Στην εργασία αυτή παρουσιάζεται το σύστημα εποπτείας και ελέγχου στην πρωτοβάθμια εκπαίδευση μέσα από τη μελέτη δύο κύριων φορέων υλοποίησής της, του θεσμού του Επιθεωρητή από το 1834 έως το 1982 και του θεσμού του Σχολικού Συμβούλου από το 1982 μέχρι το 2010. Έμφαση δίδεται στην εξέταση του λόγου της Διδασκαλικής Ομοσπονδίας Ελλάδας (Δ.Ο.Ε.) για τη λειτουργία του θεσμού του Σχολικού Συμβούλου πρωτοβάθμιας εκπαίδευσης. Αξιοποιώντας την τεχνική της ανάλυσης τεκμηρίων, επιχειρήθηκε η ποιοτική μελέτη του αρχειακού υλικού της Δ.Ο.Ε. Μελετήθηκαν όλα τα τεύχη του Διδασκαλικού Βήματος (232 τεύχη), τα οποία εκδόθηκαν από το 1982 έως το 2010. Η ανάλυση των δεδομένων αποκάλυψε ότι η Δ.Ο.Ε. κατά την υπό εξέταση περίοδο έχει συστηματικά καταθέσει προτάσεις για την εδραίωση και την αναβάθμιση του θεσμού του Σχολικού Συμβούλου, αποβλέποντας στη βελτίωση της παρεχόμενης εκπαίδευσης και στη στήριξη του καθημερινού έργου του εκπαιδευτικού. / This piece of work seeks to explore the inspection and advisory system of primary education in Greece through a historical perspective and an investigation of specific archives. At first, the inspectorate situation in primary education from 1834 up to 1982 as well as the school advisory system during the 1982-2010 period were studied. Secondly, a content analysis was attempted focusing on the examination of the official documents of the Federation of Primary School Teachers (D.O.E.), which were concerned with the topic under consideration. For this purpose, two hundred and thirty two issues published in the 1982-2010 period were studied. Data analysis revealed that, over the last three decades, the Federation has aimed at the upgrading of the school advisor’s status and has related this process with the betterment of school education and the support of teachers in their everyday work.

The purpose of this study has been to examine how teachers use and reflect on digital tools in mathematics education and what opportunities and obstacles they feel they come across when it comes to using the digital tools at their disposal. To answer this I asked myself the following questions: How do teachers use digital tools in mathematics education? In what ways do the teachers reflect upon the use of digital tools in mathematics education? What kind of opportunities and obstacles do the teachers come across when using digital tools in mathematics education? The study is based on a qualitative method with five classroom observations and five interviews with the class teachers. My study are based on Glover, Miller, Aviers and Doors idea of different concept of interactivity and Glover and Millers idea of different attitudes towards technology. My conclusion is that all teachers are using digital tools to some form of drill training in mathematics. All teachers except teacher 2 also use digital tools to immerse in mathematics. Teacher 4 use digital tools to develop students' mathematical communication. Something that all teachers see as a possibility with the digital tools is an easy way to individualize teaching. Further, teachers 3, 4 and 5 believes that good apps enable students, teachers and parents to take part of the student's progression in an easy way. All teachers, except teacher 3 believe that technical problems that can occur and are an obstacle when it comes to the use of digital tools in mathematics education. Teachers 2 and 5 also believe that access, or rather lack of access, to digital tools can be an obstacle in teaching mathematics. Teacher 1, 2 and 5 also addresses the aspect of time as an obstacle when using digital tools, both the time it takes to find apps or to start a computer. Something that all teachers agree upon is that to have all mathematics teaching based on digital tools wouldn’t be suitable because it can be difficult to get access to a pupils’ knowledge that way. The best, according to the teachers in this study, would be to complement mathematics teaching with other teaching methods as well. Despite their different views on the opportunities and obstacles, and reflections on digital tools all teachers are positive about using digital tools in mathematics education, although many of the teachers point out technical shortages which in most cases is due to insufficient IT-education.

