Recycling of plastics always plays an important role in keeping our environment better and safe. With the rise in usage of plastics and industrialization, the need for recycling the plastics has become a big business and is getting bigger. This thesis work was done for a company called Rapid Granulator AB, which works with the recycling of plastics as a big trade in Sweden. Like all the industries across the globe are trying to be economical in every way, Rapid Granulator AB wanted to develop an economical design of their high quality granulating knife. For achieving the economical design, they wanted to study the behaviour of the rotating knife during the process of producing plastic granules. The granulator cutting process was simulated and numerical analysis was done on the rotating knife of a plastic granulator machine by using the finite element code ABAQUS with 3D stress elements to find out the critical stresses and forces acting on the rotating knife. The bolt preload was applied by Abaqus/Standard, and the results of implicit analysis were imported to Abaqus/Explicit for the impact analysis where the flow of stresses on the rotating knife during the impact with materials were simulated and studied. The study was done on knife models of different thickness to see if the thickness of the current knife model can be reduced. Analysis were done also on a knife model assembly with a double sided cutting edge knife to see if the knife model can be used to its full extent. The simulation models and analysis results were given to the company to develop a more economical knife model.

Foi analisada a variação da pré-carga de parafusos durante os cinco primeiros minutos depois de cada uma de cinco seqüências aperto e desaperto de parafusos de implantes dentários com diferentes sistemas de retenção pilar/implante. Extensômetros foram colados no terço cervical de implantes com interface de hexágono externo, hexágono interno e cone Morse. Um procedimento controlado de aperto e desaperto dos parafusos permitiu o arquivo dos valores de torque reverso, em relação ao aperto, e o campo de tensões gerado sobre o terço cervical dos implantes resultante da pré-carga do parafuso para cada uma das seqüências. Foram estudadas 30 amostras de implantes/pilares, dividas em oito grupos: implantes de hexágono externo com intermediário Munhão Universal e parafusos de titânio (Neodent, Curitiba, Brasil) apertados a 32 N.cm (EH.Ti.32); hexágono externo, Munhão Universal, parafuso de titânio recoberto por DLC, 32 N.cm (EH.dlc.32); hexágono interno, Munhão Universal, parafuso de titânio, 20 N.cm (IH.Ti.20); cone Morse, Munhão Universal peça única, 20 N.cm (MT.OP.20); cone Morse, Munhão Universal peça única, 32 N.cm (MT.OP.32); Cone Morse, Munhão Universal parafuso passante, 10 N.cm (MT.TS.10); no sétimo grupo foram usados as mesmas amostras do grupo MT.TS.10 a 10 N.cm, porém o desaperto foi realizado pelo intermediário (MT.TS.10.A); para o último grupo foram usados as mesmas amostras do grupo MT.TS.10 e MT.TS.10.A, porém o aperto dos parafusos foi de 15 N.cm e o desaperto também se deu pelo o intermediário (MT.TS.15.A). Os valores médios e desvio padrão (dp) de pré-carga encontrados para todas as seqüências de cada grupo foram de: EH.Ti.32 (27,75; dp 7,70); EH.dlc.32 (40,17; dp 10,16); IH.Ti.20 (219,61; dp 75,47); MT.OP.20 (129,19; dp 116,71); MT.OP.32 (137,97; dp 47,53); MT.TS.10 (39,55; dp 13,96); MT.TS.10.A (126,72; dp 44,05); MT.TS.15.A (194,41; 68,48). Entre os diferentes sistemas de retenção pilar/implante estudados, pode-se concluir que: existem relações únicas entre o valor de torque aplicado no parafuso e a pré-carga gerada sobre o terço cervical do implante, essas são diretamente influenciados pelo desenho da interface pilar/implante, tipo de parafuso de retenção e valor de torque aplicado; não foi observada perda de pré-carga dos parafusos de pilares, nem perda de resistência à torção no sentido anti-rotacional dos parafusos depois de esperados 5 minutos em 5 seqüências de aperto/desaperto. / The preload screw variation for the first five minutes after each one of five torque/untorque sequences from different implant/abutment retention systems was evaluated. Strain gauges were attached over the cervical third of external hex, internal hex and Morse taper implants. A controlled torque/untorque procedure allowed the record from the preload and untorque values of the samples in each one of the sequences. Thirty implant/abutment samples, divided in eight groups were studied: external hex implants with Universal post and titanium screws (Neodent, Curitiba, Brazil) screwed to 32 N.cm (EH.Ti.32); external hex, Universal post, DLC covered screw, 32 N.cm (EH.dlc.32); internal hex, Universal post, titanium screw, 20 N.cm (IH.Ti.20); Morse taper, single piece Universal post, 20 N.cm (MT.OP.20); Morse taper, single piece Universal post, 32 N.cm (MT.OP.32); Morse taper, Universal post trespassing screw, 10 N.cm (MT.TS.10); the same samples from the MT.TS.10 group were used for the seventh group, screwed to 10 N.cm, but the untorque was performed by the abutment (MT.TS.10.A); the same samples used with the MT.TS.10 and the MT.TS.10.A were used for the last group, but the screws were tightened to 15 N.cm and the untorque remained by the abutment (MT.TS.15.A). The mean and the stardad deviation (DP) found for the preloss in all the five sequences were of: EH.Ti.32 (27.75; SD 7.70); EH.dlc.32 (40.17; SD 10.16); IH.Ti.20 (219.61; SD 75.47); MT.OP.20 (129.19; SD 116.71); MT.OP.32 (137.97; SD 47.53); MT.TS.10 (39.55; SD 13.96); MT.TS.10.A (126.72; SD 44.05); MT.TS.15.A (194.41; SD 68.48). For the retention systems studied, it could be concluded that: there are single relations between screw untorque and preload over the implant cervical third, these are directely influenced by the implant/abutment interface design, screw type and torque value; there were not found post screw preload loss, neither torque resistance at the anti-rotational direction from the screws after the first five minutes in five torque/untorque sequences.

This thesis deals with the reconstruction of a road bridge with two simple fields over the river Olše in Třinec. The reconstruction of the bridge structure is designed in two versions, for which there is an executed design and assessment of a supporting structure according to applicable standards. The calculation of internal strenght is carried out by using the Scia Engineer 2016 program. This work contains a static calculation, a drawing documentation , an economical comparison of variants and visualization.

JÄMFÖRELSE AV DIASTOLISKA PARAMETRAR I LIGGANDE RESPEKTIVE SITTANDE STÄLLNINGZAHRAA ALSAFIAlsafi Z. Jämförelse av diastoliska parametrar i liggande respektive sittande ställning. Examensarbete i i biomedicinsk laboratorievetenskap 15 högskolepoäng. Malmö högskola: Hälsa och samhälle, Utbildningsområde Biomedicinsk laboratorievetenskap, 2010.Ändringar av kroppsställning medför ändringar i hjärtats diastoliska funktion. Studier har visat med hjälp av icke-invasiva metoder utförda med ekokardiografi, att de diastoliska parametrarna är större vid liggande i jämförelse med exempelvis stående ställning. Denna ändring uppkommer på grund av ändringar i bland annat preload och fyllnadstryck vid ändringar i kroppsställning. Syftet med denna studie var att mäta hjärtats diastoliska parametrar vid liggande samt sittande ställning för jämförelse. Pulsad dopplerteknik och vävnadsdoppler teknik användes för att registrera de diastoliska parametrarna hos 30 konsekutiva patienter på Kardiologiska kliniken SUS Malmö. Med pulsad dopplerteknik registrerades E- och A-vågshastigheter vid mitralisklaffarnas öppning. En E/A-kvot beräknades för samtliga patienter. Vävnadsdoppler användes för att registrera É-vågshastigheten septalt samt lateralt och ett É-medelvärde räknades utifrån dessa två mätningar. Med detta värde samt den tidigare mätta E-vågshastigheten beräknades en E/É-kvot för samtliga patienter. Med hjälp av t-test för parvisa observationer gjordes en jämförelse av E/A-kvoten mellan liggande och sittande kroppsställning. På samma sätt jämfördes E/É-kvoten mellan liggande och sittande. Resultaten från t-testet för både E/A och E/É-kvoten gav ett p-värde > 0,05. Detta resultat innebär att ingen signifikant skillnad i de diastoliska parametrarna vid liggande och sittande kunde påvisas statistiskt i denna studie. Nyckelord: Diastolisk dysfunktion, Diastolisk funktion, E/A-kvot, E/É-kvot, Fyllnadstryck, Kroppsställning, Preload, Pulsaddoppler teknik, Respiration, Vävnadsdoppler teknik. / COMPARISON OF DIASTOLIC PARAMETERS BETWEEN SUPINE POSTURE AND SITTING POSITIONZAHRAA ALSAFIAlsafi Z. Comparison of diastolic parameters between supine posture and sitting position. Degree Project, 15 Credit Points. Biomedical Laboratory Science, Malmö University: Health and Society, Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, 2010.Changes in body position entails changes in cardiac diastolic function. Studies have shown that diastolic parameters are higher at supine posture in comparison with for example upright posture. The studies were made using non-invasive techniques performed by echocardiography. The change in the diastolic function arises because of variations