Organic coatings are frequently applied to metals, often in circumstances where there is a need to protect the substrate from corrosion or to improve the aesthetic quality of a product. Increasingly, coatings are also expected to provide additional functionality, such as anti-bacterial properties. Concurrent with the need to satisfy ever more demanding specifications, coating formulators are being obliged to comply with stringent environmental legislation. A research area which may benefit the development of coating formulations is that of nanocomposite synthesis, in which the composite additives have at least one dimension in the nanometre size range. The current research has sought to modify a waterborne organic coating primer with two types of nano-sized additives: layered clays and titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Dispersion of the particles at loadings up to 5% w/w was achieved by ball milling and the modified coatings were subjected to numerous tests to ascertain the effect of the additives. Titanium dioxide was found to improve the tribological properties and corrosion resistance of the coatings, while the addition of magnesium aluminium hydroxycarbonate (hydrotalcite) layered clay had a deleterious effect. Some coatings exhibited a cracked morphology, although no correlation between particle loading and the presence of cracks could be determined. A preliminary investigation into substrate preparation was also conducted. This ensured that the degree of cleanliness of the hot-dip galvanized substrates was both satisfactory and consistent.

La presente investigación, de tipo descriptiva correlacional, permitió analizar la relación que existe entre la comprensión lectora y la resolución de problemas algebraicos en alumnos del primer año de secundaria de la Institución Educativa San Andrés Anglo Peruano, durante el año 2014. Para ello, se trabajó con una muestra de 62 alumnos de primer año de secundaria. Para medir el nivel de comprensión lectora de los alumnos, se les aplicó la Prueba de Complejidad Lingüística Progresiva (CLP 7 – FORMA A) de los autores Alliende, Condemarín y Milicic, adaptada por Delgado et al en el 2012. De la misma manera, para medir el nivel de resolución de problemas algebraicos de los estudiantes, se aplicó una prueba diseñada por la autora de la investigación, cuya validez de contenido fue obtenida a través de criterio de jueces y para su confiabilidad se utilizó el coeficiente de alfa de Cronbach. Para relacionar los puntajes de la comprensión lectora con los puntajes de la resolución de problemas algebraicos, se utilizó la prueba estadística de la correlación de Pearson, cuyos resultados demuestran la existencia de correlación estadísticamente significativa entre las variables comprensión lectora y resolución de problemas algebraicos.

The purpose of the current study was to develop a bonding method that can achieve clinically acceptable bond strength values while leaving a minimum amount of adhesive on the tooth surface during the debonding process. One hundred teeth were randomly assigned into groups. Five different enamel surface preparation protocols were tested (N = 20, each): Conventional acid etch, standard SEP, SEP applied with a light brush stroke (altered SEP 1), SEP applied directly to the composite of pre-coated bracket (altered SEP 2), and Primer Only groups. Brackets were debonded using an Instron universal testing machine (Instron, Canton, MA) in shear mode and the mean shear bond strength values were calculated. In addition, enamel surfaces were examined under light microscope to determine the location of failure using ARI. The Primer Only group had significantly lower mean shear strength (0.14 MPa, P0.05). With respect to ARI values, there was a significant difference among these four groups. 85% of samples in the altered SEP 2 group had 10% or less composite resin left on their surfaces. This group had also a mean shear bond strength value of 11.43 MPa, significantly above the minimal strength needed for orthodontic attachment bonding, and the lowest ARI values overall. Therefore, application of SEP directly to the composite resin of the pre-coated brackets may be an ideal bonding method by providing adequate bond strength and leaving a minimum amount of composite resin on the tooth surface during debonding. It should be kept in mind that future in-vivo studies would be needed to confirm the findings obtained from the current in-vitro study.

O objetivo deste estudo é compreender a educação de adolescentes e adultos em São Paulo, na Primeira República (1889-1930), por meio da pesquisa sobre materiais de alfabetização ao longo do tempo e análise de um dos primeiros materiais produzidos para a alfabetização de adolescentes e adultos operários, a Cartilha do Operario (1924), de autoria do inspetor Theodoro de Moraes. A análise da Cartilha do Operario possibilitou compreender a constituição do campo e do conhecimento construído sobre alfabetização de adolescentes e adultos, podendo ser considerada representativa de uma prática que se queria instaurar dos ideários pedagógicos vigentes, bem como das práticas editoriais postas em circulação. / The objective of this study is to understand teenagers and adults education in São Paulo state, in the First Republic (1889-1930), by the research about literation materials through the time and analysis of one of the first material produced for teenagers and adults laborers literation , the Cartilha do Operario (1924), written by the inspector Theodoro de Moraes. The analysis of Cartilha do Operario , became possible to understand the field constitution and the knowledge built about teenagers and adults literation, considering representative itself the practice that could install the pedagogical idealism present, as well editorials practice in circulation.

