A infecção pelo HIV em presidiários alcança uma das maiores prevalências entre subgrupos populacionais específicos, com taxas de até 17% já tendo sido descritas no Brasil e no mundo. Contribuem para isso diversos comportamentos de risco, adotados já antes do encarceramento ou desenvolvidos durante o período de reclusão. Entre eles, destacam-se o uso de drogas ilícitas intravenosas, compartilhamento de agulhas e seringas e atividade sexual desprotegida. Esta pesquisa objetivou estimar a prevalência do marcador do HIV e fatores de risco para esta infecção na população masculina carcerária da Penitenciária de Ribeirão Preto – SP, no período de maio a agosto de 2003. Do total de 1030 presidiários, foram sorteados 333 participantes por amostragem casual simples, os quais foram submetidos à aplicação de um questionário padronizado e tiveram coletada uma amostra de sangue. Para diagnóstico sorológico do HIV foi utilizado inicialmente o ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA), como teste de triagem, com a confirmação sendo feita através de reação de imunofluorescência indireta (IFI). A prevalência global encontrada para o HIV nos presidiários foi de 5,7% (IC 95% : 3,2 – 8,2). Todas as variáveis que mostraram associação com a presença do anti-HIV, através de análise univariada, foram submetidas a um modelo multivariado de regressão logística utilizando o método Baysiano. Nesta análise, as variáveis que se mostraram preditoras de forma independente da infecção pelo HIV foram: Incircuncisão, homossexualismo masculino, tempo total da pena a ser cumprida inferior a cinco anos, uso de droga injetável e compartilhamento de agulhas e seringas. / The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in prisoners reaches one of the highest prevalence among specific population subgroups, with rates up to 17% already described in Brazil and in some parts of the world. Several risk behaviours, adopted before or during the imprisonment, accounts for that. Among them, the use of intravenous illicit drugs, sharing of needles and syringes and unprotect sexual activity are the most important. This survey aimed to estimate the prevalence of HIV serological marker and risk factors for this infection in men inmates at the Penitentiary of Ribeirão Preto, State of São Paulo, Brazil, between May and August 2003. Out of 1030 inmates, a simple random sample of 333 participants was chosen. Demographic information, as well as risk factors for HIV infection, were obtained through the application of a standardized questionnaire. A blood sample of 10 ml was taken from each participant. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used as a screening test for HIV, with the diagnosis being confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence. The overall prevalence for HIV in inmates was 5,7% (CI 95%: 3,2 – 8,2). All the variables identified as associated with HIV infection, through univariate analysis, were assessed by a logistic regression multivariate model, using the Baysian method. At the level of 5%, HIV infection was associated with history of sharing of needles/syringes and total time of punishment less than five years. Associations at the level of 10% were observed with the variables lack of circumcision, homosexuality and history of intravenous illicit drugs.

Emotions remain notably underexplored in both criminology and prisons research. This thesis sets out to address this problem by centralizing the importance of emotions in prison: especially the way prisoners express and regulate their affective states. To collect the data, 25 male and 25 female prisoners were 'shadowed', observed and interviewed across two prisons (HMP Send and HMP Ranby). Based on these findings, this thesis describes the emotional world of prisoners and their various 'affective' strategies. The three substantive chapters reveal the textured layers and various emotional states experienced by prisoners: first, at the level of the self (psychological); second, as existing between groups (social emotions); and, third, in relation to the physical environment (spatial). An individual substantive chapter is dedicated to each of these three levels of analysis. A primary finding was the prevalence of a wide range of 'emotion management' strategies among prisoners. One such strategy was emotion suppression, which was extremely salient among both men and women. While this emotion suppression was, in part, a product of pre-prison experiences it was also strongly influenced by institutional practices. Importantly, there was a strong correlation between prisoners who suppressed emotions and who were subsequently involved in violence (towards others, or inflicted upon themselves). A second key finding was the wide range of emotions that exist within, and are shaped by, different prison spaces-previous accounts have described prison as emotionally sterile, or characterised by anxiety and fear but this study develops the idea that prisons have an 'emotional geography' or affective 'map'. The study findings have implications for the 'emotional survivability' of our prisons; the need to open legitimate channels for emotional expression; and designing prisoners that are supportive, safe and secure establishments for prisoners to live in.

