INTRODUÇÃO: A hipertensão arterial sistêmica é a principal causa evitável de morbimortalidade cardiovascular no mundo contemporâneo, principalmente nos países de baixa renda. Avaliações populacionais das taxas de sucesso no controle dessa entidade precisam ser instituídas e continuamente realizadas. A compreensão do comportamento epidemiológico da hipertensão arterial sistêmica em coortes contemporâneas é importante para o planejamento de novas medidas de intervenção populacional. O presente estudo visa, como objetivo primário, a avaliar a eficácia no controle da hipertensão arterial sistêmica e a determinar preditores independentes associados ao melhor controle pressórico, em uma população de hipertensos sob tratamento medicamentoso derivada do Mutirão de Avaliação de Risco Cardiovascular. Como objetivo secundário, o estudo visa a avaliar a taxa de sujeitos sem diagnóstico prévio de hipertensão arterial sistêmica que apresentam a primeira medida pressórica alterada, assim como a determinar os preditores independentes desse achado. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional, transversal, em que foram avaliados os participantes do Mutirão de Avaliação de Risco Cardiovascular dos municípios de São Paulo e Campinas. Foram incluídos nessa análise sujeitos com mais de 18 anos de idade, residentes nos municípios de São Paulo e Campinas. Para responder ao objetivo primário, foram analisados hipertensos com diagnóstico prévio e uso de medicamento anti-hipertensivo. Para responder ao objetivo secundário, foram analisados os sujeitos sem diagnóstico prévio de hipertensão e que não estavam em uso de medicações anti-hipertensivas. Utilizou-se análise multivariada para identificar preditores associados ao controle pressórico. RESULTADOS: Identificou-se 43.647 sujeitos hipertensos em uso de medicação, sendo que 40,9% destes estavam com níveis pressóricos controlados, considerando a meta de pressão arterial sistólica < 140 mmHg e pressão arterial diastólica < 90 mmHg. Entre os hipertensos não controlados, 42,5% apresentaram hipertensão arterial sistêmica em estágios II ou III (pressão arterial sistólica > 160 mmHg ou pressão arterial diastólica > 100 mmHg). Em análise multivariada, mostraram-se preditores independentes para melhor controle pressórico: idade < 60 anos [razão de chance (RC) 1,14, intervalo de confiança (IC) 95% 1,09-1,18], atividade física de moderada intensidade (RC 1,18, IC 95% 1,13-1,23), antecedente de doença cardiovascular (RC 1,09, IC 95% 1,04-1,13) e ingesta de frutas diariamente (RC 1,05, IC 95% 1,01-1,10). Mostraram-se preditores para controle pressórico inadequado: sexo masculino (RC 0,69, IC 95% 0,66-0,72), diabetes (RC 0,83, IC 95% 0,80-0,87), etnia negra (RC 0,88, IC 95% 0,83-0,94) ou parda (RC 0,92, IC 95% 0,87-0,97) em relação à branca e obesidade (RC 0,73, IC 95% 0,70-0,76). Entre 45.021 participantes sem diagnóstico prévio de hipertensão arterial sistêmica, 27,6% apresentaram a primeira medida pressórica elevada (pressão arterial > 140 x 90 mmHg). Mostraram-se preditores independentes para esse achado: sexo masculino (RC 2,05, IC 95% 1,96-2,15), idade > 60 anos (RC 1,88, IC 95% 1,78-1,98), etnia negra (RC 1,15, IC 95% 1,06-1,24) ou parda (RC 1,11, IC 95% 1,06-1,17) em relação à branca, obesidade (RC 2,08, IC 95% 1,98-2,19), diabetes (RC 1,09, IC 95% 1,01-1,18), antecedente de doença cardiovascular (RC 0,91, IC 95% 0,87-0,96) e atividade física de moderada intensidade (RC 0,87, IC 95% 0,83-0,92). CONCLUSÕES: Menos da metade dos hipertensos em tratamento estavam com seus níveis pressóricos controlados. Preditores independentes associados ao controle pressórico foram identificados, sendo três deles modificáveis. Estratégias populacionais