Thesis advisor: Stephen Pfohl / In a moment when the legitimacy of institutions that respond to crime is being challenged in new ways, there is also a growing interest in the use of ecological sustainability and environmental justice initiatives as a possible intervention in this context. These initiatives take many social and spatial forms across correctional landscapes, from prisons, jails, and youth detention centers to communities impacted by incarceration. Across three articles, this dissertation critically examines some of the contexts, limits, and possibilities of ecological sustainability initiatives as a means to transform correctional landscapes. Considering that ecological sustainability programs can involve some form of work done by incarcerated people, the first article explores the social-historical context of prison labor. It reviews the contested development of theories about prison labor among scholars, reformers, and activists. The article examines how the role of prison labor has been imagined in society, from punitive and rehabilitative theories to the more recent restorative and abolitionist or transformative ones. Contested theories of prison labor across time and space suggest that although work programs have often been exploitative, there are pathways, within and outside of the present system, towards forms of labor that might better contribute to crime prevention and public safety. The second article looks at some current efforts to intervene in correctional landscapes through the lens of environmental justice and ecological sustainability programs in the Northeastern United States. It explores these efforts through surveys, workshops and experiences of practitioners who have been trying to implement green interventions in correctional landscapes over the last ten years. The article denaturalizes the commonsense assumption in sustainability discourses that green interventions are necessarily good for individuals and institutions, and instead looks to the social contexts within which practitioners aim to implement interventions towards the possibilities of transformation. Overall, the article shows how some educators and activists have sought to seed transformative possibilities from within the constraints of existing theories and practices of correctional rehabilitation, as they work to design and implement specific program protocols, practices, curricula, networks, and collaborations. Finally, the third article turns to a case study of the emerging role of social cooperatives in Italy, as a crime response and prevention strategy that promotes social inclusion. It situates the model of Italian Social Cooperative movement in the context of W.E.B. Du Bois’s coopertivist thought and the emerging field of design for transitions. It looks at specific Italian laws, policies, and organizations that relate to the transformation of correctional landscapes and have possible applications to U.S. context. The Italian case, which emphasizes the role of ecological sustainability and cooperative practices in the context of incarceration, is used to better understand how future interventions might become pathways to decarceration, environmental justice, and sustainable communities. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2022. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Sociology.

This dissertation will focus on prison work programs and prisoner rehabilitation. In particular, a program evaluation of the federal inmate labor program, the Prison Industry Enhancement Certificate Program (PIE), will be conducted in order to investigate how this program affects recidivism and labor market outcomes of offenders. This dissertation will contribute to the literature in two ways. First, it develops a simple theoretical model that incorporates prison labor into its framework in order to analyze how prison labor affects crime participation. The model suggests that the criminal’s problem is recursive. Therefore, the criminal will first decide how much time to allocate to legal activities, and then choose the optimal time allotment to illegal endeavors. The model shows that it is theoretically possible that participation in PIE could increase recidivism through wages if an increase in the wage rate causes the consumption of illegal activity to increase by more than the consumption of legal endeavors. The decision to commit a crime will be a function of the expected unemployment rate, the subjective probability of detection and conviction, legal labor market activity, the penalty for illegal activity, gains from illegal activity, nonwage income or wealth, the subjective probability of legal work while in prison, severity of punishment, and tastes. Second, it will empirically investigate how prison labor programs that approximate real world employment opportunities affect the decision to commit a crime upon release from prison, as well as post-release employment outcomes of the offender. In particular, using a unique dataset collected on participants in the PIE program across various states, this dissertation investigates how the PIE program affects recidivism and labor market outcomes compared to those who do not participate in the program. While, Smith, Bechtel, Patrick, Smith, and Wilson-Gentry (2006) is the only other research to use these data to analyze the effects of this program on recidivism and labor market outcomes, their analysis does not fully utilize control variables. The results of this study indicate that the PIE program significantly increases the time from release to arrest, significantly increases employment duration, and significantly increases earnings of the ex-offender.