Thesis (MNutr)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction and Objectives: Schools can serve as a supportive environment for the promotion of healthy eating in order to prevent childhood overweight and obesity and the development of noncommunicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, fatty liver disease, muscoskeletal disorders and some cancers. Tuck shops at schools often offer unhealthy items that are energy dense and high in fat and/or sugar with a low content of vitamins, minerals and dietary fibre. The availability of unhealthy items in tuck shops prevents learners from making healthy food choices, since children tend to choose unhealthy foods when given a choice. In addition to unhealthy items offered by tuck shops, learners also bring unhealthy items to school in their lunchboxes. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of a nutritionally-regulated tuck shop on primary school learners’ perceptions, attitudes and behaviour towards healthy eating in a Bloemfontein, Afrikaans medium, co-education primary school, and compare it to learners of a school with a conventional tuck shop. Methods: In a cross-sectional survey with an analytical component, grade 2 to 7 learners in a school with a nutritionally-regulated tuck shop (n=116) and a school with a conventional tuck shop (n=141) completed a questionnaire. Six learners per grade also took part in focus group discussions. Questions related to lunchbox contents and perceptions, attitudes and behaviour towards the tuck shop and healthy eating. Nutritional information of the items available for purchase at each of the school tuck shops was collected. Results: The lunchboxes of learners in the school with a nutritionally-regulated tuck shop contained significantly (p<0.05) more healthy items (fruit, water and muffins), as well as significantly more unhealthy items (sweets and chips). The items offered by the nutritionally-regulated tuck shop contained approximately half the kilojoules compared to items offered by the conventional tuck shop. Learners in the school with a nutritionally-regulated tuck shop liked certain fruits and vegetables significantly (p<0.05) more than learners in the school with a conventional tuck shop. Statistical significant differences (p<0.05) between different grades and gender showed that grade 2 learners in both schools had a less positive attitude towards certain fruit and vegetables compared to the older learners, while girls in both schools were more positive towards certain fruits and vegetables compared to boys. Younger learners had a more positive attitude towards their nutritionally-regulated tuck shop than older learners. In both schools learners had similar perceptions regarding the particular school’s tuck shop and healthy eating. Conclusion: The hypothesis that learners in a school with a nutritionally-regulated tuck shop have positive attitudes, perceptions and behaviour towards healthy eating was rejected. The availability of healthier items in a school tuck shop had a positive influence on certain behaviours and attitudes of learners, but the potential value of controlling the type of items available for purchase at schools might be counteracted by lunchbox contents, certain fixed eating patterns, perceptions of learners and previous exposure to a conventional tuck shop. Recommendations include a multi-pronged approach such as the Health Promoting Schools concept. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Inleiding en doelwitte: Skole bied ‘n omgewing waar goeie eetgewoontes bevorder kan word ten einde oorgewig en vetsug in kinders te voorkom, asook die ontwikkeling van nie-oordraagbare siektes soos kardiovaskulêre siektes, tipe-2 diabetes mellitus, lewervervetting sindroom, ortopediese komplikasies en sekere soorte kanker. Snoepies in skole voorsien meestal ongesonde items met ‘n hoë energie, vet- en/of suikerinhoud en wat laag is in vitamiene, minerale en dieetvesel. Die beskikbaarheid van ongesonde items in snoepies verhoed dat leerders gesonde voelselkeuses uitoefen, omdat kinders geneig is om voorkeur aan ongesonde kos te gee as hulle 'n keuse gebied word. Benewens die ongesonde items wat snoepies aanbied, neem leerders boonop ongesonde kos in hul kosblikke skooltoe. Die doel van die studie was om by 'n Afrikaans dubbelmedium laerskool in Bloemfontein die invloed van ‘n voedingkundig-gereguleerde snoepie op leerders se persepsies, houdings en gedrag teenoor gesonde eetgewoontes te ondersoek en te vergelyk met leerders in 'n skool met 'n konvensionele snoepie. Metodes: In ‘n deursnit-opname met ‘n analitiese komponent, het graad 2 tot 7 leerders in ‘n skool met ‘n voedingkundig-gereguleerde snoepie (n=116) en ‘n skool met ‘n konvensionele snoepie (n=141), ‘n vraelys ingevul. Ses leerders in elke graad in elk van die skole het ook aan fokusgroepbesprekings deelgeneem. Vrae het oor die inhoud van kosblikke, asook persepsies, houding en gedrag teenoor die snoepie en gesonde eetgewoontes, gehandel. Voedingsinligting rakende die items wat in elk van die skole se snoepies verkoop word, is ook ingesamel. Resultate: Die kosblikke van leerders in ‘n skool met ‘n voedingkundig-gereguleerde snoepie het statisties beduidend (p<0.05) meer gesonde items bevat (vrugte, water en muffins), maar ook beduidend meer ongesonde items (lekkergoed en aartappelskyfies). Voedsel-items wat in die voedingkundig-gereguleerde snoepie beskikbaar was, het omtrent die helfte minder energie bevat as voedsel-items wat in die konvensionele snoepie beskikbaar was. Leerders in ‘n skool met ‘n voedingkundig-gereguleerde snoepie het beduidend (p<0.05) meer van sekere groente en vrugte gehou as leerders in ‘n skool met ‘n konvensionele snoepie. Statisties beduidende (p<0.05) verskille tussen verskillende grade en die houding van verskillende geslagte dui daarop dat graad 2 leerders in albei skole minder positief gevoel het oor sekere groente en vrugte as ouer leerders, terwyl meisies in albei skole ‘n meer positiewe houding teenoor sekere groente en vrugte getoon het as seuns. Jonger leerders het ‘n meer positiewe houding teenoor hulle voedingkundig-gereguleerde snoepie getoon as ouer leerders. In albei skole het leerders soortgelyke persepsies rondom hul onderskeie skole se snoepies en gesonde eetgewoontes openbaar. Gevolgtrekking: Die hipotese dat leerders in ‘n skool met ‘n voedingkundig-gereguleerde snoepie positiewe persepsies, houding en gedrag teenoor gesonde eetgewoontes toon is nie aanvaar nie. Die beskikbaarheid van gesonder items in ‘n skoolsnoepie het 'n positiewe invloed op sekere eetgewoontes en houdings van die leerders, maar die potensiële waarde daarvan om die tipes voedsel wat by skole te koop aangebied word te reguleer mag egter teengewerk word deur kosblikke se inhoud asook sekere vaste eetpatrone, persepsies van leerders en vorige blootstelling aan ‘n konvensionele snoepie. ‘n Veelvoudige benadering soos die konsep van ‘n Gesondheidbevorderingskool word aanbeveel.

