In examining the racism in sport literature, two general trends emerge: (a) a focus on Western sport organizations and the prejudice expressed by Whites in these entities; and (b) the tendency to document the occurrence of prejudice without examining key antecedent conditions. The purpose of this study was to address these gaps in the literature. Specifically, I compare the racial prejudice of White Americans with Asians and also examine the degree to which intergroup contact impacts this level of prejudice. Data were collected from Asian (n = 104) and White American (n = 100) college students. They completed a questionnaire that assessed their contact with African Americans as both team mates and exercise partners, their intergroup anxiety, and racial prejudice. Results indicate that all of the study variables were significantly correlated with one another. As expected, a multivariate analysis of variance further illustrated that Asians, relative to Whites, expressed more anxiety and prejudice, while also having less contact with African Americans. Finally, results from a moderated regression indicated that the relationship between nationality and intergroup anxiety was moderated by contact with African Americans as team mates and as exercise partners. In both cases, the lack of contact resulted in greater anxiety for Asians than it did for Whites. This study contributes to the literature by explicitly examining racial bias across cultures. In addition, the findings point to the importance of diversity in exercise and team settings as a way of reducing racial prejudice. That is, since in being contact with African Americans as team mates and exercise partners helped to reduce intergroup anxiety, efforts should be made to increase racial diversity in exercise and sport team settings.

<p>The way man divides his thoughts and sorts them into different boxes, is a cognitive activity which works alike for every person. We split peoplesexterior attributes and characteristic qualities into stereotypes or prejudicemind patterns and treat them along those.</p><p>This study examines through a qualitative method what twelve respondents (six women and six men) between the ages 16-21, think about “intense” conceptions, which may show stereotype or prejudice ways of thinking. There spondents have been chosen regardless ethnic or economic background andare all enrolled in an upper secondary school located centrally in a Swedish big city.</p><p>The purpose is to find out if there are any differences between how some young men and some young women spontaneously think in stereotypical orprejudice patterns. The result is interpreted on the basis of the social cognitive perspective and from out of theories about how people create schemes andprototypes to separate individuals and groups from each other.</p><p>This study suggests that men more easily express their stereotypes and prejudice, while women more often seem to be careful with their stereotypes and prejudice, and end up redefining them. Further in the discussion, aspects involving how the society, if not becoming aware of stereotypes and prejudice, can affect the people representing those stereotypes.</p>

<p>Stigmatisering kring människor som lever med humant immunbristvirus (HIV) är utbredd. Patienter som lever med viruset har inte bara symptomen av infektionen att ta itu med, de måste också handskas med den diskriminering och de fördomar som finns. Tidigare studier har visat att kunskapsnivån om hiv är låg bland hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal och att de är rädda för att själva smittas när de vårdar hivsmittade patienter. Tidigare studier visar även att sjukvårdpersonal dömer människor med HIV på grund av fördomar kring människors bakgrund och livsstil. Syftet med denna studie var att belysa patienter med HIV/AIDS upplevelser av mötet med vården. En kvalitativ metod användes för att samla in och analysera data som bestod av fyra självbiografier och fjorton berättelser. Ur analysen formades fyra huvudteman och två subteman. Huvudteman är: Kränkt i sin sjukdom, bekräftad i stunden, att inte få rätt information och skyldig enligt lag. Resultatet visade att patienterna kände sig kränkta och behandlade utan respekt när vårdpersonalen agerade med okunskap och rädsla. Patienterna kände otrygghet inför att söka konsultation på grund av att personalen har rapporteringsskyldighet enligt Smittskyddslagen. Resultaten i studien kan öka sjuksköterskan förståelse för patienter som lever med HIV/AIDS och därmed förbättra vårdgivare -patient relationen.</p> / <p>Stigma around people living with Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is widespread. Patients living with HIV not only have to deal with the symptoms of the infection but also with the discrimination and prejudice. Previous studies have shown that knowledge about HIV is low among healthcare professionals and that they are afraid of being infected themselves when they care for HIV patients. Previous studies also show that healthcare givers judge people with HIV because of prejudges concerning patients background and lifestyle. The aim of this study was to enlighten patients with HIV/AIDS experiences when meeting healthcare. A qualitative method was used to collect and analyze the data which consist of four autobiographies and fourteen stories. The analysis revealed four main themes and two sub themes. The main themes are: Violated within the illness, confirmed within the moment, not getting the right information and obligated by law. The results showed that patient’s felt violated and treated without respect when nursing staff acted with ignorance and fear. Patients felt insecure when seeking consultation because of the staff’s reporting obligation. These results may increase the nurses understanding of patients living with HIV/AIDS and thereby improve the caregiver-patient relationship.</p>