Apesar da sistemática constitucional advinda em 1988, na qual é vedada a pena de trabalhos forçados, o sistema de execução penal vigente no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro prevê a obrigatoriedade do trabalho do apenado à pena privativa de liberdade em caráter definitivo como forma de ressocialização da pessoa e para evitar o ócio carcerário, dentre outros fins. Tal trabalho sofre a não incidência dos direitos trabalhistas previstos na CLT, possuindo, o apenado, resguardo apenas a alguns benefícios previstos na legislação penal, além da remição da pena em razão do trabalho prestado. Todavia, esse não deveria ser o tratamento conferido ao preso ao trabalhar externamente para a iniciativa privada, pois nessa situação o apenado poderá possuir todos os elementos essenciais configuradores da relação de emprego. Porém, o mesmo tratamento marginalizado continua a ser conferido para essas relações. O Estado, ao possuir a custódia do condenado, deverá devolvê-lo para a sociedade como um cidadão capaz de coexistir em condições de convivência pacífica com os demais. Contudo, a conjuntura carcerária brasileira está calcando o caminho contrário, pois há o desrespeito à dignidade da pessoa humana, condição primordial para o tratamento de reabilitação. / Despite the constitutional systematic arising in 1988, in which the forced labor penalty is prohibited, the system of criminal enforcement force in Brazilian law provides for compulsory labor of the convict to the closed regime as a form of rehabilitation of the person and to avoid idleness prison. Such work does not suffer the impact of labor rights provided for in the Labor Code, possessing, the convict, just a few benefits guard provided for in criminal law, beyond redemption penalty by reason of the work provided. But, this should not be the treatment given to the prisoner, because the convict to work externally to the private sector may have all configurators essential elements of the employment relationship. However, it remains marginalized treatment given to these relations. Brazil bans the death penalty, therefore, the State has custody of the convict, it must return to society as a citizen able to coexist in conditions of peaceful coexistence with others. However, the Brazilian prison situation is to occur the other way, as there is a lack of respect for human dignity, precondition for rehabilitation treatment.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A tese analisa a relação entre trabalho prisional e ressocialização. Demonstra- que, embora o discurso jurídico-penal afirme que uma das finalidades da pena privativa de liberdade é reinserir o condenado na sociedade, após o cumprimento de sua pena, esse desiderato não é efetivamente alcançado e o discurso resta deslegitimado, sendo que o trabalho prisional não mostra-se capaz de inverter essa lógica. Sustenta-se, ainda, na tese, que, a prisão, estigmatiza, prisoniza, degrada, produz e reproduz a criminalidade, destinando-se a um segmento determinado dentro da sociedade, representado pelos miseráveis, ou consumidores, falhos, que não habilitando-os ao trabalho quando egressos do sistema prisional. O nascimento da prisão, o modo como estruturou-se associada ao trabalho, a apropriação que o Direito fez dessa instituição, e a sua prevalência, enquanto punição na atualidade, premissas necessárias, a compreensão deste complexo fenômeno. / The analysis identified the relationship between arrest, prison labor and re-socialisation. Consist in the main question developed into this work. For the purposes of its argument, although the legal-criminal speech affirms that one of the aim in punishment without freedom is reinsert the convict into society, after fulfiled the terms of your penalty, this desideratum is effectively not reached and the speech not remains legitimate, being that prison labor does not show itself capable of reversing this logic. During the narrative, the arrest destining itself to definitive segment of the society, represented for the villains, or consumers defective, is unable to re-socialize, creates a stigma, excludes from society, debases social coexistence, in addition to producing and reproducing crime, who are not qualified to work when they leave the prison system. These thesis evaluate the birth of the arrest, the way as it was structuralized, the Laws appropriation of this institution and its prevalence, just similar to punishment in the present time.