Bakgrund: Preoperativ fasta är nödvändigt innan anestesi för att reducera magsäckens innehåll och därmed minska risken för aspiration. Trots att internationella riktlinjer rekommenderar två timmars fasta för klar vätska är det många sjukhus som fortfarande använder sig av rutinmässig praxis att låta patienter fasta från midnatt. Detta kan innebära en onödigt lång fasta som ger patienten komplikationer i form av sekundära biverkningar och insulinresistens. Syfte: Att undersöka preoperativ omvårdnad i samband med fasta inför kirurgi. Metod: En litteraturstudie med beskrivande design bestående av 14 utvalda originalartiklar från databaserna Pubmed och Cinahl användes. Den teoretiska referensramen för denna studie var Katie Erikssons omvårdnadsteori gällande förståelse av lidande och lidandets drama. Resultat: Många patienter fastade längre än American Society of anesthesiologists (ASAs) rekommenderade riktlinjer. Att fasta längre än två timmar innan operation minskade inte risken för aspiration och gav inte någon mindre volym av magsäckens innehåll hos patienterna. Att ge patienter kolhydratrik dryck innan operation ökade patienternas pre- och postoperativa välbefinnande och innebar inga risker. Slutsats: Genom ett mer flexibelt arbetssätt vid planerad operation kan längden på fastan anpassas efter patientens individuella behov. I samband med planerad kirurgi kan kolhydratrik dryck vara ett bra komplement vid fasta för att minska patientens lidande. Sjuksköterskan är omvårdnadsansvarig och ska arbeta evidensbaserat samt se till patienternas bästa och tillgodose deras behov. Sjuksköterskan kan använda detta som underlag för att minska lidandet i samband med fastan. / Background: Preoperative fasting is necessary before anesthesia to reduce gastric contents and decrease the risk of aspiration. Although international guidelines recommend two hours fasting of liquids, many hospitals still practice nil-by-mouth after midnight. This might give an unnecessarily prolonged fasting which give the patient discomfort and insulin resistance. Aim:  To examine preoperative care in connection with fasting prior to surgery. Method: A literature study with descriptive design based on 14 original articles selected from the databases Pubmed and Cinahl was used. The theoretical frame of reference for this study was Katie Eriksson's nursing theory regarding understanding of suffering and the drama of suffering. Results: Many patients fast longer than American Society of anesthesiologists (ASAs) recommended guidelines. Fasting more than two hours before surgery did not decrease the risk of aspiration and did not decrease the gastric volume. To give patients a high carbohydrate drink before surgery increased the patient's pre- and postoperative comfort. Conclusion: Through a more flexible working method during the planned operation, the length of the fast can be adapted to the patient's individual needs. In conjunction with planned surgery, carbohydrate-rich beverages can be a good complement to fasting to reduce the patient's suffering. The nurse is responsible for nursing care and should work evidence-based and ensure the patients' best and meet their needs. The nurse can use this as a basis for reducing the suffering associated with fasting.