The purpose of this study on Mark Twain's The Innocents Abroad is toinvestigate the various personal and socio-historical reasons for Twain's disrespectful and intolerant depiction of the people of the Middle East in juxtaposition to his lighter treatment of Europeans of the Mediterranean, whom he also wrote about at length in the same travel narrative.The research involves examining the main text, but also considers the long history of Western attitudes towards the Middle East, Twain's prejudicial upbringing, his strong penchant for exaggeration, his sense of opportunism, and the books and contemporary social attitudes that may have influenced his thinking. Research reveals an intricate web of complexity behind Mark Twain's attitude in his writing. It also reveals that the many of his critics fall prey and become entangled inthe very same web of complicated and skewing factors that trapped Twain nearly one hundred and fifty years ago.

September 11th 2001 led to an increase in the intensity of the already existing discourses surrounding what it means to be an American, with a particular focus on the Southern border of the United States and Mexican immigration as a perceived threat to national security. This study seeks to address the how prejudice towards undocumented Mexican immigrants generalizes to Mexican Americans. This relationship was theorized by Chavez (2008), and is what he calls the Latino threat narrative. Experimental methods will be used to measure how perceptions of Latinos differ as a function of foreignness using a 2 (positive vs. negative scenario) x 4 (Mexican American, undocumented immigrant, Latino and Anglo) X 2 (Group Process: SDO or RWA) between-subjects design. Participants were asked to read scenarios that describes a man (either Mexican American, an undocumented Mexican immigrant, a Latino or White) accidently hitting another car while parking and either leaving a note or not. The results demonstrate that when the immigration status of the man described is unknown, and he does not leave a note, participants high in Social Dominance Orientation attitudes are more likely to identify them as an undocumented Mexican immigrant. The findings of this study contribute to the literature of prejudice through further exploring the mechanisms of prejudice towards immigrant populations. / text

