El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Síndrome Premenstrual (ESPM) en una muestra de 461 estudiantes universitarias de pregrado de cuatro universidades privadas de Lima Metropolitana. El rango de edades de la muestra fue de entre los 16 a 27 años (M = 19.70, DE = 1.84). Los instrumentos aplicados fueron la ESPM, la Escala de Ansiedad de Zung (EAZ) y la Escala de Depresión de Zung (EDZ). Como evidencia de validez basada en la estructura interna, se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE, n = 230) teniendo como resultado una estructura de nueve factores relacionados que explicaron el 56.35% de la varianza total considerando 41 de los 44 ítems originales. Luego se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC, n = 231) para evaluar el ajuste del modelo obtenido en el AFE, en el cual se obtuvieron adecuados índices de bondad de ajuste (χ2 = 1168.49; χ2/gl = 1.79; CFI = .90; RMSEA = .06; SRMR = .06), con la especificación de tres pares de errores correlacionados y la eliminación de dos ítems adicionales, resultando una estructura factorial final de 39 ítems. Los coeficientes de confiabilidad omega oscilaron entre .72 y .90. Como evidencia de validez convergente, se encontraron relaciones positivas y estadísticamente significativas entre las nueve dimensiones de la ESPM y las medidas de ansiedad y depresión. Se concluye que la ESPM y sus puntuaciones derivadas son una medida válida y fiable para evaluar el síndrome premenstrual en la población evaluada. / The present study aimed to analyze the psychometric properties (evidence of validity and reliability) of the Premenstrual Syndrome Scale (PMSS) in a sample of 461 undergraduate university students from four private universities in Lima. The age range’s sample was between 16 to 27 years old (M = 19.70, SD = 1.84). The tests applied were the Premenstrual Syndrome Scale (PMSS), the Zung Anxiety Scale (ZAS), and the Zung Depression Scale (ZDS). As evidence of validity related to internal structure, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA, n = 230) was performed, resulting in a structure on nine related factors that explained 56.35% of the total variance considering 41 of the 44 original items. Then a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA, n = 231) was performed in order to evaluate the fit of the model obtained in the CFA, in which adequate goodness fir indexes were obtained (χ2 = 1168.49; χ2/gl = 1.79; CFI = .90; RMSEA = .06; SRMR = .06). To obtain these indexes, three pair of correlated errors had to be specified and two additional items were eliminated, resulting in a thirty-nine items structure. The omega reliability coefficients ranged from .72 and .90. In addition, as evidence of convergent validity statistically positive relationships were found significant among the nine dimensions of the PMSS, anxiety and depression measures. It is concluded that the PMSS and its derived scores are a valid and reliable measure to evaluate premenstrual syndrome in this sample. / Tesis

Title: Menstrual Disorders in Ballet Dancers and Orienteering Runners Objectives: The aim of this thesis is to determine prevalence of selected menstrual disorders in ballet dancers and orienteering runners. The data were analyzed and compared to available literature. Methods: The theoretical part of this thesis is a summary of available literature. The data for the research were collected by anonymous non-standardized questionnaire and processed by descriptive analysis, which was proceeded in Microsoft Excel 2010, Statistika and NCSS free version. Qualitative data were evaluated by qualitative analysis. Results: A total of 103 women participated in the research, 57 women from general population (control group), 24 ballet dancers and 22 orienteering runners. The significant higher age at menarché was found in ballet dancers group (Chi square, p = 0,038; p < 0,05) as well in group of orienteering runners (Chi square, p = 0,032; p < 0,05) compared to cotrol group. There was proved a significant deviation of prevalence of secondary amenorrhea in ballet dancers group compared to orienteering runners (Chi square, p = 0,024; p < 0,05). There was no significant difference in prevalence of dysmenorrhea among groups. We found a mild positive correlation between hours of training per week and intensity of...