in preload and filling pressures when changed body position. The purpose of this study was to measure the heart's diastolic parameters at supine posture and sitting position for a comparison. Pulsed doppler echocardiography and tissue doppler imaging were used to assess the diastolic parameters in 30 consecutive patients in the Cardiology clinic of Malmo, SUS. With pulsed doppler echocardiography the peak early mitral inflow velocity (E) and peak late filling velocity (A) were measured at the opening of mitral valve. An E/A ratio was calculated for all patients. On the contrary tissue doppler imaging was used to measure peak rate of early mitral annular velocity (E'). This value was measured at the septal and the lateral wall of the heart, and later an E'-average was calculated from these two measurements. With this value and the previously measured E-wave velocity, an E/É-ratio was calculated for all patients.Using t-test paired sample test a comparison between E/A ratio in supine posture and sitting position was made. A comparison was made in a similar way with the E/E'-ratio. Results from t-test for both E/A and E/E'-ratio gave a p-value >0.05. This result means that this study can not show a significant difference in the diastolic parameters at supine posture and sitting position.Key words: Body position, Diastolic dysfunction, Diastolic function, E/A ratio, E/É ratio, Filling pressure, Preload, Pulsed Doppler imaging, Respiration, Tissue Doppler imaging.

L’optimisation hémodynamique péri-opératoire est une stratégie qui vise à maximaliser le transport artériel en oxygène et/ou le volume d’éjection systolique lors de chirurgie à risque. Ce concept a beaucoup évolué lors de ces trente dernières années, vers une approche plus simple, plus réalisable en pratique clinique et moins invasive. Les principales thérapeutiques utilisées dans les différents protocoles d’optimisation hémodynamique sont le remplissage vasculaire, l’administration d’agents inotropes et de vasopresseurs. Cependant, les conséquences physiopathologiques de l’agression chirurgicale peuvent impacter grandement les modalités d’administration et l’efficacité des thérapeutiques précitées. Dans la première étude, nous avons décrit l’impact de l’acidose respiratoire et métabolique (fréquemment rencontrées lors de chirurgie majeure et/ou de coeliochirurgie) sur l’efficacité des agents α et β-adrénergiques sur le myocarde sain de rat. Dans un deuxième travail nous avons mis en évidence que le remplissage vasculaire ne pouvait pas être guidé par des indices dynamiques de précharge dépendance lors du clampage chirurgicale de l’aorte abdominale sous-rénale, dans un modèle porcin. Enfin, dans la troisième étude, nous avons montré dans un modèle clinique, que le positionnement en décubitus ventral lors d’une chirurgie du rachis entrainait des modifications majeures des interactions cardiorespiratoires et que les indices dynamiques devaient être interprétés avec prudence pour guider le remplissage vasculaire dans ce contexte. Ces études translationnelles soulignent trois situations fréquentes impactant l’efficacité et/ou les modalités d’administration des thérapeutiques nécessaires à une optimisation hémodynamique peropératoire / The aim of perioperative haemodynamic optimization is to maximize oxygen delivery and/or stroke volume during high risk surgery. This concept has evolved during the last thirty years, to a simpler, more feasible and less invasive approach. Main treatments used in different hemodynamic optimization protocols are fluid loading, inotropes and vasopressors administration. However, pathophysiological consequences of surgical stress can greatly impact the mode of administration and the efficacy of the above therapeutics. In the first study, we described the impact of respiratory and metabolic acidosis (frequently encountered during major surgery and/or laparoscopic surgery) on the effectiveness of α and β-adrenergic agents in healthy rat myocardium. In a second work, we demonstrated that intravenous fluids cannot be guided by dynamic indices of preload dependency during surgical clamping of the infrarenal abdominal aorta in a porcine model. Finally, in the third study, we demonstrated in a clinical model, that positioning in prone position during spine surgery induced major changes in cardiorespiratory interactions and dynamic indices should be interpreted with caution to guide fluid therapy in this context. These translational studies highlight three common situations impacting the effectiveness and/or administration of therapeutic necessary for intraoperative hemodynamic optimization.