Submitted by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-08-29T16:50:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Ana Laura de Almeida Dias.pdf: 1017791 bytes, checksum: 4013006bdacc910e66cd95454d5dabcd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-08-29T16:50:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Ana Laura de Almeida Dias.pdf: 1017791 bytes, checksum: 4013006bdacc910e66cd95454d5dabcd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-29T16:50:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Ana Laura de Almeida Dias.pdf: 1017791 bytes, checksum: 4013006bdacc910e66cd95454d5dabcd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-15 / Introdução: Jejum prolongado aumenta a resposta metabólica ao trauma. Este estudo multicêntrico investigou a diferença entre o tempo de jejum pré-operatório prescrito e o realizado em hospitais brasileiros. Métodos: Foram inicialmente convidados investigadores de 25 hospitais brasileiros para incluírem neste estudo, pacientes candidatos à cirurgia eletiva no período de Agosto de 2011 a Setembro de 2012. A variável de interesse principal foi a diferença entre o tempo de jejum prescrito e realizado. Outras variáveis coletadas foram sexo, idade, diagnóstico (doença maligna ou benigna), tipo de operação, escore físico ASA (Sociedade Americana de Anestesiologia), tipo de hospital (público ou privado), e o estado nutricional. Resultados: Apenas 16 dos 25 hospitais convidados enviaram dados. Os dados de 3715 pacientes (58,1% do sexo feminino) com idade média de 49 (18-94) anos de hospitais de todas as regiões do país foram analisados. A mediana (variação) do tempo de jejum pré-operatório foi de 12 (2-216) horas. Este tempo foi maior (p < 0.001) em 12 hospitais que ainda praticavam o protocolo de jejum tradicional (13[6-216] h) do que os quatro outros hospitais que já adotavam novas diretrizes de jejum (8 [2-48] h). A maioria dos pacientes (n = 2962; 79,4%) foi operada com tempo superior a 8 horas de jejum e 46% (n = 1.718) com mais 12 horas. Não houve influencia do escore físico ASA, idade, sexo, tipo de cirurgia e tipo de hospital no tempo de jejum observado (p > 0.05). Pacientes operados devido à doença benigna tiveram um tempo de jejum pré-operatório significativamente maior do que aqueles por câncer. Conclusão: O tempo de jejum pré-operatório nos hospitais brasileiros estudados é maior que o prescrito. A maioria desses hospitais ainda adota protocolos tradicionais ao invés de diretrizes modernas de jejum pré-operatório e nestes, o tempo de jejum é mais prolongado. Todos os pacientes estão em risco de permaneceram longos períodos de jejum, independente das variáveis estudadas. Pacientes submetidos a cirurgia por doença benigna tem provavelmente maior risco de jejum prolongado. / Background: Prolonged fast increases the organic response after trauma. This multicenter study investigated the difference between the prescribed and the actual preoperative fasting time in Brazilian hospitals. Methods: We initially invited researchers from 25 Brazilian hospitals to include in this study, patients candidates for elective surgery between August 2011 and September 2012. The variable of primary interest was the difference between the time of fasting prescribed and executed. Other variables collected were sex, age, surgical disease (malignancies or benign disease), operation type, ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) physical status score, type of hospital (public or private) and the nutritional status. Results: Only 16 of the 25 invited hospitals sent data. The data of 3,715 patients (58.1% females) with median age of 49 (18-94) years-old from hospitals in all regions of the country were analyzed. The median (range) time of preoperative fast was 12 (2-216) h. This time was greater (p < 0.001) in 12 hospitals that still using traditional fasting protocol (13 [6-216] h) than in 4 others that had already adopted new fasting guidelines (8 [2-48] h). The vast majority (n = 2,962; 79.4%) of the patients were operated on bearing greater than 8h of fast and 46% (n = 1,718) with more than 12h. There was no influence of ASA physical score, age, sex, type of surgery, and type of hospital in the observed fasting time. Patients operated on due to a benign disease had a preoperative fasting time longer than those for cancer. Conclusion: The duration of preoperative fasting in Brazilian hospitals studied is greater than the prescribed. Most of these hospitals still adopt traditional rather than modern fasting guidelines and these the fasting time is longer. All patients are remained at risk for long periods of fasting, independent of the variables studied. Patients undergoing surgery for benign disease probably have increased risk of prolonged fasting.