devem ser implantadas para o controle efetivo desse importante fator de risco cardiovascular. / INTRODUCTION: Systemic arterial hypertension is the leading avoidable cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the contemporary world, mainly in low-income countries. Population evaluation of efficient strategies for blood pressure control should be implemented, and continually evaluated. Epidemiological understanding of systemic arterial hypertension in large cohorts plays important role for planning new interventions in the population level. The study objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of blood pressure control and to determine independent predictors, associated with better blood pressure control, in hypertensive patients on medical treatment from the Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Sao Paulo and Campinas. The secondary objective is to access the rate of patients without previous diagnosis of systemic arterial hypertension in whom the blood pressure measurement is above recommended values, as well as determining independent predictors related with this finding. METHODS: The study design is an observational cross-sectional strategy in the municipalities of São Paulo and Campinas. Patients over the age of 18 living in São Paulo and Campinas, with previous diagnosis of systemic arterial hypertension and use of anti-hypertensive were included. Patients without previous diagnosis of hypertension and not using anti-hypertensive medication were also included. It was conducted a multivariate analysis to identify independent predictors associated with blood pressure control. RESULTS: We identified 43,647 hypertensive subjects on anti-hypertensive treatment. Of these 17,835 (40.9%) had controlled blood pressure levels, considering a target systolic blood pressure <140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg. Among patients with uncontrolled hypertension, 42.5% were categorised as stage II or III hypertension (systolic blood pressure >=160 mmHg or diastolic BP >=100 mmHg). In a multivariate analysis, the following independent predictors were identified indicating better blood pressure control: age< 60 years [odds ratio (OR) 1.14, confidence interval (CI) 95% 1.09-1.18], moderate physical activity (OR 1.18, CI 95% 1.13-1.23), pre-existing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (OR 1.09, CI 95% 1.04-1.13) and daily consumption of fruit (OR 1.05, CI 95% 1.01-1.10). Predictors of poorer BP control were male sex (OR 0.69, CI 95% 0.66-0.72), diabetes mellitus (OR 0.83, CI 95% 0.80-0.87), African ethnicity (OR 0.88, CI 95% 0.83-0.94) or mixed African ethnicity (OR 0.92, CI 95% 0.87- 0.97) when compared to Caucasian ethnicity, obesity (OR 0.73, CI 95% 0.70-0.76). Among 45,021 participants without previous diagnosis of hypertension, 27.6% presented abnormal levels of blood pressure at the first measurement (BP >= 140/90 mmHg). The following independent predictors were identified: male sex (OR 2.05, CI 95% 1.96-2.15), age > 60 years (OR 1.88 CI 95% 1.78-1.98), African ethnicity (OR 1.15, CI 95% 1.06-1.24) or mixed African ethnicity (OR 1.11, CI 95% 1.06-1.17) when compared to Caucasian, obesity (OR 2.08, CI 95% 1.98-2.19), diabetes (OR 1.09, CI 95% 1.01-1.18), previous history of cardiovascular disease (OR 0.91, CI 95% 0.87-0.96) and moderate physical activity (OR 0.87, CI 95% 0.83-0.92). CONCLUSIONS: Less than half of hypertensive patients in treatment had controlled blood pressure. Independent predictors associated with blood pressure control were identified and three of them are modifiable. Population strategies should be implemented for effective control of this clinically relevant cardiovascular risk factor.