Στην παρούσα έρευνα θα ασχοληθούμε με το ρόλο που διαδραματίζει η συγκίνηση στην ανθρώπινη συμπεριφορά, παρουσιάζοντας στα υποκείμενά μας, που ανήκουν σε διαφορετικές πολιτισμικές ομάδες, διαφορετικές, ελεγχόμενες πληροφορίες, οι οποίες εγείρουν κάθε φορά και διαφορετικά συναισθήματα. Τα διαφορετικά πολιτισμικά χαρακτηριστικά των ομάδων κινητοποιούν διαφορετικές συμπεριφορές και αντιδράσεις, όπου στα πλαίσια της παρούσας έρευνας είναι πολιτισμικά προσδιορισμένες. Στη συγκεκριμένη πειραματική έρευνα θα προσπαθήσουμε να ερευνήσουμε τις διαφορετικές αντιδράσεις των Ελλήνων, των Αλβανών και των Τσιγγάνων, κατά την παρατήρηση φωτογραφιών Ελλήνων, Αλβανών και Τσιγγάνων συμμαθητών τους σε ελεγχόμενες καταστάσεις. Η έκφραση της συμπάθειας ή της αντιπάθειας, συναισθήματα που χαρακτηρίζουν και διαμορφώνουν τις μεταξύ σχέσεις των ατόμων, στηρίζονται περισσότερο στις κοινωνικές αναπαραστάσεις και στις στάσεις των «σημαντικών άλλων» , ιδιαίτερα όσον αφορά την κοινωνικοποίηση των παιδιών. Γι’ αυτό το λόγο, στην παρούσα έρευνα, η οποία αποτελεί μέρος ενός ευρύτερου ερευνητικού προγράμματος με θέμα στερεότυπα και προκαταλήψεις και τις εκδηλώσεις τους, με υπεύθυνο τον καθηγητή Παντελή Γεωργογιάννη, χρησιμοποιείται, ως βασκή παράμετρος συγκινησιακού κλίματος, η εθνική καταγωγή προσώπων, τόσο αλλοδαπών και μειονοτήτων όσο και αυτών της κυρίαρχης ομάδας του κοινωνικού συνόλου. Η αξιολόγηση του θετικού και αρνητικού συναισθήματος, συμπάθεια και αντιπάθεια, εξετάζεται από κοινωνικοψυχολογική άποψη, καθώς δίνεται ιδιαίτερη έμφαση στον συγκινησιακό ρόλο που διαδραματίζουν τα κοινωνικά δεδομένα και πώς αυτά επηρεάζουν την προδιάθεση του ατόμου προς μια συγκεριμένη αντίδραση απέναντι σε ένα γεγονός ή σε ένα πρόσωπο. Στην έρευνά μας εστιάσαμε σε πρόσωπα και στην εθνική καταγωγή τους, καθώς στις μέρες μας παρατηρείται μια έξαρση του εθνικιστικού τρόπου σκέψης, η οποία ασκεί επιρροές στη συναισθηματική αντίδραση του ατόμου. Το δείγμα της έρευνάς μας αποτελείται από 90 μαθητές δημοτικού σχολείου, από τους οποίους οι 30 είναι ελληνικής καταγωγής, οι άλλοι 30 αλβανικής καταγωγής και οι υπόλοιποι 30 είναι Τσιγγάνοι μαθητές, αφενός γιατί το σχολείο αποτελεί δέκτη των κοινωνικών μηνυμάτων και αλλαγών και αφετέρου μέσω της παιδευτικής του διάστασης μπορεί να διαμορφώσει και να ανακατασκευάσει συναισθήματα, θετικά και αρνητικά. Τα υποκείμενά μας, λοιπόν, καλούνται να εκφράσουν την συμπάθεια ή την αντιπάθειά τους απέναντι στα πρόσωπα που απεικονίζονται στις φωτογραφίες σε δύο διαφορετικέςσυνθήκες, δηλαδή όταν δεν γνωρίζουν και όταν γνωρίζουν την προέλευσή τους. Θεωρούμε, λοιπόν, ότι τα ίδια τα παιδιά μπορούν να αποτελέσουν τη βάση για τη μεταστροφή αρνητικών συναισθημάτων ενώ παράλληλα μπορούν να δώσουν μια αντικειμενική εικόνα, μέσω της έκφρασης της αντιπάθειας και της συμπάθειάς τους, του συγκινησιακού κλίματος της κοινωνίας, έτσι όπως διαμορφώνεται στα πλαίσια της πολυπολιτισμικής κοινωνίας. / In the present research we will deal with the role that plays the emotion in the human behavior, presenting in our subjects, that belong in different cultural teams, different, checked information, which cause each time and different sentiments. The differently cultural characteristics of teams mobilise different behaviors and reactions, where in the frames of present research are cultural determined. In the particular experimental research we will try to search the different reactions of Greeks, Albanians and Gipsies, at the observation of photographs of Greeks, Albanians and their Gipsies schoolmates in allocated situations. The expression of sympathy or antipathy, sentiments that characterize and shape the relations between individuals, are supported more in the social representations and in the attitudes of the "important other" , as far as it concerns the socialization of children. For this reason, in the present research, which constitute part of wider inquiring program on the subject of stereotypical and biases, with person in charge the professor Georgogianni Panteli, it is used, as a basic parameter of climate of emotion, the national origin of persons, such as foreigners and minorities as well as the sovereign team of the social total. The evaluation of the positive and negative sentiment, sympathy and antipathy, is examined to the ground of social psychology, given particular accent to the role that social data plays in the emotions and how these social data influence the inclination of individual to a specific reaction towards a fact or a person. In our research we focused in persons and in their national origin, since in our days it is observed an elation of nationalistic way of thought, which practises influences in the sentimental reaction of individual. The sample of our research is constituted by 90 students of municipal school, from which the 30 are of Greek origin, the other 30 of Albanian origin and the last 30 are Gipsies students, and that because the school constitutes receptor of social messages and changes and at the other side via its pedagogic dimension can shape and reform sentiments, positive and negative ones. The subjects are called to express the sympathy or their antipathy over the persons depicted in the photos in two different conditions, that is, when they do not know and when they know their origin. We consider, therefore, that the children itself can constitute the base for the change of negative sentiments while at the same time they can give an objective picture, via the expression of antipathy and their sympathy, of the emotion climate of society as it is shaped in the frames of multicultural society.