According to the HTTP Archive, 75% of websites are using web fonts. Multiple conditions have to be met before modern web browsers like Chrome, Firefox and Safari decide to download the web fonts needed on a page. As a result, web fonts are late discovered resources that can delay the First Meaningful Paint (FMP). Improving the FMP is relevant for the web industry, particularly for performance-conscious web developers. This paper gives insight into how the resource prioritization approaches HTTP/2 Preload and HTTP/2 Server Push can be used to optimize the delivery of web fonts for first-time visitors. Five font loading strategies that use HTTP/2 Server Push and/or Preload were implemented on replicas of the landing pages from five real-world websites. The font loading strategies were evaluated against each other, and against the non-optimized version of each landing page. All the evaluated font loading strategies in this degree project improved the time it took to deliver the first web font content to the user’s screen, resulting in a faster FMP. It was also discovered that HTTP/2 Server Push, on its own, is not a more performance efficient resource prioritization approach than HTTP/2 Preload when it comes to delivering web font content to the client. Further, HTTP/2 Server Push and HTTP/2 Preload appears to be more efficient when used together, in the context of optimizing the delivery of web font content. However, all conclusions in this paper are based on the results gathered from testing the font loading strategies in an emulated environment and are yet to be confirmed on actual mobile devices with real network conditions.

La maîtrise de la pré-tension revêt d’une grande importance pour garantir la tenue mécanique des assemblages boulonnés, et ce quel que soit le mode de sollicitations auquel ils sont soumis. En particulier, pour les chargements transverses et sous sollicitations de fatigue, un niveau de pré-tension insuffisant ne permet pas d’exploiter la capacité de transfert d’effort des interfaces entre pièces assemblées. Un niveau de pré-tension très important n’est pas souhaitable non plus, car cela génère des phénomènes de fatigue de contact ou de matage excessif sous tête qui ont un effet néfaste sur la durée de vie des assemblages et des structures aéronautiques. Le serrage contrôlé des fixations permet ainsi de produire et de maintenir un équilibre entre les modes de transfert d’effort, permettant ainsi d’exploiter pleinement leur potentiel et obtenir une tenue optimale de l’assemblage. L’objectif de ce travail est d’apporter une contribution à la compréhension et à l’exploitation des assemblages boulonnés à serrage contrôlé. Une approche hybride a été adoptée afin de démontrer l’effet bénéfique d’une pré-tension contrôlée. La modélisation numérique a permis de comprendre les mécanismes de transfert d’effort et de prédire la tenue mécanique des assemblages aéronautiques de façon satisfaisante. La démarche expérimentale a été exclusivement basée sur des techniques dites de serrages alternatifs. L’objectif est d’avoir une faible incertitude sur la valeur de la précontrainte installée, permettant d’évaluer la performance mécanique des assemblages boulonnés. La tenue en fatigue des assemblages boulonnés, travaillant en matage-cisaillement, est largement améliorée grâce à l’application d’une précontrainte précise. La maîtrise des paramètres intrinsèques au maintien de la force axiale de serrage tel que la nature de l’interface entre pièces assemblées, la rigidité des fixations et la nature de l’ajustement, permet également d’esquisser un potentiel d’optimisation non négligeable des assemblages boulonnés. / Axial preload is a fundamental parameter that needs to be correctly mastered in order to ensure the mechanical strength of bolted joints. In the case of bolted shear joints under fatigue solicitations, a low preload does not allow to exploit the load carrying capacity of the friction interfaces. A high preload is undesirable as it can generate fretting fatigue phenomena or excessive under head contact pressure that may lead to decrease fatigue lives of aeronautical joints and structures. Controlled preload application generates and maintains equilibrium of load transfer mechanisms, inducing a full use of their potential and leading to an optimal fatigue life of the joint. This study focuses on aeronautical preloaded joints with the objective of understanding the effects of controlled preload over the mechanics of shear joints and exploiting the contribution of preload to enhance their fatigue lives. For this purpose, a hybrid approach has been adopted to demonstrate the beneficial effect of controlled preload. Numerical modelling has been carried out to better understand the preload influence but also to predict the mechanical strength of bolted joints. The experimental database has been generated using exclusively alternative tightening techniques, in order to reduce the scatter on final preload and therefore evaluate the effect of controlled preload in a more accurate way. The fatigue strength of bolted shear joints has been significantly improved for most of tested configurations due to the application of accurate axial preload. The effects of many other parameters, as the nature of interface, the stiffness of fasteners or the radial adjustment has also been assessed and permits to identify an additional potential optimization of bolted joints.

