Background: It is widely acknowledged that Uganda was the first country in sub-Saharan Africa to experience a significant decline in HIV seroprevalence in the 1990s. Framed as the initial ‘success story’ in the history of the global HIV/AIDS pandemic, the behavioural mechanisms and policies accounting for the Ugandan HIV decline have been extensively debated over the past 25 years. With reference to broader debates about the role of evidence in policy, this thesis aims to examine contested explanations for the decline in HIV prevalence in Uganda and the role of evidence in the development of global HIV prevention policy in the 1990s. The thesis examines diverse explanations for Uganda’s HIV decline and how these came to be framed in the context of the emergence of Second Generation Surveillance (SGS), a global HIV/AIDS surveillance framework introduced by UNAIDS/WHO in 2000. Official accounts describe SGS as having been developed on the basis of Ugandan behavioural evidence presented during a key meeting of HIV/AIDS policymakers which took place in Nairobi in 1997. This meeting provides a focal point for examining the role of evidence in global HIV prevention policy and the relationship between evidence and policy pertaining to low income countries in the 1990s. Methods: A review of UNAIDS/WHO documents and 29 in-depth interviews with HIV/AIDS experts from Uganda and international organisations were analysed. Results: UNAIDS documents present SGS as a technocratic, problem-solving response to limitations in established HIV surveillance approaches, developed at a UNAIDS-sponsored workshop in Nairobi, Kenya, in 1997. These official accounts present the emergence of SGS as evidence-based and reflecting a clear consensus that developed during the Nairobi workshop. While interview data suggest agreement around the need for improved HIV surveillance systems, they indicate a more complex picture in terms of the extent to which SGS was evidence-based and highlight contested interpretations of this evidence among HIV experts. Findings from interviews suggest that the introduction of SGS by UNAIDS/WHO may be understood as serving both technical and broader strategic purposes. As indicated in UNAIDS/WHO policy documentation, SGS was intended to improve older global HIV surveillance methodologies via the triangulation of multiple data sources. The introduction of SGS also appears to have served two broader purposes, functioning as something akin to a marketing tool to help promote the institutional identity of UNAIDS, while also signalling a shift towards a ‘multisectoral’ approach that aimed to unify epidemiological and social scientific disciplinary approaches. While interviewees’ accounts coincide in describing a decline in HIV prevalence during the 1990s, they present divergent interpretations of this evidence which became significant in the development of SGS. One interpretation focused on a reduction in multiple partnerships within the Ugandan population as the key change driving the decline in HIV prevalence, while a contrasting explanation focused on increased use of condoms as the primary cause of this decline. Interviewees’ accounts suggest a process of competition, whereby different actors sought to secure the primacy of their interpretation in institutional understandings of Uganda’s HIV decline and in the development of SGS. Claims of disciplinary bias and institutional marginalisation appear to have contributed to the subordination of explanations focused on a decline in multiple sexual partners, while the policy entrepreneurship of one key actor appears influential in explaining the ascendency of explanations focused on increased condom use. Despite these contestations around the evidence used to inform the development of SGS, UNAIDS documents and peer-reviewed publications from this period emphasise one interpretation (that of increased condom uptake) which thus appears as the official explanation for the success of HIV control in Uganda. The transition from the WHO’s Global Programme on AIDS (GPA) to UNAIDS, and the initiation of a multisectoral HIV prevention approach, appear as important contextual and institutional influences in the interpretation of evidence for Uganda’s HIV decline. The failure of the partnership reduction explanation to align with the evolving institutional and political orthodoxy, and the potential for this explanation to challenge UNAIDS’ new focus on multisectoral HIV prevention, may help to explain why it did not inform subsequent HIV/AIDS policy and does not appear in official accounts of SGS’s development. In contrast, explanations focused on increased condom use were consistent with UNAIDS’ HIV prevention policy agenda (including its emphasis on multisectoral approaches) and appeared to reinforce the organisation’s need for increased financial resources to mitigate HIV/AIDS via the distribution and promotion of condoms. Discussion: This study demonstrates that the development of SGS, and the politics of evidence supporting its introduction, are more complex than existing UNAIDS/WHO accounts describe. Official explanations of the