SAMMANFATTNING Bakgrund: Preoperativ fasta har under många år varit en traditionell metod för att minska risken för aspiration medan patienten är under generell anestesi och för att eliminera risken för postoperativ illamående och kräkningar. Studier visar att trots riktlinjer och rekommendationer gällande preoperativ fasta fastar många patienter i onödan i flera dagar än nödvändigt. Detta kan orsaka skador och obehag hos patienten som till exempel: törst, huvudvärk, illamående, svaghet och trötthet. Syfte: Syfte med denna studie var att undersöka hur patienter upplever fasta mer än 12 timmar innan en akutoperation. Metod: Arbetet hade en kvalitativ ansats där 12 patienter som genomgått akut operation inkluderades. Data samlades in genom en semistrukturerad intervju, med hjälp av öppna frågor enligt en intervjuguide och analyserades med hjälp av manifest innehållsanalys enligt Graneheim och Lundman. Resultat: Analyserna resulterade i fyra kategorier: Preoperativ information, upplevelse av fasta, hantering av preoperativ fasta och upplevelse av preoperativ tid och åtta underkategorier: Bristfällig information, tillräcklig information, bristfällig kunskap trots tidigare vårderfarenhet, fysisk påverkan, psykisk påverkan, strategi, väntetid och fastetid. Slutsats: Deltagarna i studien upplevde brist på information och kunskaper om den preoperativa fastans betydelse. Studien visade att patienterna som väntade på akut operation på akutvårdsavdelning fastade längre än nödvändigt trots riktlinjer och rekommendationer gällande preoperativ fasta från Svensk förening för Anestesi och Intensivvård (SFAI). Patienterna som genomgått apendectomi fastade mellan 13,5-28 timma (M=22,2), medan de som hade genomgått kolecystectomi fastade mellan 12-48 timmar (M=25,6). Detta orsakade fysiskt och psykiskt obehag hos patienterna. / ABSTRACT Background: Preoperative fasting for many years has been a traditional method of reducing the risk of aspiration while the patient is under general anesthesia, and eliminating the risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Studies indicate that despite guidelines regarding preoperative fasting, many patients fast longer than necessary. This can cause damage and discomfort for patients including: thirst, headache, nausea, weakness and fatigue. Aim: The aim of the current study was to investigate patients’ experience of fasting more than 12 hours before emergency surgery. Method: The study had a qualitative approach. In total, 12 patients who underwent emergency surgery were included. Data was collected through a semi-structured interview, using open-ended questions following an interview guide. Collected data were analyzed using manifest content analysis according to Graneheim and Lundman. Result:  Analyzes resulted in four categories: Preoperative information, experience of fasting, handles preoperative fasting and experiences of the preoperative period and eight subcategories: Lack of information, enough information, lack of knowledge despite previous nursing experience, physical impact, psychological impact, strategy, waiting time and fasting time. Conclusion: Participants in the study experienced lack of information and knowledge of the preoperative fasting importance. This study showed that patients,  waiting for emergency surgery in the emergency department fast longer than necessary despite existing guidelines and recommendations of the Swedish Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive care (SFAI) regarding preoperative fasting. Patients who have undergone appendectomy fasted between 13.5 to 28 hours (M = 22.2), whereas those which had undergone cholecystectomy attached between 12-48 hours (M = 25.6). This caused experience of physical and psychological discomfort for the patients.

ABSTRACT   The purpose of this medical record research was to study 30 patients with chronic subdural hematoma on a neurosurgical clinic, mapping documented nutritional status, preoperative fasting and hydration and energy supply before surgery. In addition peroperative administration of fluid and vasoactive drugs, as well as postoperative complications and length of hospital stay were studied. The mean age of the patients was 71 years. Nutritional status was evaluated in 12 patients, out of these seven were judged to be at risk for under nutrition. Fifteen patients had surgery day 1 (total fasting time on average m 11 h), eleven had surgery day 2 (29 h), three had surgery day 3 (35 h). One patient had surgery day 4 (61 h). Fluid and energy administration during the preoperative fasting did not meet the basic requirements. The majority of the patients received vasoactive drugs and more than twice the normal requirement of fluids during anesthesia. Postoperative complications were documented in 11/30 records. There was a significant correlation between preoperative fasting hours and length of hospital stay, however there may not be a causal relationship.   The conclusion is that the fasting period is significantly longer than the guidelines recommend and the patients do not receive their preoperative fluid and energy requirements, which may lead to an increased number of postoperative complications and prolonged hospital stay. A goal of the treatment should be that the preoperative fasting time is kept as short as possible and that the basal fluid and energy requirements are met. An evidence based strategy for this purpose should be created.