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A tese analisa a relação entre trabalho prisional e ressocialização. Demonstra- que, embora o discurso jurídico-penal afirme que uma das finalidades da pena privativa de liberdade é reinserir o condenado na sociedade, após o cumprimento de sua pena, esse desiderato não é efetivamente alcançado e o discurso resta deslegitimado, sendo que o trabalho prisional não mostra-se capaz de inverter essa lógica. Sustenta-se, ainda, na tese, que, a prisão, estigmatiza, prisoniza, degrada, produz e reproduz a criminalidade, destinando-se a um segmento determinado dentro da sociedade, representado pelos miseráveis, ou consumidores, falhos, que não habilitando-os ao trabalho quando egressos do sistema prisional. O nascimento da prisão, o modo como estruturou-se associada ao trabalho, a apropriação que o Direito fez dessa instituição, e a sua prevalência, enquanto punição na atualidade, premissas necessárias, a compreensão deste complexo fenômeno. / The analysis identified the relationship between arrest, prison labor and re-socialisation. Consist in the main question developed into this work. For the purposes of its argument, although the legal-criminal speech affirms that one of the aim in punishment without freedom is reinsert the convict into society, after fulfiled the terms of your penalty, this desideratum is effectively not reached and the speech not remains legitimate, being that prison labor does not show itself capable of reversing this logic. During the narrative, the arrest destining itself to definitive segment of the society, represented for the villains, or consumers defective, is unable to re-socialize, creates a stigma, excludes from society, debases social coexistence, in addition to producing and reproducing crime, who are not qualified to work when they leave the prison system. These thesis evaluate the birth of the arrest, the way as it was structuralized, the Laws appropriation of this institution and its prevalence, just similar to punishment in the present time.

Apesar da sistemática constitucional advinda em 1988, na qual é vedada a pena de trabalhos forçados, o sistema de execução penal vigente no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro prevê a obrigatoriedade do trabalho do apenado à pena privativa de liberdade em caráter definitivo como forma de ressocialização da pessoa e para evitar o ócio carcerário, dentre outros fins. Tal trabalho sofre a não incidência dos direitos trabalhistas previstos na CLT, possuindo, o apenado, resguardo apenas a alguns benefícios previstos na legislação penal, além da remição da pena em razão do trabalho prestado. Todavia, esse não deveria ser o tratamento conferido ao preso ao trabalhar externamente para a iniciativa privada, pois nessa situação o apenado poderá possuir todos os elementos essenciais configuradores da relação de emprego. Porém, o mesmo tratamento marginalizado continua a ser conferido para essas relações. O Estado, ao possuir a custódia do condenado, deverá devolvê-lo para a sociedade como um cidadão capaz de coexistir em condições de convivência pacífica com os demais. Contudo, a conjuntura carcerária brasileira está calcando o caminho contrário, pois há o desrespeito à dignidade da pessoa humana, condição primordial para o tratamento de reabilitação. / Despite the constitutional systematic arising in 1988, in which the forced labor penalty is prohibited, the system of criminal enforcement force in Brazilian law provides for compulsory labor of the convict to the closed regime as a form of rehabilitation of the person and to avoid idleness prison. Such work does not suffer the impact of labor rights provided for in the Labor Code, possessing, the convict, just a few benefits guard provided for in criminal law, beyond redemption penalty by reason of the work provided. But, this should not be the treatment given to the prisoner, because the convict to work externally to the private sector may have all configurators essential elements of the employment relationship. However, it remains marginalized treatment given to these relations. Brazil bans the death penalty, therefore, the State has custody of the convict, it must return to society as a citizen able to coexist in conditions of peaceful coexistence with others. However, the Brazilian prison situation is to occur the other way, as there is a lack of respect for human dignity, precondition for rehabilitation treatment.