The way man divides his thoughts and sorts them into different boxes, is a cognitive activity which works alike for every person. We split peoplesexterior attributes and characteristic qualities into stereotypes or prejudicemind patterns and treat them along those. This study examines through a qualitative method what twelve respondents (six women and six men) between the ages 16-21, think about “intense” conceptions, which may show stereotype or prejudice ways of thinking. There spondents have been chosen regardless ethnic or economic background andare all enrolled in an upper secondary school located centrally in a Swedish big city. The purpose is to find out if there are any differences between how some young men and some young women spontaneously think in stereotypical orprejudice patterns. The result is interpreted on the basis of the social cognitive perspective and from out of theories about how people create schemes andprototypes to separate individuals and groups from each other. This study suggests that men more easily express their stereotypes and prejudice, while women more often seem to be careful with their stereotypes and prejudice, and end up redefining them. Further in the discussion, aspects involving how the society, if not becoming aware of stereotypes and prejudice, can affect the people representing those stereotypes.

Stigmatisering kring människor som lever med humant immunbristvirus (HIV) är utbredd. Patienter som lever med viruset har inte bara symptomen av infektionen att ta itu med, de måste också handskas med den diskriminering och de fördomar som finns. Tidigare studier har visat att kunskapsnivån om hiv är låg bland hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal och att de är rädda för att själva smittas när de vårdar hivsmittade patienter. Tidigare studier visar även att sjukvårdpersonal dömer människor med HIV på grund av fördomar kring människors bakgrund och livsstil. Syftet med denna studie var att belysa patienter med HIV/AIDS upplevelser av mötet med vården. En kvalitativ metod användes för att samla in och analysera data som bestod av fyra självbiografier och fjorton berättelser. Ur analysen formades fyra huvudteman och två subteman. Huvudteman är: Kränkt i sin sjukdom, bekräftad i stunden, att inte få rätt information och skyldig enligt lag. Resultatet visade att patienterna kände sig kränkta och behandlade utan respekt när vårdpersonalen agerade med okunskap och rädsla. Patienterna kände otrygghet inför att söka konsultation på grund av att personalen har rapporteringsskyldighet enligt Smittskyddslagen. Resultaten i studien kan öka sjuksköterskan förståelse för patienter som lever med HIV/AIDS och därmed förbättra vårdgivare -patient relationen. / Stigma around people living with Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is widespread. Patients living with HIV not only have to deal with the symptoms of the infection but also with the discrimination and prejudice. Previous studies have shown that knowledge about HIV is low among healthcare professionals and that they are afraid of being infected themselves when they care for HIV patients. Previous studies also show that healthcare givers judge people with HIV because of prejudges concerning patients background and lifestyle. The aim of this study was to enlighten patients with HIV/AIDS experiences when meeting healthcare. A qualitative method was used to collect and analyze the data which consist of four autobiographies and fourteen stories. The analysis revealed four main themes and two sub themes. The main themes are: Violated within the illness, confirmed within the moment, not getting the right information and obligated by law. The results showed that patient’s felt violated and treated without respect when nursing staff acted with ignorance and fear. Patients felt insecure when seeking consultation because of the staff’s reporting obligation. These results may increase the nurses understanding of patients living with HIV/AIDS and thereby improve the caregiver-patient relationship.