Introduktion: Kvinnorelaterade sjukdomar är underrepresenterade inom forskning, Premenstruellt syndrom (PMS) och premenstruellt dysforiskt syndrom (PMDS) är två av de. Premenstruella besvär orsakar konsekvenser för drabbade individer samt samhället i stort och är ett dolt folkhälsoproblem. Idag lider 75 procent av alla dessa kvinnor i fertilålder av någon grad av PMS och PMDS drabbar 3-5 procent av den kvinnliga befolkningen, vilket påverkar dessa individer psykiskt, fysiskt samt emotionellt. Mörkertalet är stort inom båda tillstånden då många kvinnor väljer att inte söka vård, till stor del på grund av rädslan för att inte bli tagen på allvar vilket resulterar i många odiagnostiserade individer. Syfte: Syftet med denna strukturerade litteraturstudie är att belysa den problematik kvinnor som lider av PMS eller PMDS ställs inför och hur det påverkar deras livskvalité. Metod: Metoden var att sammanställa tio stycken vetenskapliga artiklar till en litteraturstudie. Resultat: Resultatet belyser de symtom samt problematik som kvinnor upplever under PMS och PMDS. Upplevelsen är även att samhället samt sjukvården inte tar PMS och PMDS på allvar. Erfarenheter som framkommer är att de inte får det stöd som de önskas samt bristen på kunskap i samhället samt hos partnern. Slutsats: Kvinnor saknar förståelse samt hjälp för sin problematik från både samhället, sjukvården och partner. Den faktor som påverkar mest negativt är stress. Samhället har förutfattade meningar om PMS och PMDS som inte stämmer överens med verkligheten. Mer kunskap samt forskning är nödvändigt för att kunna ge dessa kvinnor rätt resurser till en god livskvalitet. / Introduction: Women-related diseases are underrepresented in research. Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) and Premenstrual Dysphoric Syndrome (PMDS) are two of them. Premenstrual disorders cause consequences for affected individuals and society at large and are a hidden public health problem. In 2021, 75 percent of all women of childbearing age suffer from some degree of PMS and PMDS affects 3-5 percent. Manifestations of PMS and PMDS are mental, physical and emotional. There are a large percentage of unreported cases who experience PMS and PMDS, however, these women may choose not to seek care, due to the fear of not being taken seriously. Thus, many womenare undiagnosedand experience many difficulties, which affects theirachieving a good quality of life. Method: The method was to compile ten scientific articles for a literature study. Results: The results shed light on the symptoms and problems that women experience during PMS and PMDS. The results also show that society and healthcare professionals do not take PMS and PMDS seriously. Other aspects that emerge are that women do not receive the support they want due to lack of knowledge in society. Conclusion: Women lack understanding and help for reproductive problems from both society, healthcare professionals and partners. One factor that affects most negatively is stress. Society has preconceived notions about PMS and PMDS that do not correspond to reality. More knowledge and research are necessary to be able to give these women the right resources for a good quality of life.

Bakgrund: Kvinnor i fertil ålder drabbas i olika omfattning av premenstruella besvär i form av fysiska och psykiska symtom under perioden mellan ägglossning och mens. Forskning visar att menstruationsrelaterade frågor är underrepresenterade och det förekommer negativa uppfattningar om den menstruerande och premenstruerande kvinnan som svag och sjuk. ​​Sjuksköterskan har ett ansvar att bedriva en vård som främjar hälsa och lindrar lidande. Ökad kunskap och förståelse för erfarenheter av att leva med premenstruella besvär kan bidra till att sjuksköterskan kan vara ett bättre stöd för dessa kvinnor.  Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva kvinnors erfarenheter av premenstruella besvär​.   Metod: En allmän litteraturöversikt har gjorts med tio vetenskapliga artiklar hämtade från databaserna CINAHL och PubMed. Nio artiklar var kvalitativa och en artikel var mixad metod.  Resultat: ​I resultatet identifierades tre huvudteman: Påverkan på kvinnors vardag och arbetsliv till följd av premenstruella besvär, Hur kvinnor hanterar premenstruella besvär, Kvinnors erfarenheter av bemötande och attityder kring premenstruella besvär varav sista temat har två subteman: Bemötande från vården och Mäns och samhällets attityd.