Orientador: Renata Cruz Soares de Azevedo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T20:26:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_BrunaAntunesdeAguiarXimenes_M.pdf: 3783227 bytes, checksum: d2b5e71e82c96ea5a04d4c1e1694c4a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O consumo de substâncias psicoativas (SPA) por adolescentes tem ocorrido precocemente na atualidade. Os riscos associados ao uso nessa faixa etária abrangem diversas esferas, elevando a chance de acidentes de trânsito, comportamento sexual de risco, de abuso e dependência. Considerando isto, uma abordagem de rastreamento de adolescentes em relação ao consumo de SPA poderia possibilitar a identificação precoce do problema e a condução pertinente à gravidade do quadro. Devido à escassez de instrumentos adequados à triagem de uso de SPA entre adolescentes, foi criado o instrumento denominado CRAFFT, um questionário norte-americano desenvolvido especificamente para adolescentes. Este estudo propôs-se a adaptar ao contexto sócio-cultural brasileiro uma versão para o português desta escala. Objetivos: Validar e avaliar a aplicabilidade da versão adaptada proposta pelos autores da escala CRAFFT/CESARE no Brasil, em amostra de adolescentes de escolas técnicas. Apresentar a prevalência e características do uso de SPA pelos estudantes, diferenças entre os gêneros, descrever a gravidade do consumo e contexto de uso. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo, quantitativo e transversal, que avaliou a aplicabilidade da versão brasileira da escala CRAFFT/CESARE em adolescentes de escolas técnicas, na faixa de 14 a 21 anos. Foram avaliadas a dificuldade de compreensão por parte dos adolescentes, a validade quando cotejada com uma subamostra (28%) que respondeu também a um questionário comparativo, o percentual de adolescentes que foram considerados CRAFFT/CESARE positivos pelo ponto de corte já estabelecido e a prevalência de uso por sexo, faixa etária e período de estudo. Resultados: O número total de estudantes que participaram da avaliação foi 2005. A escala CRAFFT/CESARE foi aplicada em todos os alunos, sendo 1882 alunos com a faixa etária determinada e a escala comparativa foi aplicada aleatoriamente em 543 estudantes. A maioria (93%) dos alunos negou dificuldade no entendimento das questões. A especificidade da escala CRAFFT/CESARE foi de 73,4% e a sensibilidade 87,2%. O grau de concordância (Kappa) foi considerado bom (0,461). A inspeção visual da curva ROC confirmou que o melhor ponto de corte foi maior ou igual a 2. O CRAFFT/CESARE foi positivo em 36,2% dos adolescentes. Houve associação significativa de CRAFFT/CESARE positivo com sexo masculino, estudo no período noturno e crescimento da taxa de positividade de acordo com a idade. Não houve associação com a escola de origem. A análise univariada confirmou associação de CRAFFT/CESARE positivo com média de idade (OR 1.260) e com sexo masculino (OR 1.482). A análise de regressão logística múltipla apontou efeito de interação significativa crescente entre idade e sexo a partir de 16 anos. Conclusão: A versão brasileira da escala CRAFFT/CESARE foi bem compreendida pela população estudada, possui propriedades psicométricas adequadas e características que viabilizam sua utilização dentro do contexto sociocultural brasileiro. As maiores prevalências de consumo de SPA foram encontradas no sexo masculino a partir de 16 anos. Mais estudos precisam elucidar a ausência de diferença entre os mais jovens, possivelmente tornando essa fase um momento de abordagem preventiva direcionada. Os dados referentes a motivação do uso de SPA por adolescentes e as elevadas taxas de risco potencial ao dirigir ou estar em um veículo conduzido por alguém sob efeito de SPA, reforçam a importância de uma detecção qualificada para a estruturação de intervenções / Abstract: Psychoactive substance untimely consumption by adolescents has been recurrent nowadays. Associated risks of drug use in this age group comprehend several dimensions, increasing rates of traffic accidents, sexual risky behavior, and higher likelihood of drug abuse and dependence. All things considered, screening tests on adolescents drug use should aid early identification and subsequent proper management. Due to the actual deficit in adequate instruments for drug use trial in adolescents, a north American questionnaire, namely CRAFFT scale, has been entirely developed concerning that issue. This study purpose is to adapt the scale to Portuguese language within Brazilian sociocultural context. Objective: To validate and evaluate the applicability of the Brazilian adapted CRAFFT/CESARE scale, using a sample of technical school adolescents. To present prevalence and characteristics of drug use in this sample, describe the severity of drug consumption and explore associations between the context of drug use and gender. Method: Descriptive, quantitative and transversal study, which evaluated the applicability and responsiveness of the Brazilian Portuguese version of CRAFFT/CESARE scale in adolescents of 14-21 years attending technical schools. The following main aspects were evaluated: the adolescents difficulty in understanding the scale; the validity of the translated scale comparing a subsample (28%) that also responded to the CEBRID questionnaire; the percentage of adolescents who scored CRAFFT/CESARE positive in the cutoff already established; and the prevalence of drug use concerning gender, age and attending period of school (morning, afternoon, night). Results: There were 2005 students