Para avaliar o efeito de diferentes tratamentos superficiais sobre a resistência ao cisalhamento da união entre uma liga metálica (Co-Cr-Mo - Remanium CD) e uma resina composta (Z-250) e analisar o tipo de fratura durante a separação dos espécimes, sessenta discos metálicos foram fundidos, regularizados e polidos, submetidos a quatro ciclos térmicos (vácuo, 960ºC, 8 minutos) e divididos aleatoriamente em seis grupos. Cada grupo recebeu um tipo de tratamento: Grupo ASB: Asperização com ponta diamantada (No 3118); Grupo ASI: Asperização e aplicação do silano (3M); Grupo AAP: Asperização e aplicação do Alloy Primer (Kuraray); Grupo JSB: Jateamento com óxido de alumínio (50µm, 75lib/pol2); Grupo JSI: Jateamento e aplicação do silano; Grupo JAP: Jateamento e aplicação do Alloy Primer. Todos os espécimes receberam aplicação do adesivo Single Bond e da resina Z-250 (3M), foram armazenados em água deionizada a 37ºC por 24 horas e separados em ensaio de cisalhamento. Os resultados e desvio-padrão de cada grupo, expressos em MPa foram: ASB: 12,708±2,962; ASI: 16,343±2,714 e AAP: 16,723±2,666; JSB: 25,958±5,650; JSI: 28,185±3,322; JAP: 28,670±3,246. Os maiores valores foram produzidos pelos grupos jateados (JSB, JSI e JAP); o silano e o Alloy primer aumentaram a retentividade entre a resina Z-250 e a liga de Co-Cr-Mo, independente da textura superficial e sem apresentar diferença entre os mesmos; todos os espécimes apresentaram falha adesiva na interface testada. / To evaluate the effect of different surface treatments on shear bond strength between a metallic alloy (Co-Cr-Mo - Remanium CD) and a composite resin (Z-250) and to evaluate the fracture mode after testing, sixty disks were casted, polished, submitted to four thermal cycles (960ºC/8min) and divided randomly in six groups. Each group received a different type of treatment: Group ASB: roughen with diamond bur (No 3118); Group ASI: roughen and application of a ceramic Primer; Group AAP: roughen and application of a metallic Primer; Group JSB: Sandblasting with 50 µm aluminum oxide (75lib/pol2); Group JSI: Sandblasting and application of a ceramic Primer; Group JAP: Sandblasting and application of a metallic Primer. All the specimens received the application of an adhesive (Single Bond) and a composite resin (Z-250 /3M). The groups were stored in distilled water at 37ºC during 24 hours and submitted to shear bond strength test. The results and the standard deviation of each group (expressed in MPa) were: JSB: 25,958±5,650; JSI: 28,185±3,322; JAP: 28,670±3,246; ASB: 12,708±2,962; ASI: 16,343±2,714 and AAP: 16,723±2,666. The highest values were obtained by the sandblasted groups (JSB, JSI e JAP). In spite of the surface, ceramic primer and alloy primer increased the retention between the composite resin Z-250 and the Co-Cr-Mo alloy without statistical differences on the results; all of the specimens showed adhesive failures.