​  Slutsats: Kvinnors erfarenheter av premenstruella besvär påverkade dem såväl fysiskt som psykiskt och hade en inverkan på både vardag- och arbetsliv. Kvinnor upplevde att samhällets syn och mäns attityd kring premenstruella besvär var negativ och att det saknades kunskap och förståelse inom vården. Det framkom olika sätt att hantera sina besvär på och många sökte stöd och förståelse hos andra kvinnor. Erfarenheterna som beskrevs av kvinnorna kan ge sjuksköterskan kunskap och vara en bra grund för hur hon ska ge stöd och bemöta kvinnor med premenstruella besvär. / Background: ​Women in fertile age describe varying degrees of premenstrual discomfort in the form of physical and psychological symptoms during the period between ovulation and menstruation. Research shows that menstruation-related issues are underrepresented in general and there are negative perceptions of the menstruating and premenstruating woman as being weak and sick. The nurse has a responsibility to provide care that promotes health and alleviates suffering. Increased knowledge and understanding the experience of living with premenstrual discomfort can contribute to the nurse being better able to support these women.​  Aim: The aim was to describe women´s experiences of premenstrual discomfort​.  Method: A general literature review has been made with ten scientific articles taken from the databases CINAHL and PubMed. Nine articles were qualitative and one article was mixed method.​  Results: In the result three main themes were identified: Impact on women's private and professional lives as a result of premenstrual discomfort, How women deal with premenstrual discomfort, Women's experiences of treatment and attitudes around premenstrual discomfort, the last theme of which has two subthemes: Treatment from health care and Men's and society's attitude.  Conclusion: Women's experiences of premenstrual discomfort affected them both physically and psychologically and had an impact on both their private and professional lives. Women felt that society's view and men's attitude towards premenstrual discomfort were negative and that there was a lack of knowledge and understanding in healthcare. Different ways of dealing with their premenstrual discomfort emerged and many sought support and understanding from other women. The experiences described by the women can give the nurse knowledge and be a good basis for how the nurse should provide support and respond to women with premenstrual discomfort.

Bakgrund: Premenstruell dysforisk störning (PMDS) är en allvarlig form av premenstruellt syndrom (PMS) som drabbar 3–8% av kvinnor i reproduktiv ålder. Emotionell dysreglering är kardinalsymptom för PMDS. Orsaken är ännu ej är helt klarlagd, men troligen råder hormonell överkänslighet i centrala nervsystemet. Identifikation, bemötande och omvårdnad från hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal är avgörande för bibehållen livskvalitet. Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka kvinnors upplevelser av premenstruell dysforisk störning. Metod: Litteraturöversikt med kvalitativ metod och induktiv ansats. Artikelsökningen gjordes i databaserna MEDLINE, CINAHL och PsycInfo. Tolv artiklar från år 2006–2022 inkluderades i resultatet. Fribergs dataanalysmodell användes. Resultat: I resultatet framkom två huvudteman; Begränsningar till följd av PMDS samt försök att hantera PMDS, vilka underbyggdes av sex subteman. Slutsats: Till följd av PMDS upplevdes sociala, känslomässiga, utbildnings- och yrkesmässiga begränsningar. Kvinnor försökte hantera livet med PMDS på olika sätt. Vikten av att såväl kvinnor själva som hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal besitter kunskap om PMDS var avgörande för att undvika onödigt lidande och försämrad livskvalité. / Background: Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) is a severe type of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) affecting 3–8% of women at reproductive age. Emotional dysregulation is the primary symptom for PMDD. The cause is not yet entirely confirmed but probably it is due to hormonal oversensitivity in the central nervous system. Health professionals' identification, respond and nursing is crucial in order to substantiate women's perceived quality of life. Aim: The aim is to describe women’s experiences of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Method: A literature review with qualitative method and inductive research approach. The result was based on twelve articles from year 2006-2022 which underwent examination according to templates from Friberg’s analysis model. Result: Two main themes were identified as Limitations due to PMDD and women’s ways of handling the life with PMDD. Those were supported by 6 sub-themes. Conclusion: Social, emotional, educational and work-related limitations due to PMDD were presented along with women´s different ways of trying to handle their life with PMDD. It was found highly important that both women themselves and health professionals have knowledge about PMDD in order to avoid unnecessary suffering and negatively affected quality of life.