Apesar da sistemática constitucional advinda em 1988, na qual é vedada a pena de trabalhos forçados, o sistema de execução penal vigente no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro prevê a obrigatoriedade do trabalho do apenado à pena privativa de liberdade em caráter definitivo como forma de ressocialização da pessoa e para evitar o ócio carcerário, dentre outros fins. Tal trabalho sofre a não incidência dos direitos trabalhistas previstos na CLT, possuindo, o apenado, resguardo apenas a alguns benefícios previstos na legislação penal, além da remição da pena em razão do trabalho prestado. Todavia, esse não deveria ser o tratamento conferido ao preso ao trabalhar externamente para a iniciativa privada, pois nessa situação o apenado poderá possuir todos os elementos essenciais configuradores da relação de emprego. Porém, o mesmo tratamento marginalizado continua a ser conferido para essas relações. O Estado, ao possuir a custódia do condenado, deverá devolvê-lo para a sociedade como um cidadão capaz de coexistir em condições de convivência pacífica com os demais. Contudo, a conjuntura carcerária brasileira está calcando o caminho contrário, pois há o desrespeito à dignidade da pessoa humana, condição primordial para o tratamento de reabilitação. / Despite the constitutional systematic arising in 1988, in which the forced labor penalty is prohibited, the system of criminal enforcement force in Brazilian law provides for compulsory labor of the convict to the closed regime as a form of rehabilitation of the person and to avoid idleness prison. Such work does not suffer the impact of labor rights provided for in the Labor Code, possessing, the convict, just a few benefits guard provided for in criminal law, beyond redemption penalty by reason of the work provided. But, this should not be the treatment given to the prisoner, because the convict to work externally to the private sector may have all configurators essential elements of the employment relationship. However, it remains marginalized treatment given to these relations. Brazil bans the death penalty, therefore, the State has custody of the convict, it must return to society as a citizen able to coexist in conditions of peaceful coexistence with others. However, the Brazilian prison situation is to occur the other way, as there is a lack of respect for human dignity, precondition for rehabilitation treatment.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:24:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3252704 bytes, checksum: 54468da5465a211d0412d8aed358726a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The emergence of prison considered as main penalty didn't happened to fulfill a humanitarian propose of replacement to old punishments, but rather, to discipline marginalize sectors of emerging capitalism, in the late 18th century and early 19th century, trying to turn the delinquent subjects into to docile subjects by submiting them to a dominant regime. Its function is to not only isolate the offender, but also to retrieve him. Prison labor is a way to introject the convicts a greater obedience to rules, fortifying the discipline in prisons. In this sense, the work as a way to recover the individual linked to the notion of discipline is in the origin of prison, main penalty. This research aims to analyse the work processes in the Penal Institute of Reeducation Judge Sílvio Porto, in João Pessoa, in the point of view of the convicts, in the perspective of understand the meaning of work in the prison to this social actors. The methodology used, of qualitative character, had as criterion the diverse processes of work implemented at the Institution, which are divided into three segments: services to support the Penal Institution, specialized services and production. From these, we assembled a set of forty-six inmates as research participants, divided into five discussion groups Meetings about Labor according to the activity that they performed, with three meetings for each group: 1st group, Balls Factory; 2nd group, kitchen, printer, cartridge recycling and confection of dental prostheses; 3rd group, cleaning and maintenance; 4th group, handicraft; 5th group, sewing balls in the cells. We also performed individual interviews with forty-six inmates, with the Director of Penal Institution, with the Manager of the Balls Factory and with the Judge of Penal Execution of the city of João Pessoa. The process of content of analysis elucidated seven categories: the work as a right; The processes of work, Organization of work process, Relations between convicts; The importance of work; Promotion of freedom and the relation: prison labor and future, composed by subcategories. The process of content analysis elucidated seven categories: Work as a right, work processes, organization of the work process, relations between the convicts; The importance of work, promotion of freedom and prison labor and Future Value, composed of subcategories. The results show that prison work is represented in a positive way, but also denounced, in the midst of this excitement, few job vacancies offered, the paltry wages, the constant lack of legal guarantees of remission of sentence, among other limitations. It is hoped