Cells have lesion bypass DNA polymerases (DNAPs), often in the Y-Family, which synthesize passed DNA damage. One class of Y-Family DNAPs includes hDNAP k, EcDNAP IV and SsDbh, which insert accurately opposite N2-dG adducts, including BP-N2-dG formed from benzo[a]pyrene (BP). Another class includes hDNAP h, EcDNAP V and SsDpo4, which insert accurately opposite UV-damage. For correct Watson-Crick pairing between BP-N2-dG and dCTP, the BP moiety must be in the minor groove. On the minor groove side of the active site, k/IV/Dbh-class DNAPs have large openings that accommodate the BP moiety. Primer extension assays with purified proteins show that DNAP IV correctly inserts dCTP opposite BP more than 10-fold faster than it mis-inserts dATP, dGTP, or dTTP. In contrast, h/V/Dpo4-class DNAPs have small active site openings, which cannot accommodate BP and lead to a distorted structure and increased mutagenesis; e.g., Dpo4 has dGTP and dATP insertion rates that are 10-fold greater than those of dCTP. The opening in Dpo4 is plugged and bulky, whereas DNAP IV has a relatively spacious cavity. Consistent with this model, mutants of Dpo4 with a larger opening insert up to 10-fold more accurately opposite BP-N2-dG. Near the active site, Dpo4 has a single non-covalent bridge (NCB) between the little finger domain and the thumb-palm-fingers domain. DNAP IV and Dbh have a second, distal NCB that is 8 angstroms away from the active site towards the 3' end of the template DNA. Dpo4 becomes nearly 5-fold more accurate when mutated to carry a distal NCB, suggesting that NCB's also help control mutagenesis. Lastly, the active site of Dpo4 has a cavity in the major groove side, which may allow base flipping and dGTP insertion opposite -BP, while k/IV/Dbh-type polymerases do not. When this cavity is plugged in Dpo4 by mutagenesis or the introduction of an N-clasp motif, dGTP rates increase by nearly 20-fold. In conclusion, this data suggests that three structural regions contribute to accurate dCTP insertion opposite BP-N2-dG by k/IV/Dbh-class DNAPs: a large opening on the minor groove side near the active site, a cavity on the major groove side, and the number of non-covalent bridges between the little finger domain and the thumb-palm-fingers domain.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-10-11T12:30:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Graciele Torezan_.pdf: 8055463 bytes, checksum: 66cd8673b4f0bbfb73de460f3fb57767 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-11T12:30:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Graciele Torezan_.pdf: 8055463 bytes, checksum: 66cd8673b4f0bbfb73de460f3fb57767 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-26 / Nenhuma / O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal a elaboração de uma cartilha educativa ilustrada acerca do ambiente e procedimento cirúrgico para os acompanhantes que terão crianças submetidas a intervenções cirúrgicas. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo com enfoque qualitativo, realizado na unidade do centro cirúrgico (CC), de um hospital privado da cidade de Caxias do Sul, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Participaram desta pesquisa 18 acompanhantes de crianças que estavam sendo submetidas a cirurgias no CC. Para a coleta dos dados foi utilizado uma entrevista semiestruturada que contemplava tópicos voltados às aflições e conhecimento dos acompanhantes a cerca do ambiente e ao procedimento cirúrgico que a criança estava sendo submetida, a análise do conteúdo encontrado foi do tipo temática. Dos 18 participantes da pesquisa um é do sexo masculino, o pai, e 17 do sexo feminino, as mães. As idades variaram de 23 a 46 anos, com grau de instrução de ensino fundamental completo a ensino superior completo. Resultaram duas categorias: a primeira, sentimentos experimentados pelos acompanhantes, com duas subcategorias - o medo do desconhecido, nervosismo, apreensão e ansiedade. A segunda categoria, contribuições dos acompanhantes na melhoria do atendimento, com duas subcategorias - esclarecimento do processo cirúrgico; espaço adequado de acolhida. Os participantes do estudo destacam que o processo cirúrgico vem acompanhado de diversos sentimentos negativos e que estes poderiam ser amenizados se tivessem previamente o esclarecimento deste processo, destacaram que o profissional médico é o principal informante sobre a cirurgia propriamente dita, somente um participante citou outro profissional como informante, a enfermagem não foi citada. Os participantes ainda sugeriram diversas formas de melhorar o atendimento durante sua passagem pelo CC com destaque para a presença de material educativo para consulta, um local específico de espera dentro do CC para as crianças e os acompanhantes bem como material lúdico para distração das crianças. Os resultados encontrados no presente estudo nos permitiu considerar que a falta de esclarecimento sobre o processo cirúrgico dos acompanhantes é uma realidade no local do estudo. Diante disso, as instituições de saúde deveriam rever seus processos na tentativa de implantar protocolos de acolhimento às crianças e seus acompanhantes na unidade do CC. A construção da cartilha educativa ilustrada acerca do ambiente e procedimento cirúrgico será um importante instrumento de orientação e esclarecimento para os acompanhantes que terão crianças submetidas a procedimentos cirúrgicos. / This study started to the preparation of an educational folder about the environment and surgical procedure for the companions who have children undergoing surgery. This is a descriptive study with qualitative approach, held in the unit of the surgical center (DC), a private hospital in the city of Caxias do Sul, state of Rio Grande do Sul. The study gathered 18 caregivers of children who were being undergoing surgery in DC. To collect the data I've used a semi-structured interview which included topics facing the trials and knowledge of caregivers about the environment and the surgical procedure that the child was being submitted, the analysis found the content was the subject type. Of the 18 research participants one is male, the father, and 17 females, mothers. The ages ranged from 23 to 46 years, with a degree of complete elementary school education to complete higher education. They resulted in two categories: first, feelings experienced by caregivers, with two subcategories - fear of the unknown; nervousness, apprehension and anxiety. Second category, contributions from companions improved customer service, with two subcategories - clearing the surgical process; and adequate reception space. Participants of this study point out that, surgical process is accompanied by many negative feelings, and that these could be minimized if previously had to clarify this process, stressed that the medical professional is the main informant about the surgery itself, only one participant cited other professional as an informant, nursing was not mentioned. Participants suggested to several ways to improve the service during its passage through DC, highlighting the presence of educational material for consultation, a specific place waiting in the DC for children and companions and playful material for distraction of children. The results of this study allowed us to consider that the lack of information about the surgical process of companions is a reality at the study site. Thus, health institutions should review their processes in an attempt to deploy host protocols to the children and their companions in the DC unit. The construction of the educational folder about the environment and surgical procedure will be an important tool for guidance and clarification for the companions who have children undergoing surgical procedures.