Orientador: Francisco José Teixeira-Neto / Resumo: Objetivo – Determinar a acurácia diagnóstica da variação da pressão de pulso (ΔPP) mensurada em artéria periférica na predição de diferentes aumentos no volume sistólico induzidos por um desafio volêmico em cães. Metodologia – Foram incluídos 39 cães, fêmeas (19,3 ± 3,6 kg) submetidas à ovariohisterectomia eletiva. A anestesia foi mantida com isoflurano sob ventilação mecânica controlada a volume (volume corrente 12 mL/kg; pausa inspiratória durante 40% do tempo inspiratório; relação inspiração:expiração 1:1,5). O débito cardíaco foi obtido através da técnica de termodiluição transpulmonar (cateter na artéria femoral) e o ΔPP foi mensurado através de um cateter posicionado na artéria podal dorsal. A fluido-responsividade (FR) foi avaliada através da administração de um (n = 21) ou dois (n = 18) desafios volêmicos com solução de Ringer Lactato (RL, 20 mL/kg durante 15 minutos), antes do procedimento cirúrgico. A análise da curva “receiver operating characteristics” (ROC) e a zona de incerteza diagnóstica (“gray zone”) do ΔPP foram empregadas para avaliar a habilidade do índice preditivo em discriminar os respondedores ao último desafio volêmico. A fluido-reponsividade foi definida por diferentes porcentagens de aumento no índice de volume sistólico (IVS) mensurado pela técnica de termodiluição transpulmonar (IVS>10%, IVS>15%, IVS>20% e IVS>25%). Resultados – O número de respondedores ao último desafio volêmico foi de 25 (IVS>10%), 21 (IVS>15%), 18 (IVS>20%) e 14 (IVS>25%). A á... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Objective – To determine the accuracy of pulse pressure variation (PPV) measured from a peripheral artery to predict different percent increases in stroke volume induced by a fluid challenge in dogs. Methods – Were included 39 adult bitches (19.3 ± 3.6 kg) undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane under volumecontrolled ventilation (tidal volume 12 mL kg-1 ; inspiratory pause during 40% of inspiratory time; inspiration:expiration ratio 1:1.5). Cardiac output was obtained by transpulmonary thermodilution (femoral artery catheter) and PPV was measured from a dorsal pedal artery catheter. Fluid responsiveness (FR) was evaluated by a fluid challenge with lactated Ringer´s solution (LRS, 20 mL kg-1 over 15 minutes) administered once (n = 21) or twice (n = 18) before surgery. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis and the zone of diagnostic uncertainty (gray zone) of PPV cutoff thresholds were employed to evaluate the ability of PPV to discriminate responders to the last fluid challenge, defined by different percentage increases in stroke volume index (SVI) measured by transpulmonary thermodilution (SVI>10% to SVI> 25%, with 5 % increments). Results – Number of responders to the last fluid challenge were 25 (SVI>10%), 21 (SVI>15%), 18 (SVI>20%), and 14 (SVI>25%). The area under the ROC curve (AUROC) of PPV was 0.897 (SVI>10%), 0.968 (SVI>15%), 0.923 (SVI>20%), and 0.891 (SVI>25%) (p <0.0001 from AUROC = 0.5). Gray zones of PPV cutoff ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

This thesis, gathering four papers, concerns the enhancement in understanding and modelling of the audible dynamic stiffness of vibration rubber isolators including experimental measurements. Paper A studies the performances of three different types of vibration isolator using an indirect measurement technique to estimate the blocked dynamic transfer stiffness of each specimen. The measurements are performed over a wide audible frequency range of 200 to 1000 Hz in a specially designed test rig enabling the investigation of arbitrary preload influences. Paper B addresses the modelling of the audible-frequency stiffness of the rubber conical mount experimentally appraised in Paper A accounting for preload effects. The model is based on a simpliflied waveguide approach approximating the nonlinearities attributed to the predeformations by adopting shape factor considerations. The carbon black filled rubber is assumed incompressible, displaying a viscoelastic behavior based on a fractional derivative Kelvin-Voigt model efficiently reducing the number of required material parameters. In Paper C the focus is on the axial dynamic stiffness modelling of an