development of SGS provide a simplistic account of how evidence informed policy in a linear and rational way. In contrast, findings from this thesis suggest that SGS served multiple policy functions (i.e. marketing, promotion of institutional credibility, and a demonstration of disciplinary integration) in the context of the recently-formed UNAIDS, and that the role and interpretation of evidence in this context were highly contested. Consistent with the work of Kingdon (1995) and more recently Stevens (2007), this study suggests that personal, political and institutional factors play important roles in shaping how evidence is presented and linked with policy. These findings suggest that more nuanced understandings of the relationship between evidence and policy are needed to explain HIV/AIDS policy development within both sub-Saharan African and at a global level.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / This thesis examines the magnitude of the deterrence effect associated with the implementation of the "zero tolerance" policy in the U.S. military in the early 1980s. The estimation of the deterrence effect is based on the estimation of linear probability models (LPM). A difference-in-difference estimator is obtained by comparing pre- and post-policy differences in drug use rates in the military and civilian sectors. The thesis uses data on drug participation drawn from the National Household Survey of Drug Abuse and the DoD Worldwide Health Survey. The study investigates the deterrence effect for the military as a whole, for each branch, for various age groups, and two different measures of drug participation. The results show that a significant deterrence effect appears to have been associated with the implementation of the "zero tolerance" and drug testing policy, especially for the past year drug participation rates. Additionally, there is evidence that individuals above 25 years old who are more educated and married have smaller drug participation rates than the rest of the population. / Lieutenant Commander, Hellenic Navy

The primary goal of this study is firstly to analyse the Fraud Prevention Policy and Strategy, the Policy on Protection of Whistle-Blowers, and the Policy Document on Forensic Audit Process of the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) in order to establish the reason for the ongoing spate of fraudulent and corrupt activities among employees within the DTI Head Office, regardless of the relevant policies put in place. Secondly, another goal is also to establish other reasons that could be linked to the reoccurrence of fraudulent and corrupt activities within the DTI. During the research survey questionnaires were administered to employees of the DTI. Furthermore, online interviews were conducted with a purposively selected sample within two divisions of the DTI. In addition, a literature study was conducted to acquire relevant information and perspectives from available national and international literature. Various objectives were fulfilled in this study as follows:  It was established whether the reporting of internal or external fraud and corruption and the relevant policies put in place contribute in any manner to the prevention of fraudulent and corrupt activities at the Department of Trade and Industry's national office.  It was determined if there is a policy document on measuring these policies after they have been implemented.  It was determined how the Department of Trade and Industry's national head office addresses fraud and corruption. Other possible reasons for the Department of Trade and Industry employees' lack of reporting fraud and corruption in their departments, other than the fear of being victimised, were identified.  The views and opinions on the internal reporting of fraud and corruption were determined.  The degree of awareness of the investigative procedures related to fraud and corruption among the Department of Trade and Industry management and their employees were determined.  It was established if employees have faith in the Department of Trade and Industry's investigative procedures to fraud and corruption.  The extent of knowledge on the importance of reporting fraudulent and corrupt activities in the DTI were established.  Feedback to help minimise fraud and corruption within the Department of Trade and Industry and improve future strategies was provided. This study contributes to the knowledge base with regard to fraud and corruption within the Department of Trade and Industry. / Criminology and Security Science / M. Tech (Policing)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:30:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Santos Monteiro.pdf: 1394327 bytes, checksum: fcec8cbf04eb8190da9809ea85ec2b23 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work is aimed at understanding the policy developed by the dictatorial government between the years 1966 and 1976, Safety and Health at Work, created by Fundacentro. Fundacentro is an institution of research and studies related to safety, hygiene and occupational medicine, coupled with the Ministry of Labor. Fundacentro