involved in the study. CRAFFT/CESARE scale was applied in all of them, of which 1882 had the age group determined. The comparative scale was randomly applied to 543 students. The majority of students (93%) denied difficulty in understanding the questions. CRAFFT/CESARE scale's specificity achieved 73,4%, and it's sensitivity, 87,2%. The concordance degree (Kappa) was considered good (0,461). Visual inspection of ROC curve showed the best cutoff point to be greater than or equal to 2. The CRAFFT/CESARE scored positive in 36,2% of the adolescents. There was significant association between positive CRAFFT/CESARE and males, nighttime studying and increasingly rates of positive score with ageing. There wasn't any association regarding the school of origin. The logistic regression analysis confirmed association of positive CRAFFFT/CESARE to age (OR 1.260) and males (OR 1.482). The multiple logistic regression analysis revealed significant interaction effect between age and gender starting from 16 years old. Conclusion: The Brazilian Portuguese version of CRAFFT/CESARE was well understood by the population in study; it has adequate psychometric properties and characteristics that enable its use within the Brazilian sociocultural context. The highest rates of drug use were found in males starting from 16 years old. Future studies are required to explore the absence of difference among the youngest, presenting those ages as potentially opportune moments for identification and directive preventive approach. Data regarding drug use inclination and greater exposure of preventable hazardous situations (such as driving a car or riding a car driven by someone under influence of drugs) confirms that qualified screening tests are essential for structured interventions / Mestrado / Saude Mental / Mestra em Ciências Médicas

This master's project on the topic of "Effectiveness of primary prevention in the environment of a boarding school" offers a glimpse of some irregularities of primary prevention and their causality relation with their respective environments. The theoretical part of the project considers the characteristics and views on the area of pathological issues; it is also extended by the problem of bullying, the area of prevention, and especially primary prevention. The empirical part is composed out of two parts. In the first part a group of students from Sekunda performs sociometry; afterwards, the group completes a primary prevention programme for three years, and then a control sociometry is completed. The second part includes another group of students from Sekunda undergoing the same process as the first group of students; however, the primary prevention programme is based on valid information not only from the environment of school, but also from the dormitories. The summary will offer view on the problem of primary prevention on boarding school and all its possible applications.

TITLE: Evaluation of school-based prevention programme "Típni to I" AUTHOR: Marián Vanek DEPARTMENT: Department of Psychology SUPERVISOR: PhDr. Veronika Pavlas Martanová, Ph.D. ABSTRACT: This thesis deals with need assessment and formative outcome evaluation of school-based smoking prevention programme "Típni to I" which is designed for the pupils of 7th grade of elementary school. The main focus of evaluation was to obtain evidence of functional and nonfunctional parts of the programme with regards to needs of the target population and the KAB model. Combined qualitative-quantitative research design with participatory research paradigm was used. It is important to note that the author of the evaluation is at the same time member of the organization Česká koalice proti tabáku (ČKPT) which produces the evaluated programme. Self-made questionnaire, interviews with ČKPT lecturers and written products of the programme "Típni to I" were used to obtain empirical data. Questionnaire was assigned twice in experimental group (12 classes, 202 pupils), firstly before the programme implementation and then 2-3 weeks after realization of the prevention (pre-post design), no control group was used. Prevention programme proved to be effective in improving tobacco risks knowledge, communication skill to refuse cigarettes,...

This thesis discusses the drug experience of upper primary school students in Odolena Voda. The aim is to provide the school with the observation and with the acquired results that will hopefully be applied in the drug prevention at the elementary school. The theoretical part summarizes the current researches and their observations that deal with this problematic. The attention is paid to the suggested prevention that might be applied not only at elementary school, but also in cities and within families. The empirical part is consisted of a case study of "Addictive Drugs Among Pupils Abuses in the City Odolena Voda." Its aim is to survey experience with alcohol, nicotine and illicit substances among pupils of primary school in Odolena Voda and also draw prevention recommendations. The case study is based on the research, I conducted, where the results are based on questionnaire, the analysis of school documents and the interviews. The survey, based on the questionnaire, revealed that experience with smoking cigarettes have 48 % of pupils, experience with alcohol 55 % and with illicit substance 7,1 % of pupils. The youngest with the drug experience were between the age 10 - 13. The most widely consumed alcohol drug is beer and the most widely consumed non - alcohol drugs are cigarettes and...