arbitrary long rubber bushing within the audible frequency range. The problems of simultaneously satisfying the locally non-mixed boundary conditions at the radial and end surfaces are solved by adopting a waveguide approach, using the dispersion relation for axially symmetric waves in thick-walled infinite plates, while fulfilling the radial boundary conditions by mode-matching. The results obtained are successfully compared with simpliflied models but display discrepancies when increasing the diameter-to-length ratios since the influence of higher order modes and dispersion augments. Paper D develops an effective waveguide model for a pre-compressed cylindrical vibration isolator within the audible frequency domain at arbitrary compressions. The original, mathematically arduous problem of simultaneously modelling the preload and frequency dependence is solved by applying a novel transformation of the pre-strained isolator into a globally equivalent homogeneous and isotropic configuration enabling the straightforward application of a waveguide model to satisfy the boundary conditions. The results obtained present good agreement with the non-linear finite element results for a wide frequency range of 20 to 2000 Hz at different preloads. / QC 20101001

The threaded fasteners are one of the most versatile methods for assembly of structural components. For example, in bridges large bolts are used to fix base columns and small bolts are used to support access ladders. Naturally not all bolts are critical for the operation of the structure. Fasteners loaded with small forces and present in large quantities do not receive the same treatment as the critical bolts. Typical maintenance operations such tension measurements, internal stress checking or monitoring of crack development are not practical due to cost and time constrains. Although failure of a single non-critical fastener is not a significant threat to the structure's stability, massive malfunction may cause structural problem such as insufficient stiffness or excessive vibrations. The health of bolted joints is defined by a single parameter: the clamping force (CF). The CF is the force that holds the elements of the joint together. If the CF is too low, separation and bolt fatigue may occur. On the other hand, excessive CF may produce damages in the structural members such as excessive distortion or breakage. The CF is generated by the superposition of the individual tension of the bolts. The bolt tension, also referred as bolt preload, is the actual force that is stretching the bolt body. Maintaining the appropriate tension in bolts ensures a proper CF and hence a good health of the joint. In this thesis, a novel methodology for estimating the tension in bolts using surface acoustic waves (SAWs) is investigated. The tension is estimated by using the reflection of SAWs created by the bolt head interference. Increments in the bolt tension raise the points of interaction between the waves and the bolt head (real area of contact), and hence the position of the reflective boundaries. The variations are estimated using the "conventional linear synthetic array" imaging technique. A singular transducer is actuated from predefined positions to produce an array of signals that are subsequently arranged and added to construct an acoustic image. Three sets of experiment are presented in this research for validating the proposed concept: tension estimation of a ¼ inch stainless steel bolt, a ½ inch stainless steel bolt and ¼ inch grade 8 bolt. Acoustic images of the surface of the clamped plate illustrate a clear trend in the position of the reflective boundary when torque is changed. In all cases, the torque increments increase the real area of contact and therefore the position of the reflective boundary. As expected, the real area of contact grew from the bolt head center to the perimeter, which causes an effect of apparent movement of the boundary. This research proves the potential of the ultrasonic imaging methodology to measure applied tension. The result showed that the system can be used to successfully inspect tension in bolts of ½ and ¼ inches. The methodology investigated in this thesis is the first steps towards the development of bolt tension sensor based on surface acoustic waves.