had great relevance in the period mentioned, and, among their responsibilities there is one which is highlighted by the social function it accomplished. Firstly, it was to provide technical accessory to the Legislature and the Executive in order to have the development of safety standards at work. Secondly, it was to coordinate and promote the professionals chiefly specialized in security and health in the area, implemented by official policy. Fundacentro ran as a tripartite organization and was directed by a Board of Councils, which was held by government representatives, entrepreneurs and workers. The correlation between social groups involved in Fundacentro since it was created had no equality in terms of the entrepreneurship, the government, the academics1 and trade unions, together with international bodies like the International Labor Organization (ILO) and their respective interests in the structuring the Health and Safety in Brazil. In a period in which Brazil was considered the champion in work accidents, their main function was to provide technical support and educational prevention policy. It was defined by the government, which stemmed from the assumption that the accidents were caused by the workers themselves. This evidence is taken from the immanent analysis of sources: publications by Fundacentro, as the Newsletter and the Brazilian Journal of Occupational Health (Revista Brasileira da Saúde Ocupacional), prevention information disseminated by the institution Fundacentro. They are based on concepts related to the Unsafe Act of the worker, blaming himself for the accidents. We finally understand that, the powers of the institution at that time were consistent with the National Security Doctrine / O objetivo central deste trabalho foi o de entender a política desenvolvida pelo governo ditatorial entre os anos de 1966 e 1976, para a Segurança e Saúde do Trabalho, através da criação da Fundacentro. A Fundacentro é uma instituição de pesquisa e estudos atinentes à segurança, higiene e medicina do trabalho, vinculada ao Ministério do Trabalho. A Fundacentro teve grande relevância no período, pois, dentre suas atribuições duas se destacaram pela função social que cumpriram: dar assessoria técnica ao Legislativo e ao Executivo para o desenvolvimento de normas de segurança no trabalho e coordenar e promover a formação de profissionais especializados em segurança e saúde na área, implementares da política oficial. Dirigida por um Conselho Superior que agregava representantes do governo, empresariado e trabalhadores, atuou como uma organização tripartite. A correlação entre os grupos sociais envolvidos na Fundacentro desde a sua criação empresariado, governo, academia e sindicatos, juntamente com organismos internacionais como a Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT) e os seus respectivos interesses na estruturação da Saúde e Segurança do Trabalho no Brasil, não se deu de forma igualitária. Em um período em que o Brasil era considerado campeão em acidentes de trabalho, sua função principal foi a de dar respaldo técnico e educacional à política prevencionista definida pelo governo, que partia do pressuposto de que os acidentes eram provocados pelos acidentados, ou seja, os próprios trabalhadores. Evidenciamos, a partir da análise imanente das fontes publicações da Fundacentro, como o Boletim Informativo e a Revista Brasileira de Saúde Ocupacional, a educação prevencionista propagada pela Fundacentro, baseada em conceitos relativos ao Ato Inseguro do trabalhador, culpabilizando-o pelos acidentes. Entendemos, por fim, que as atribuições da Instituição naquele período, se coadunavam com a Doutrina de Segurança Nacional

This thesis employs a broad evaluative framework to examine the impact of the Youth Justice Service (YJS) on the post-intervention offending behaviour of young people on community-based court orders. The YJS is a Queensland government policy initiative that aims to monitor compliance with community-based court orders, and identify and address causes of criminal behaviour. The evaluative framework views policy, implementation and impact as distinct but related dimensions of intervention. Reflecting this framework, three primary research questions are addressed: (1) Does the YJS concept represent a goal-directed, theoretically-informed, executable and assessable juvenile crime prevention policy?, (2) Is the YJS concept realised through service delivery?, and (3) What is the effect of the YJS on future offending behaviour? Three studies, employing qualitative and quantitative methods, examined these questions. Study one examined the YJS concept, drawing on some key themes from literature on policy development and implementation, developmental and life-course criminology and developmental crime prevention. This study synthesised key policy and procedure documents around six themes, including (1) rationale, (2) goals, (3) theory, (4) service delivery model, (5) method of operation, and (6) key performance indicators. Findings indicated that the YJS concept represents only marginal adjustments from the traditional Area Office (AO) model of service delivery, and integrates few new preventative mechanisms that would foreseeably lead to change at the operational level. Moreover, it suffers from goal ambiguity, fails to incorporate some key components of best-practice crime prevention that have proven successful when working with at-risk young people, lacks sufficient process-level specificity to ensure treatment fidelity, and places heightened importance on measuring impacts that have political value rather than benefits for the clients. In the second study, an in-depth case study of the Logan Area Youth Justice Service (LAYJS) was conducted to explore how the YJS operated in reality, and as compared with the policy directive. Information was drawn from a variety of sources including interviews with staff and clients, policy and procedure documents, direct observation, case management files and staff-researcher interaction. Evidence suggested that the LAYJS was focused primarily on ensuring compliance with court orders. Several organisational factors, such as staff workloads, the statutory basis for monitoring compliance, and the capacities of staff, have meant that comparatively little attention has been directed at addressing offending behaviour. For the most part, the LAYJS employs an individualised case management process, as distinct from the collaborative, team-based model that is prescribed in the YJS concept. Caseworkers have little faith in their ability to bring about positive behavioural change in their clients, and subsequently transferred the responsibility for intervention outcomes to the client. While acknowledging the importance of families in preventing offending, caseworkers emphasised that a number of organisational tensions have prevented them from engaging families in the case management process. The final study examined the impact of the YJS on post-intervention offending, controlling for developmental risk factors and key features of the intervention process. A random sample (N=190) of clients from three YJS offices and three AOs was drawn from the population of clients who had active community-based court orders between June 1999 and December 2002. Information from Department of Communities' case management files and rearrest data from the Queensland Police Service were entered into a purpose-designed database, and analysed using bivariate and multivariate methods including logistic regression and survival analysis. High proportions of missing data on non-statutory variables suggested poor record management practices, or alternatively that operational staff do not understand the role of developmental risk and/or protective factors and social contexts in preventing offending behaviour. Results indicated that the YJS was no better than the AO at preventing recidivism, as measured at 18-months post-intervention, even after controlling for risk factors that were significantly related to recidivism. The analyses found that some unmeasured variation in service delivery, even within service types, did impact upon recidivism, supporting the hypotheses of the first study and the contention that variation in intervention practice can influence offending behaviour. The likelihood of recidivism was increased if the client was using drugs or was influenced by delinquent peers, and decreased if he stayed in school until years 11 or 12, or where caseworkers addressed familial problems. This provides some sense of programs that may be appropriate for young offenders in the context of a community-based program. It also highlights the critical importance of incorporating families into case management, not only for the purpose of providing information, but also as viable targets of intervention. Survival analyses indicated that the YJS might have had some temporary deterrent effect, although this effect had dissipated by 18-months post-intervention. This result may reflect the increased focus on ensuring compliance with court orders as found in the LAYJS case study. However, given the hypothesis that the lack of process direction will result in variable practices across offices, it cannot be assumed that all YJSs place equal importance on compliance. Overall, findings suggest that the promise that the YJS would provide an innovative model of service delivery and generate improved outcomes for young offenders has not been realised. This research has added further weight to the perspective that examines both the individual and combined impact of theory, policy and implementation for measuring client outcomes. Deficits in any of these components ultimately have a ripple effect, making it difficult to achieve the predetermined goals of the policy at the operational level.