<p>The desert ant Cataglyphis fortis lives in the Sahara desert where it is exposed to extreme temperatures up to 70° C. In other words, the organism is considered as a thermophile. Until now the genome remains unknown but the fact that C. fortis provides heat stable proteins makes it very interesting in the field of protein studies and maybe even therapeutical research later on. This thesis focuses on trying to find genes that are expressed in C. fortis. Different genes were chosen and capable primers designed. After fishing for the enzyme GAPDH a fragment was found and sequenced. The sequence showed 31% homology on amino acid level with protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) in Apis mellifera (honey bee) and Drosophila melanogaster (fruitfly). The received sequence can be used to design new primers that match exactly. Gene fishing can also be continued by using the other primers that were designed during this project.</p>

<p>Sex chromosomes are useful in elucidating the evolutionary factors affecting diversity and divergence. In particular, Y chromosome analyses may complement studies using mitochondrial DNA for inferring sex-specific population genetic processes.</p><p>Y chromosome studies have been scarce due to limited access to genetic markers and the dynamic evolution of Y. Conserved Y-specific primers that could amplify a diverse set of mammalian species were developed from comparison of gametologous X and Y sequences. Y-specific sequence, generally more than one kb, was amplified for all 20 species examined.</p><p>Intraspecific diversity on mammalian Y was found to be reduced even when male-biased mutation rate and effective population size were corrected for. A number of factors can cause this low variation on Y of which selection on a haploid chromosome seems most important.</p><p>The field vole (<i>Microtus agrestis</i>), a common and well-studied small mammal in Eurasia, was examined for X and Y variability. Earlier studies on mtDNA had shown that the field vole is separated in two distinct lineages in Europe. The X and Y chromosome sequences confirmed the deep split and suggested that the two lineages of field vole should be reclassified as two separate species.</p><p>Two distinct Y chromosome haplogroups were found in modern European cattle, distributed among breeds according to a north-south gradient. Ancient DNA analysis of European aurochsen showed the northern haplogroup to be the most common, possibly indicating local hybridization between domestic cows and wild aurochs bulls in Europe.</p>

Sex chromosomes are useful in elucidating the evolutionary factors affecting diversity and divergence. In particular, Y chromosome analyses may complement studies using mitochondrial DNA for inferring sex-specific population genetic processes. Y chromosome studies have been scarce due to limited access to genetic markers and the dynamic evolution of Y. Conserved Y-specific primers that could amplify a diverse set of mammalian species were developed from comparison of gametologous X and Y sequences. Y-specific sequence, generally more than one kb, was amplified for all 20 species examined. Intraspecific diversity on mammalian Y was found to be reduced even when male-biased mutation rate and effective population size were corrected for. A number of factors can cause this low variation on Y of which selection on a haploid chromosome seems most important. The field vole (Microtus agrestis), a common and well-studied small mammal in Eurasia, was examined for X and Y variability. Earlier studies on mtDNA had shown that the field vole is separated in two distinct lineages in Europe. The X and Y chromosome sequences confirmed the deep split and suggested that the two lineages of field vole should be reclassified as two separate species. Two distinct Y chromosome haplogroups were found in modern European cattle, distributed among breeds according to a north-south gradient. Ancient DNA analysis of European aurochsen showed the northern haplogroup to be the most common, possibly indicating local hybridization between domestic cows and wild aurochs bulls in Europe.