The thesis deals with the prevention of dependencies for pupils with hearing disabilities. The work describes the specifics of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention and focuses on the State of awareness and of preventive measures on the individual schools for the hearing impaired in Prague. The work is divided into two parts. The theoretical part, which is processed primarily on the basis of the study of literature, contains a general treatise on the auditory disability, a description of the different kinds of dependencies with their consequences and an overview of the possible types of prevention. The practical part is devoted to research through interviews and a questionnaire, which is focused on finding, comparing and quantitative evaluation of the awareness of pupils of various dependencies and their prevention in schools for the hearing impaired in Prague. In the final part of the thesis are given recommendations applicable in practice. KEYWORDS Hearing disability, addiction, primary prevention, secondary prevention, tertiary prevention

Title: The evaluation of primary prevention program Boys and Girls Plus Author: Bc. Anna Frombergerová Department: Psychology Supervisor: PhDr. Veronika Pavlas Martanová, Ph.D. Abstract: The thesis evaluates the Boys and Girls Plus primary drug prevention programme that was carried out at elementary and secondary schools throughout the Czech Republic. The programme ran concurrently in eight European countries. The thesis processes, evaluates, and interprets the data collected by the project organizers for the Czech Republic. The theoretical part of the thesis describes the Boys and Girls Plus project, its progress, and implementation. It also addresses the various approaches to the evaluation of primary prevention programmes and examines their effectiveness in practice. The empirical part of the thesis evaluates the data collected from the project participants (over 600 pupils/students and 27 teachers). Students filled in attitude questionnaires both before and after the intervention and they also commented directly on the Boys and Girls Plus programme itself. Their answers were subject to quantitative processing. Teachers provided their feedback after the programme implementation; their responses were processed using a combination of qualitative and qualitative methods. The evaluation focuses in particular...

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No. of bitstreams: 1 jorgeluistavaresdeoliveira.pdf: 1915583 bytes, checksum: 1dd0c5e4947234b8435ef2baf3097ca7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-26 / Trata-se de uma investigação de natureza qualitativa do tipo exploratória e descritiva, cujo objeto consiste nas intervenções de enfermeiros na atenção primária à saúde para prevenção do câncer de colo de útero, embasado no Modelo de Promoção de Saúde de Nola Pender. Os objetivos da pesquisa são: identificar as intervenções realizadas pelos enfermeiros na prevenção do câncer de colo de útero na atenção primária à saúde; classificar as intervenções em comportamentais, cognitivas e sociais e analisar as intervenções realizadas pelos enfermeiros na atenção primária à saúde que podem proporcionar mudanças de comportamentos, hábitos e estilos de vida na prevenção do câncer de colo de útero e promoção da saúde. O cenário da pesquisa foram duas unidades de atenção primária à saúde, em um município da Zona da Mata Mineira. As participantes foram dezoito mulheres cadastradas e assistidas na estratégia da saúde da família das unidades de atenção primária à saúde que estavam na faixa etária de 25 a 64 anos e que foram atendidas por enfermeiros para prevenção do câncer de colo de útero. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevista estruturada com aplicação de um questionário contendo questões fechadas e abertas. Foram gravadas em gravador digital e transcritas na íntegra para posterior análise das informações. Foram atendidas todas as exigências da Resolução 466/2012, do Conselho Nacional de Saúde. O processo de análise foi baseado nos pressupostos do diagrama do Modelo de Promoção da Saúde de Nola Pender. Os dados foram organizados em quatro categorias apriorísticas: Características (Comportamento Anterior e Fatores Pessoais); Comportamento Específico (Benefícios, Barreiras, Percepções e Influências); Resultado do Comportamento e Experiências Individuais e a Enfermagem na Prevenção do câncer de colo de útero: Intervenções Comportamentais, Cognitivas e Sociais. Foi possível identificar que o Modelo de Promoção da Saúde de Nola Pender é capaz de iluminar a relação entre as dificuldades, facilidades e as percepções das mulheres para a prevenção do câncer de colo de útero, assim como, apontar e reforçar as ações do enfermeiro no rastreamento do câncer de colo de útero e promoção da saúde da mulher. / This is a qualitative exploratory and descriptive research focusing nursing interventions in primary health care for cervical cancer prevention based on health promotion model proposed by Nola Pender. The aims of the research are: identify nursing interventions to prevent cervical cancer in primary health care; classify interventions in behavioral, cognitive and social levels and analyze the interventions performed by nurses in primary health care especially those that may lead to changes in behaviors, habits and lifestyles in health promotion and prevention regarding cervical cancer. Research setting was two primary health care units in a city of Zona da Mata Mineira. The participants were eighteen women enrolled and assisted in family health strategy performed at primary health care units. These women were aged 25-64 years and they were assisted by nurses focusing cervical cancer prevention. Data were collected through structured interviews with a questionnaire with open and closed questions. These interviews were recorded with digital recorder and transcribed for further analysis. All requirements of the Resolution 466/2012 from National Health Council have been met. The analysis process was based on the assumptions from the diagram of Health Promotion Model by Nola Pender. Data were organized into four a priori categories: Characteristics (Previous Behavior and Personal Factors); Specific behavior (Benefits, Barriers, Perceptions and Influences); Result of the Behavior and Individual Experiences and Nursing in the Prevention of cervical cancer: Behavioral, Cognitive and Social Interventions. It was possible to identify that Nola Pender's Health Promotion Model may clarify the relationship between difficulties, facilities and women perceptions for cervical cancer prevention. It may also indicate and enhance nursing actions in cervical cancer screening and health promotion among women.