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O objetivo deste trabalho à compreender como as culturas sexuais e culturas juvenis vivenciadas por alguns jovens homossexuais sÃo traduzidas no exercÃcio da prevenÃÃo do HIV/Aids. E de que forma seus direitos sÃo exercitados nesta perspectiva. E ainda, como determinadas polÃticas de prevenÃÃo tÃm considerado essas questÃes para levar adiante propostas de contenÃÃo da propagaÃÃo HIV, mais eficazes entre esses grupos, os quais, historicamente, tÃm sido os mais atingidos pela Aids. Para construir uma abordagem sobre esse processo, esta pesquisa traz um panorama geral sobre a epidemia de Aids no mundo e um breve histÃrico social dos percursos da doenÃa no Brasil. Aborda ainda alguns apontamentos sobre a polÃtica de controle e enfrentamento do HIV/Aids em Fortaleza, principalmente em relaÃÃo aos grupos gays e outros Homens que fazem Sexo com Homens. Para entender de que maneira o exercÃcio de prÃticas preventivas se relaciona com as experiÃncias desses jovens, procuro reconstruir, a partir de suas narrativas, roteiros sexuais que me permitam interpretar o modo como as identificaÃÃes que constroem de si, a sociabilidade e as prÃticas envolvem culturas juvenis e culturas sexuais para pensar as possibilidades que configuram sexualidades e polÃticas de prevenÃÃo do HIV/Aids / The aim of this study is to understand how certain trials related to the experience of sexuality for young gays, in Fortaleza - CearÃ, relate to the prevention of HIV/AIDS. To build an approach on this process, this research provides a general overview of the AIDS epidemic in the world and a brief social history of the pathways of the disease in Brazil. It also addresses some issues about the politics of control and counter of HIV/AIDS in Fortaleza, especially in relation to gay groups and other Men who have Sex with Men. To understand how the prevention of STD/HIV/AIDS relates to the experiences of homosexual youths, I try to rebuild from sexual scripts and narratives brought by several young people interviewed and heard, how the identification, sociability and practices involve juvenile and sexual cultures to think of the possibilities that shape certain trials of sexuality and prevention

L’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’évaluer le coût social des cancers des voies respiratoires d’origine professionnelle en France. Une synthèse des données épidémiologiques disponibles dans la littérature est réalisée. La méthode des risques attribuables est mobilisée pour estimer les nombres de cas (incidents, prévalents et de décès) de cancers du poumon, des naso-sinus et des mésothéliomes de la plèvre imputables à l’amiante, aux fumées d’échappement des moteurs diesel, aux peintres, à la silice cristalline, aux poussières de bois et aux poussières de cuir. Nous évaluons ensuite le coût que représentent ces cas de cancer pour la société selon la méthode du coût de la maladie. Pour prendre en compte de manière exhaustive les coûts indirects nous développons un arbre de décision permettant d’estimer la probabilité d’être concerné par chaque catégorie de coût. Nous mettons en place des modèles d’évaluations spécifiques des cancers pour chaque catégorie de coût qui nous permettent d’estimer, selon les approches par l’incidence et par la prévalence, les coûts directs (hospitaliers et soins de ville), indirects de morbidité (absentéisme et présentéisme) et de mortalité dans les sphères marchande et non marchande. Pour l’année 2010, le coût social des cancers du poumon, des naso-sinus et des mésothéliomes de la plèvre imputables à l’amiante, aux fumées d’échappement des moteurs diesel, aux peintres, à la silice cristalline, aux poussières de bois et aux poussières de cuir est estimé en France entre 986 et 1 248 millions d’euros selon l’approche par la prévalence et entre 1 223 et 1 586 millions d’euros selon l’approche par l’incidence dont 760 à 806 millions d’euros uniquement pour l’amiante. / The main objective of this thesis is to evaluate the social cost of respiratory cancer attributable to occupational risk factors in France. A summary of the available epidemiological data in the literature is performed. By using the Medline database, a review of the literature restricted to meta-analysis highlights the relative risk data available. The method of Attributable Risks (AR) is mobilized to estimate the numbers of lung, sinonasal and mesothelioma cancer cases caused by asbestos, exhaust fumes from diesel engines, painters, crystalline silica, wood dust and leather dust. We then assess the costs of these cancer cases for the french society using the Cost Of Illness (COI) method. To take into account all indirect costs we develop a decision tree to estimate the probability of being involved in each cost category. We set up cancer-specific assessment models for each category of costs that allow us to estimate, according to incidence-based and prevalence-based approaches, direct costs (hospital and ambulatory care), indirect costs of morbidity (absenteeism and presenteeism) and mortality in the market and nonmarket spheres. For 2010, the social cost of lung, sinonasal and mesothelioma cancer cases caused by asbestos, exhaust fumes from diesel engines, painters, crystalline silica, dust wood and leather dust in France is estimated between 986 and 1 248 million euros according to prevalence-based approach and between 1 223 and 1 586 million euros according to incidence-based approach among which 760 to 806 million euros only for asbestos.

No description available.