This thesis deals with the learning environment of Mosaic and its impact on motivation and geometrical imagination of children of primary school. Fundamental task of this thesis is to describe and adjudicate individual teaching lessons of experimental teaching during which Mosaics were used. Conditions for natural differentiation of children were used during these lessons. Concepts related to the goal of this thesis and to the geometry on primary school level are described in part "Foundations of thesis task solution". Different types of Mosaics and puzzles are dealt with in part "Mosaics and construction kits - methodological foundations". "Methods used to solve the thesis task" forms the conclusion of this part. The practical part contains description of processing of experimental teaching and its analysis. Children works are presented here as well.

The theoretical part of the thesis is devoted to the project methodology and processes information about technical education as a full-fledged subject of the first primary school. The final part of the theoretical work is focused on ten technical monuments from Klatovy that were applied in the creation of educational projects. In the practical part of teaching are developed individual projects that are designed for first grade elementary school. The projects also includes the information base for teachers. Conclusion the practical part is devoted indicative verification project method to use at the elementary school.

The diploma thesis studies performance of 14 and 15 year-old children in four selected athletics disciplines: 60 metres, long jump, shot put, running at 800 metres (girls), 1500 metres (boys). The goal is to compare the performance of students using statistical methods and comparative methods. Comparing the performance was held at selected schools in the distrikt of České Budějovice. Research was attended by a total of 88 pupils of which 44 girls and 44 boys. From the processed results showed that the schools are no different in terms of performance.

Les enseignants de l’école élémentaire sont tenus de faire respecter la norme et d’enseigner le français scolaire (français standard enseigné et appris dans les classes) qui se présente comme une langue homogène éliminant toute variation sociale ou dialectale.Or, les pratiques langagières des élèves laissent souvent apparaitre des variétés de français plus ou moins éloignées du français scolaire qui font apparaitre les phénomènes de variation du français. L’institution scolaire véhicule une vision normative du français qui s’impose au travers du système scolaire comme une expansion de la langue écrite. Les enseignants peuvent idéaliser ce français scolaire et nier l’existence d’une hétérogénéité langagière pourtant présente.L’enjeu de la recherche est d’articuler le cadrage institutionnel (les textes officiels, les dispositifs de formation …) à la diversité et à la singularité des représentations que les enseignants de l’école élémentaire ont de la variation, afin d’apporter une contribution à la didactique.Nous analyserons les représentations d’enseignants de l’école élémentaire, pour montrer comment ils perçoivent les différentes variétés employées par leurs élèves et quelle image plus ou moins idéalisée ils se forgent de la langue qu’ils enseignent.Nous tenterons de savoir s’il est possible de faire évoluer les représentations des enseignants en les amenant à reconsidérer leur attachement au français scolaire et à accepter dans une perspective d’ouverture variationniste de s’appuyer davantage sur les variétés parlées par les élèves. / Primary school teachers are expected to respect the norm and teach school French (standard french which is taught and learnt in the classroom) which is presented as a homogenous and reported language and which eliminates all possible social variations and dialect diffences.However students language use often reveals varieties in French, some far removed, others close to standardised french, which show elements of variation in the french language. Educational institutions present a normative image of the spoken language which is imposed throughout the school system as being an extension of the written form. Teachers can idealise this school french and even deny the existence of a different type of language which is however present.The aim of this research is to move the institutional framework (official texts, training techniques) towards a more diverse and varied perception for primary school teachers in order to contribute to the didactic.We will analyse primary school teacher’s représentations to show how they see the different language varieties employed by their students and what image they create of the language they teach whether it be more or less idealised.We will strive to find out if it is possible for teachers perceptions to evolve by leading them to reassess their attachment to traditional school french and to accept a wider, varied perception of the language by relying more on the spoken varieties used by their students.