Preoperative fasting has been practiced prior to cardiac interventions such as cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) procedures for 4-6 h since their inceptions. However, there is no data available on safety and efficacy of a non-fasting strategy for these procedures. Strict fasting restrictions may be difficult for patients to abide by, and might even be detrimental to overall patient health and recovery. According to previous studies real fasting times are much longer than 4-6h in clinical practice. Prolonged fasting can lead to patient dissatisfaction as well as affect patient health through increased trauma response or changes in patient medication. Strict fasting regulations also hinder rescheduling patients in case of sudden schedule changes or new patient arrivals . Fasting is practiced before procedures due to a fear of vomiting and aspiration, and the associated aspiration pneumonia. This was first described by Curtis Lester Mendelson as the Mendelson-syndrome in 1946. Since then, fasting protocols have been implemented with varying lengths, and have only been remedied slightly even though modern medicine has improved greatly in regards to treating complications from aspiration. CIED implantations also don’t use regular deep sedation for their procedures, but fasting is still often practiced for 6 hours prior to procedures with very little evidence to support this practice. In our investigator-driven, prospective, parallel-group, and single-arm blinded Fast-CIED trial we randomized 201 patients undergoing elective CIED implantations in a tertiary high-volume center into two groups (NCT04389697). Patients were assigned to a non-fasting strategy (100 patients, solids/fluids allowed up to 1h) or a fasting strategy (101 patients, at least 6h no solids and 2h no fluids) before the procedure and analyzed on an intention-to-treat basis. The co-primary outcomes were patients’ wellbeing scores (based on numeric rating scale, NRS 0-10) and incidence of intra-procedural food-related adverse events, including vomiting, perioperative pulmonary aspiration and emergency intubation. Renal, hematologic and metabolic blood parameters and 30-day follow-up data were gathered. The summed pre-procedural patients’ wellbeing score was significantly lower (i.e. better) in the Non-fasting group (Non-fasting: 13.1±9.6 vs. Fasting: 16.5±11.4, 95%CI of Mean Difference (MD) -6.35 - -0.46, P=0.029), which was mainly driven by significantly lower scores for hunger and tiredness in the non-fasting group (Non-fasting versus Fasting; hunger: 0.9±1.9 versus 3.1±3.2, 95% CI of MD -2.86 – -1.42, p < 0.001; tiredness: 1.6±2.3 versus 2.6±2.7, 95% CI of MD -1.68 – -0.29, P=0.023). No intra-procedural food related adverse events were observed. Relevant blood parameters and 30-day follow-up didn’t show significant differences. The study also showed that, in daily practice, fasting times for patients were longer than intended (5.20 ± 4.88 hours and 12.63 ± 6.36 hours for the non-fasting and fasting groups, respectively (P<0.001)) mainly due to standardized meal serving times in hospitals regardless of procedure starting times and short-term schedule changes. The Fast-CIED Study was the first randomized clinical trial to assess the benefits of a non-fasting compared to a fasting strategy before elective cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) procedures. It showed that a non-fasting strategy is beneficial to a fasting strategy regarding patients’ wellbeing and comparable in terms of safety for CIED-procedures, allowing optimized procedure scheduling with high patient satisfaction. Our Fast-CIED trial made an important step to show that a non-fasting strategy is a viable alternative to a fasting strategy in patients undergoing elective CIED-surgery.:1. Introduction 4 1.1. Purpose of this study 4 1.2. History of preoperative fasting 5 1.3. Modern Practices 7 2. Publication 11 3. Summary/Synopsis 21 4. References 25 5. Spezifizierung des eigenen Beitrags 27 6. Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit 29 7. Lebenslauf 30 8. Danksagung 31