Ce travail visait à identifier, caractériser, quantifier l’hésitation vaccinale des professionnels de santé, à en étudier les potentielles variations géographiques et à vérifier l’adhésion de certains professionnels de santé à l’extension de leurs compétences en matière de vaccination. A partir des données quantitatives recueillies dans le cadre d’un panel de MG de ville en 2014, nous avons estimé la prévalence de l’hésitation vaccinale modérée à forte à 14% dans cette population et constaté qu’elle était plus importante chez les MG de PACA par rapport au reste de la France. A partir des données quantitatives d’une enquête chez les pédiatres des Bouches-du-Rhône en 2016, nous avons montré leur très fort engagement dans la vaccination ainsi qu’une faible hésitation vaccinale mais aussi la présence d’incertitudes ciblées sur le vaccin contre les infections à rotavirus. Nos données qualitatives recueillies en 2016-2017 auprès de pharmaciens de la région PACA montrent qu’ils pouvaient eux aussi être hésitants vis-à-vis de certains vaccins. Par ailleurs, ces pharmaciens n’adhéraient pas tous à l’extension de leurs compétences en matière de vaccination et certains s’inquiétaient des réactions des MG et infirmiers. Nos résultats suggèrent que les expériences des professionnels de santé quant aux maladies à prévention vaccinale et aux effets indésirables des vaccins, leur perception de la balance bénéfices/risques des vaccins, leur confiance dans les autorités de santé et leur confiance dans leurs capacités, peuvent être déterminantes dans les recommandations ou conseils qu’ils prodiguent à leurs patients. / This work aimed to identify, characterize, quantify health professionals’ vaccine hesitancy and investigate its potential geographical variations, as well as to study the adherence of certain health professionals to the extension of their role in the field of vaccination. Based on quantitative data collected in a panel of general practitioners in 2014, we estimated the prevalence of moderate to high vaccine hesitancy at 14% in this population; we found that it was higher among general practitioners in Southeastern France than in the rest of France. Based on quantitative data from a survey of pediatricians in the département “Bouches-du-Rhône” in 2016, we observed their very high engagement in vaccinating their patients, and their low level of vaccine hesitancy; we also found some uncertainties regarding the Rotavirus vaccine. Our qualitative data collected in 2016-17 among pharmacists in Southeastern France, show that some of them are also hesitant about certain vaccines. Moreover, not all of pharmacists supported the extension of their vaccination role and some had concerns about general practitioners and nurses reactions. Overall, our results suggest that health professional experiences of vaccine-preventable diseases and adverse vaccine reactions, their perception of the benefit/risk balance of vaccines, their trust in health authorities and confidence in their capabilities (self-efficacy), can influence their recommendations of vaccines to their patients; vaccine controversies in the past decades have had an impact on their perceptions of vaccines.

A B S T R A C T The text deals with bullying from the prospective of personal and social education. Personal and social education as a complex theory offers basic and methodical background for working with bullying. It is able to provide good reflexion of the educational reality. The aim of the work is to describe how the topics of personal and social education are personified in the programs of prevention of bullying. It concerns pupils in fifth, sixth and seventh grade of the elementary schools (12-14 years old). The research was performed as a field research of the etnographic character. In the theoretical section the study defines personal and social education as a theoretical framework and it is the basis for the research. The definition of the term personification follows as it is crucial for the work within the personal and social education. The following chapter describes bullying and explains how this term was understood earlier and how it is perceived today. The experimental section describes the methodology of the research. It gives basic information about the pertinent research and explains its results. The results are summarized in four categories: what leads to personification, what the obstacles to personification are, the lecturer's ideas on personification and methodical notes.