Aim of the study is to focus on pupils' perceive of challenging probability problems within the second stage of primary school (age 12-15), especially aimed at pupils' mental blocks in intuitive and false beliefs or conjectures on the probability of events. The theoretical part of the thesis defines basic terms correlated with propedeutics of probability. The practical part of the work pursues intuitive solving of the challenging probability problems, especially of the Monty Hall problem. In the thesis research will be applied: the questionnaire method, tasks including probability problems, (group) work observation and examination of reasoning behind the probability problems followed by interviews with pupils focused on probability misconception phenomena. Findings of this study will be based on collected data analytics and a résumé of pupils' preconceptions about the field of probability and their ability to accept reeducation to their own-made misconceptions. KEYWORDS: Preconceptions, Misconceptions, Probability, Intuitive Ideas, Primary school

The study is devoted to assigning teachers into classrooms at primary school. Teacher is important player in education. In general awareness is known term "good teacher by lucky chance", but different participants have different image of a good teacher. Requirements from headmaster, founder, colleagues, students and their parents are too demanding. Quality of teaching depends on preparedness and working strain of the teacher. Assigning teachers into classrooms might be one of the deciding factors of working strain. There are more possible systems of assigning teachers - looping (teacher remaining with a group of students for multiple academic years), stable-grade assignment and grade switching. The study is concerned with theoretical anchor for assigning teachers into classrooms at primary school especially for looping. There is lack of specialized literature about looping (Czech and international as well). The research indicates that there are benefits of looping and advancing a teacher from one grade level to the next along with his or her class. Another part of this study are outcomes of case study of one primary school. In this qualitative study research interviews with present and past headmaster, teachers, students and their parents were performed. Respondents talked about the advantages of...

Surfplattan är ett verktyg som ligger i tiden, både i hemmet och i skolan, ett verktyg som dominerar i de lägre årskurserna. Forskning visar att digitala verktyg i matematikundervisningen kan påverka lärandet positivt. Därför är det intressant att surfplattan får minst utrymme som pedagogiskt verktyg i ämnet matematik jämfört med resterande skolämnen. Utifrån denna problematik tar studien avstamp, i syfte att undersöka lärares erfarenheter och uppfattningar angående surfplattan som pedagogiskt verktyg i matematikundervisningen. Urvalet består av verksamma lärare i åk 1–3 eftersom de använder surfplattor kontinuerligt i matematikundervisningen. Genom kvalitativ metod och semistrukturerad intervjuteknik har åtta lärare berättat på vilket sätt de använder surfplattor, vilket matematiskt innehåll som behandlas samt några för- och nackdelar de erfarit i samband med surfplattan som digitalt verktyg i ämnet matematik. Empirin är analyserad utifrån en fenomenografisk ansats utifrån ett sociokulturellt perspektiv. Surfplattan som pedagogiskt verktyg förknippas med begreppet mediering inom sociokulturell teori för att vidare tolka och diskutera studiens resultat. Resultatet belyser att surfplattan används som ett extra stöd, kompletterande verktyg och redskap för dokumentation i matematikundervisningen. I resultatet framkommer även att surfplattan används som ett individuellt verktyg av elever. Lärarna upplever att surfplattan har möjlighet att motivera elever, effektivisera och variera undervisningen. Samtidigt beskrivs att surfplattan har begränsade möjligheter och innebär tidskrävande förarbete för läraren. / Tablets are tools which are used recently both at home and at school, and they have become dominating tools in teaching mathematics in primary schools. Researches show that digital tools are influencing mathematical teaching and learning processes positively. However, digital tools are the least used when it comes assisting mathematical teachings as we compare them with other subjects. That is why this study surfaced to investigate teachers' experiences and perceptions of the tablet as an educational tool in mathematical teachings. Hence, the data selection was made based on how frequently the tablets are used in teaching mathematics. Eight teachers who continuously use tablets as a tool in teaching mathematics from grade 1 to 3 have been interviewed. Through the qualitative method and semi- structured interviewing techniques the following data were gathered: what the eight teachers explained, how they used tablets, which mathematical content was being processed, what possibilities and limitations they experienced in connection with the tablets.Empirics is analyzed based on a phenomenological approach from a socio-cultural perspective. As an educational tool is the tablet associated with the concept of mediation in sociocultural theory to further interpret and discuss the results of the study. The result illustrates that tablets, in educating mathematics, have become additional supports, supplementary tools and even they have become tools for documentation. The result also portrays that the tablets are becoming an individuals’ tools.