV infection during pregnancy and preterm delivery; and 3) to identify the determinants of HPV transmission in the placenta in women infected with in the first trimester. Three analyzes were carried out to meet each of the objectives. We performed a systematic review and meta-analyzes for each of the following negative pregnancy outcomes: spontaneous abortion, premature and / or preterm rupture and membranes, preterm birth, low birth weight, intra-uterine growth retardation, pregnancy induced hypertensive disorders and stillbirth. Using data from eligible women in the HERITAGE prospective cohort (n = 899), we assessed the association between HPV infection (during pregnancy and in the placenta) and preterm birth. In a logistic regression model, we adjusted for confounding by inverse propensity treatment weighting of HPV infection in the first trimester based on maternal characteristics. Finally, the analysis of the determinants of HPV in the placenta was performed on the sample of the cohort of HPV positive women in the first trimester of pregnancy (n = 354) using a generalized estimation equations model. The systematic review and meta-analyzes showed that HPV infection is associated with several negative pregnancy outcomes including preterm birth. However, these results should be interpreted with caution, given the limitations in some studies regarding misclassification of HPV exposure, inappropriate HPV time-point detection, and insufficient control for confusion. Our prospective cohort study showed that the persistence of HPV16/18 during pregnancy and the presence of any HPV in the placenta are associated with preterm birth with an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 3.72 (CI 95 % 1.47-9.39) and 2.53 (95% CI 1.06-6.03) respectively. These findings are independent of the history of cervical dysplasia treatment. In addition, the presence of any HPV in the placenta is associated with ethnic origin other than white (aOR 1.78; 95% CI 1.08-2.96), cervical abnormalities (aOR 1.92; 95% CI 1.14-3.24), genital or urinary infection (aOR 2.32; 95% CI 1.15-4.68), HPV coinfection in the 1st trimester (aOR 2.56; 95% CI 1.72-3.83), persistence of high-risk HPV other than genotypes 16/18 (2.31; 95% CI 1.20-4.45) and persistence of HPV-16/18 during pregnancy (aOR 4.55; 95% CI 2.40-8.66). Overall, our findings provide new evidence on vaginal HPV infection during pregnancy and in the placenta. The association between preterm birth and persistence of HPV-16/18 during pregnancy or any HPV infection in the placenta indicates that a number of unexplained preterm deliveries may be related to HPV. This direct effect of HPV infection on preterm birth is in addition to that already shown of cervical treatment of dysplastic lesions. Placental HPV is associated with markers of an inadequate immune response against vaginal HPV. Our results argue in favor of an increase in vaccine coverage against HPV in order to reduce the burden of preterm births.

We sought to examine the concordance of two suicidal ideation items from the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), to evaluate the prevalence of suicidal ideation among pregnant women, and to assess the co-occurrence of suicidal ideation with antepartum depressive symptoms. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,517 pregnant women attending prenatal care clinics in Lima, Peru. Item 9 of the PHQ-9 assesses suicidal ideation over the last 14 days while item 10 of the EPDS assesses suicidal ideation in the past 7 days. The two suicidal ideation items have a high concordance rate (84.2 %) but a moderate agreement (the Cohen's kappa = 0.42). Based on the PHQ-9 and the EPDS, 15.8 and 8.8 % of participants screened positive for suicidal ideation, respectively. Assessed by the PHQ-9, 51 % of participants with suicidal ideation had probable depression. In prenatal care clinics, screening for suicidal ideation is needed for women with and without depressive symptoms. Future studies are needed to identify additional predictors of antepartum suicidality, determine the appropriate duration of reporting period for suicidal ideation screening, and assess the percentage of individuals with positive responses to the two suicidal ideation items at high risk of planning and attempting suicide. / This research was supported by an award from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01-HD-059835). The NIH had no further role in the study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the paper for publication. The authors wish to thank the dedicated staff members of Asociacion Civil Proyectos en Salud (PROESA), Peru and Instituto Especializado Materno Perinatal, Peru for their expert technical assistance with this research. The authors would like to thank Kathy Brenner for her help with revising this manuscript. / Revisión por pares