L’élaboration des Plans de Prévention des Risques Littoraux (PPRL) « prioritaires », définis suite à la tempête Xynthia de 2010, a provoqué des débats, souvent conflictuels, entre l’Etat et les collectivités territoriales au sujet des cartes d’aléas submersion marine ou recul du trait de côte. Cette recherche doctorale s’attache à la compréhension du processus de construction de ces cartes. Elle analyse les facteurs influençant cette cartographie à partir de ce que représentent les cartes d’aléas pour chaque acteur. Les résultats de cette recherche mettent en évidence que les études d’aléas sont peu issues des connaissances territoriales et abordées sous un angle expert complexe. Les acteurs locaux s’approprient ainsi difficilement les nouvelles connaissances sur les aléas littoraux. La forte présence des aspects techniques et la mécanique d’élaboration du zonage réglementaire conduisent à une cristallisation des débats des PPRL sur la cartographie des aléas. Ces débats cachent aussi souvent des conceptions distinctes de la politique de prévention et des intérêts divergents entre acteurs agissant à échelles spatiales et temporelles différentes. L’ouverture restreinte des discussions par l’Etat lors de la cartographie des aléas de référence et de l’élaboration du zonage conduit à une faible territorialisation des PPRL et rend difficile leur intégration au sein des politiques locales de prévention des risques littoraux et d’aménagement du territoire. Cette thèse révèle ainsi l’importance cruciale de la concertation et d’une entrée par le territoire, pour mettre en place une appropriation active des connaissances sur les aléas et favoriser l’intégration du PPRL au sein de l’action publique territoriale. / The development of Coastal risks prevention plans, identified as priorities after Xynthia storm in 2010, has revealed divisive debates, between the state services and territorial authorities, about coastal flooding or coastline recession mapping. This PhD research deals with the understanding of coastal hazards mapping. It analyses the factors which influence this process based on what do the maps represent for each stakeholder.The research results highlight that hazards studies sparsely come from territorial knowledge and are often approached from a complex expert angle. Thus, new knowledge is hardly managed by local stakeholders. Significant debates about technical aspects and the process of regulatory zoning conception lead to the fact that hazards mapping crystallizes the PPRL debates. Actually, these debates often hide different conceptions of prevention policy and opposing interests of stakeholders acting at different spatial and temporal scales. The few opened discussions purposed by state services during reference hazards mapping and zoning conception lead to a low territorialization of the PPRL and make their integration in local policies of coastal risks prevention and of land use planning difficult.Thus, this PhD highlights the crucial role of dialogue and of an input by the territory, in order to start an active appropriation of hazards knowledge and to enable the PPRL integration within the territorial public policy.

The primary goal of this study is firstly to analyse the Fraud Prevention Policy and Strategy, the Policy on Protection of Whistle-Blowers, and the Policy Document on Forensic Audit Process of the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) in order to establish the reason for the ongoing spate of fraudulent and corrupt activities among employees within the DTI Head Office, regardless of the relevant policies put in place. Secondly, another goal is also to establish other reasons that could be linked to the reoccurrence of fraudulent and corrupt activities within the DTI. During the research survey questionnaires were administered to employees of the DTI. Furthermore, online interviews were conducted with a purposively selected sample within two divisions of the DTI. In addition, a literature study was conducted to acquire relevant information and perspectives from available national and international literature. Various objectives were fulfilled in this study as follows:  It was established whether the reporting of internal or external fraud and corruption and the relevant policies put in place contribute in any manner to the prevention of fraudulent and corrupt activities at the Department of Trade and Industry's national office.  It was determined if there is a policy document on measuring these policies after they have been implemented.  It was determined how the Department of Trade and Industry's national head office addresses fraud and corruption. Other possible reasons for the Department of Trade and Industry employees' lack of reporting fraud and corruption in their departments, other than the fear of being victimised, were identified.  The views and opinions on the internal reporting of fraud and corruption were determined.  The degree of awareness of the investigative procedures related to fraud and corruption among the Department of Trade and Industry management and their employees were determined.  It was established if employees have faith in the Department of Trade and Industry's investigative procedures to fraud and corruption.  The extent of knowledge on the importance of reporting fraudulent and corrupt activities in the DTI were established.  Feedback to help minimise fraud and corruption within the Department of Trade and Industry and improve future strategies was provided. This study contributes to the knowledge base with regard to fraud and corruption within the Department of Trade and Industry. / Criminology and Security Science / M. Tech (Policing)