Before the 1990s controlled research using mock jurors consistently found black defendants guilty more often than white. However, more recently, research has generally failed to find this effect. One explanation is that prejudice has been reduced so much that there is no longer an effect. While there does seem to have been a reduction in overt prejudice, it is unlikely that it has decreased to the point that it does not affect verdicts. A more likely explanation is that strong social norms exist concerning prejudice which result in efforts to avoid being (or appearing) biased. Thus, when motivation to reduce prejudice is salient, mock jurors and perhaps real jurors will display little or no prejudice; but when motivation to reduce prejudice is not salient, decision-making becomes spontaneous and whatever prejudice does exist will affect decisions. In a series of 6 studies, race of defendant, race of witness, and the salience of the importance of being unbiased were varied. Results revealed a complex situation with many factors playing a part. Race of key alibi witness played a key role, with the white witness favoured, and the black witness mistrusted. Outcomes may be partially predicted based on Social Dominance Orientation (SDO). Those high in SDO treat incongruent defendant/witness race pairs more harshly than congruent race pairs. Modern apparently egalitarian outcomes are perhaps due to low prejudice participants’ bias in favour of black defendants while high prejudice participants were biased against black defendants – effectively cancelling out each others’ verdicts. Those low in SDO treat incongruent defendant/witness race pair too leniently as compared to congruent race pairs. When race is made salient, bias is reduced, and though the average results are still essentially egalitarian, these verdicts are more truly egalitarian – much fairer and less biased when considered at an individual level. These results also reinforce theories of dual process models of attitudes. Individuals may have common stereotype knowledge, but separate activation based on prejudice levels. Both high and low prejudiced individuals can control bias with the proper motivation.

Before the 1990s controlled research using mock jurors consistently found black defendants guilty more often than white. However, more recently, research has generally failed to find this effect. One explanation is that prejudice has been reduced so much that there is no longer an effect. While there does seem to have been a reduction in overt prejudice, it is unlikely that it has decreased to the point that it does not affect verdicts. A more likely explanation is that strong social norms exist concerning prejudice which result in efforts to avoid being (or appearing) biased. Thus, when motivation to reduce prejudice is salient, mock jurors and perhaps real jurors will display little or no prejudice; but when motivation to reduce prejudice is not salient, decision-making becomes spontaneous and whatever prejudice does exist will affect decisions. In a series of 6 studies, race of defendant, race of witness, and the salience of the importance of being unbiased were varied. Results revealed a complex situation with many factors playing a part. Race of key alibi witness played a key role, with the white witness favoured, and the black witness mistrusted. Outcomes may be partially predicted based on Social Dominance Orientation (SDO). Those high in SDO treat incongruent defendant/witness race pairs more harshly than congruent race pairs. Modern apparently egalitarian outcomes are perhaps due to low prejudice participants’ bias in favour of black defendants while high prejudice participants were biased against black defendants – effectively cancelling out each others’ verdicts. Those low in SDO treat incongruent defendant/witness race pair too leniently as compared to congruent race pairs. When race is made salient, bias is reduced, and though the average results are still essentially egalitarian, these verdicts are more truly egalitarian – much fairer and less biased when considered at an individual level. These results also reinforce theories of dual process models of attitudes. Individuals may have common stereotype knowledge, but separate activation based on prejudice levels. Both high and low prejudiced individuals can control bias with the proper motivation.