that the results of this research will contribute in the formulation and implementation of social politics directed to the penitentiary system, specifically in what refers the prison labor, so that the interventions in this area occur in consonance to the knowledge produced by the target public of their actions. / O surgimento da prisão considerada como pena principal não aconteceu para cumprir um propósito humanitário de substituições às antigas punições, mas sim para disciplinar setores marginalizados do capitalismo emergente, no final do século XVIII e início do século XIX, tentando transformar os sujeitos delinquentes em sujeitos dóceis submetendo-os ao regime dominante. Sua função passa a ser não só isolar o infrator, mas também recuperá-lo. O trabalho prisional é um modo de introjetar nos apenados uma maior obediência às regras, fortalecendo a disciplina nas prisões. Nesse sentido, o trabalho como forma de recuperar o indivíduo vinculado à noção de disciplina está na origem da prisão, pena principal. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar os processos de trabalho no Instituto de Reeducação Penal Desembargador Sílvio Porto, em João Pessoa, do ponto de vista dos apenados, na perspectiva de compreender o sentido do trabalho na prisão para esses atores sociais. A metodologia utilizada, de caráter qualitativo, teve como critério os diversos processos de trabalho implementados na Instituição, que se dividem em três segmentos: serviços de apoio à Instituição Penal, serviços especializados e produção. A partir desses, recortamos um conjunto de quarenta e seis apenados como participantes da pesquisa, distribuídos em cinco grupos de discussão Encontros sobre Trabalho de acordo com a atividade que executavam, com três encontros para cada grupo: 1º grupo, Fábrica de Bolas; 2º grupo, cozinha, gráfica, reciclagem de cartucho e confecção de prótese dentária; 3º grupo, limpeza e manutenção; 4º grupo, artesanato; 5º Grupo, costura de bolas nas celas. Realizamos ainda entrevistas individuais com quarenta e seis apenados, com o Diretor da Instituição Penal, com a Gerente da Fábrica de Bolas e com o Juiz de Execuções Penais do município de João Pessoa. O processo de análise de conteúdo elucidou sete categorias: O trabalho como um direito; Dos processos de trabalho, Organização do processo de trabalho; Relações entre os apenados; A importância do trabalho; Promoção de liberdade e Relação trabalho prisional e futuro, compostas por subcategorias. Os resultados mostram que o trabalho prisional é representado de forma positiva, mas denunciam também, em meio a essa exaltação, poucas vagas disponibilizadas para se trabalhar, os salários irrisórios, a constante falta de garantia legal da remição da pena, dentre outras limitações. Espera-se que os resultados dessa pesquisa contribuam na formulação e implementação de políticas sociais direcionadas ao sistema penitenciário, especificamente no que se refere ao trabalho prisional, para que as intervenções nessa área aconteçam em consonância com o saber produzido pelo público alvo de suas ações.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:25:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMPM.pdf: 896533 bytes, checksum: 35a53630d3466093b6841a2a9f70839b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-03-31 / This dissertation: The social representations about the feminine prison labor aims at collecting and analysing the social representations the women who are prisoners (women inmates) and the ones who work at prison, such as guards, teachers and principals of the Penitenciária Feminina da Capital (São Paulo SP) have about work. The work is considered by the prisoners as an opportunity to earn money and at the same time as a brief scape from their reality. Besides, the prison labor has a variety of values which are associated to values expressed by the ones who are not at prison. Therefore the prison labor is conceived as something highly positive which gives the prisoners the citizenship passport. Even when the feminine prisoners do not agree with the work at prison, they are forced to work as the work is conceptualized as something which might rescue the criminals, offering them the possibility of being reintegrated in society. / A Dissertação Representações Sociais do Trabalho Carcerário Feminino tem, como objeto principal, colher e analisar as representações sociais atribuídas ao trabalho por mulheres encarceradas, guardas, mestras e diretoras da Penitenciária Feminina da Capital (São Paulo/SP). O trabalho representa para as presas uma oportunidade de ajuda financeira e fuga momentânea da realidade que estão inseridas. Além disso, o trabalho carcerário possui uma variedade de valores que são associados aos valores concebidos pela sociedade extramuro. Dessa forma, o trabalho dentro das instituições carcerárias recebe um status positivo que confere a presa trabalhadora a possibilidade de um passaporte para a cidadania. Mesmo que não compactue com o trabalho carcerário, a mulher encarcerada é obrigada a trabalhar. Porém, o ato de trabalhar dentro de uma prisão se sobrepõe a esse fato, pois perpassa na instituição a lógica de que é o trabalho o grande responsável pelo resgate do indivíduo delituoso ao convívio social.