<p>Premenstrual dysphoria, so severe that it affects the lives of the women afflicted, is the condition studied in this thesis. Physiological and pharmacological mechanisms of pathogenetic relevance were investigated. </p><p>Women with premenstrual dysphoria showed a stronger and less dampened response of LH to an estradiol challenge than asymptomatic women, indicating an altered neuroendocrine regulation. In women with premenstrual dysphoria, the LH response was correlated to the severity of irritability and bloating, and the early FSH response was correlated to the severity of depressed mood. </p><p>The positron-emission study showed strong, consistent correlations between worsening of mood symptoms and a decrease in brain trapping of the immediate serotonin precursor, from the mid-follicular to the late luteal phase in women with premenstrual dysphoria. The strongest correlations were seen for the cardinal mood symptoms of premenstrual dysphoria, and for their opposites. Physical symptoms showed weaker or no correlations with the exception of nociceptive symptoms from erogenous body regions which showed positive correlations to serotonin precursor trapping in the right caudate nucleus. The findings are consistent with the serotonin hypothesis of premenstrual dysphoria, and might possibly explain the observed effects of serotonin-augmenting drugs in this condition.</p><p>The partial 5-HT_1A receptor agonist buspirone was superior to placebo in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoria. The weak SRI and 5-HT₂ receptor antagonist nefazodone was not superior to placebo. For women with premenstrual dysphoria in need of medication and who do not tolerate SRIs because of the sexual sideeffects, buspirone may be an alternative drug, since it had no adverse effects on sexual function. </p><p>The prevalence of polycystic ovaries and serum levels of androgens were not higher in women with premenstrual dysphoria than in their asymptomatic counterparts. The findings are not consistent with the hypothesis that irritability in women with premenstrual dysphoria is induced by elevated testosterone levels. </p><p>Thesis results, which are in line with the serotonin hypothesis of premenstrual dysphoria, may imply that increased brain sensitivity is one of the factors underlying severe premenstrual mood symptoms, thereby further supporting a common serotonergic dysregulation in this condition.</p>

Premenstrual dysphoria, so severe that it affects the lives of the women afflicted, is the condition studied in this thesis. Physiological and pharmacological mechanisms of pathogenetic relevance were investigated. Women with premenstrual dysphoria showed a stronger and less dampened response of LH to an estradiol challenge than asymptomatic women, indicating an altered neuroendocrine regulation. In women with premenstrual dysphoria, the LH response was correlated to the severity of irritability and bloating, and the early FSH response was correlated to the severity of depressed mood. The positron-emission study showed strong, consistent correlations between worsening of mood symptoms and a decrease in brain trapping of the immediate serotonin precursor, from the mid-follicular to the late luteal phase in women with premenstrual dysphoria. The strongest correlations were seen for the cardinal mood symptoms of premenstrual dysphoria, and for their opposites. Physical symptoms showed weaker or no correlations with the exception of nociceptive symptoms from erogenous body regions which showed positive correlations to serotonin precursor trapping in the right caudate nucleus. The findings are consistent with the serotonin hypothesis of premenstrual dysphoria, and might possibly explain the observed effects of serotonin-augmenting drugs in this condition. The partial 5-HT1A receptor agonist buspirone was superior to placebo in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoria. The weak SRI and 5-HT2 receptor antagonist nefazodone was not superior to placebo. For women with premenstrual dysphoria in need of medication and who do not tolerate SRIs because of the sexual sideeffects, buspirone may be an alternative drug, since it had no adverse effects on sexual function. The prevalence of polycystic ovaries and serum levels of androgens were not higher in women with premenstrual dysphoria than in their asymptomatic counterparts. The findings are not consistent with the hypothesis that irritability in women with premenstrual dysphoria is induced by elevated testosterone levels. Thesis results, which are in line with the serotonin hypothesis of premenstrual dysphoria, may imply that increased brain sensitivity is one of the factors underlying severe premenstrual mood symptoms, thereby further supporting a common serotonergic dysregulation in this condition.