Trata-se de uma Revisão Integrativa da Literatura, com objetivo de identificar e analisar estudos que abordam a violência sofrida por mulheres antes do seu encarceramento. Procedeu-se à seleção dos estudos, por meio da utilização de três palavras-chaves: Mulheres, Prisões e Violência, junto às bases de dados:LILACS, PUBMED e PsycInfo. Delimitou-se estudos publicados nos últimos 5 anos. Dos 208 estudos recuperados, derivou-se uma amostra final de 16 estudos. Houve predomínio de pesquisas realizadas nos Estados Unidos. Identificaram alta prevalência de violência com as mulheres antes do encarceramento. Abordaram a violência interpessoal, durante a infância, quando adulto, por parceiro intimo e na comunidade. Essas experiências estão fortemente associadas aos problemas de saúde mental. Destaque para tentativa de suicídio, sintomas psicóticos, transtorno de estresse pós-traumático e abuso de substâncias. O tipo de violência na infância e a frequência em que ocorre, indicam importantes preditores ao agravo da saúde. As mulheres são mais revitimizadas se comparado aos homens, principalmente por abuso sexual, o que pode estar associado às múltiplas formas de abuso durante a vida. Geralmente o abusador é um membro da família ou o parceiro íntimo. A regulação emocional total tem um papel fundamental para as mulheres estarem mais vulneráveis àrevitimização e manterem comportamento sexual de risco. Os estudos sugeriram que os serviços de saúde considerem as experiências traumáticas e ofereçam tratamentos e intervenções específicas de gênero. Conclui- se que o abuso sexual e a violência intrafamiliar trouxeram maiores implicações na saúde das mulheres encarceradas. São necessárias iniciativas políticas e científicas, para desenvolver estratégias de intervenções específicas, para as mulheres encarceradas que sofreram violência antes do seu encarceramento / This is an Integrative Review of Literature, with the purpose of identify and analyze studies about the violence against women before incarceration. The study was selected through the use of three main words: Women, Prison and Violence, along with the databases: LILACS, PUBMED e PsycInfo. The studies were limited to publications from the past five years. From 208 recovered studies, a final sample of 16 studies was selected. Most of the researches were conducted in the United States. Identified high prevalence of violence against women before incarceration. They approached the interpersonal violence during childhood and adulthood, with an intimate partner and in the community. These experiences are strongly associated with problems of mental health. The studies highlighted suicide attempts, psychotic symptoms, post-traumatic stress disorder and substance abuse. The type of violence during childhood and the frequency that it occurs, indicates important predictors to health deterioration. Women are more revictimized compared to men, especiallyregarding for sexual abuse that might be associated to multiple forms of abuse during life. Usually the offender is a family member or an intimate partner. The emotional regulation plays an important role to women, making them more vulnerable to there victimization and maintaining a risky sexual behavior. The studies suggested the Health Serviceshould consider the traumatic experiences and offer specific treatments and interventions. In conclusion that sexual abuse and family violence brought major implications to the health of incarcerated women. It is necessary more political and scientific initiatives, to develop strategies of specific interventions, to incarcerated women that suffered violence before their incarceration

Thesis. 1977. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography : leaves 479-486. / Ph.D.

Thesis (MPA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2018 / The study was about the knowledge and attitudes of offenders towards the performance of medical male circumcision in prisons. The aim of the study was to determine and asses the knowledge and attitudes of offenders towards the performance of medical male circumcision in prisons. A quantitative study was conducted by using researcher-administered questionnaires at Leeuwkop Management area, maximum centre. A simple random sampling of two hundred and twenty-three male respondents was selected from all races and only two hundred and three managed to complete the questionnaires correctly. Data was analysed using Statistical package for the social sciences software program. Data was presented using descriptive and inferential statistics. More than half of the respondents were medically circumcised and less than half of the medically circumcised respondents had performed it in prisons. Most respondents were between the ages of 25-35 years and majority of them have shown fair knowledge and negative attitude towards the performance of medical male circumcision in prisons. It was recommended that thorough health education on the benefits of medical male circumcision should be stressed to offenders. For medical male circumcision programme to succeed, offenders should have adequate knowledge on male circumcision and its benefits.

This thesis examines seven crises at the Oregon State Penitentiary between 1866 and 1968 which are symptomatic of a larger pathology of power at play at the institution. These prison crises brought the pathology of power out from behind the thick grey walls of the institution and to the eyes and ears of an uninformed public. This arousal of such attention forced the prison to re-evaluate its penal model, enact half-hearted reforms, but then resume to the institution's traditional pattern and style of punishment. This inability to address the crises or resolve the immediate problem points to a larger problem-namely a pathology of power. The pathology of power is evident in the prison administration's abuse of the political, financial, and physical power that the prison offers. This pathology is innate to the philosophy of the institution, regardless of the penal model then in application (rehabilitative or disciplinary).

O objetivo geral do estudo foi analisar o controle da tuberculose em penitenciarias. Método: estudo misto sequencial explanatório. Na etapa 1, abordagem quantitativa, o cenário condiz às unidades prisionais paulistas e, a etapa 2, abordagem qualitativa, condiz com a penitenciária de Iperó. A etapa 1 foi um estudo descritivo utilizando dados dos casos de presos notificados com tuberculose no período 20102016, oriundos de fonte secundária TBweb, gerando um Banco de Dados do qual foram realizadas analises descritivas e de frequências simples no software SPSS 20.0 da IBM, e no Statistica 13.0 da Statsoft; a análise de tendência temporal foi realizada no software Stata/SE 14.0 considerando o método de auto regressão de Prais-Winsten. Na etapa 2 os dados foram produzidos por meio de entrevistas individuais, semi-dirigidas utilizando um roteiro, com oito profissionais de saúde selecionados por amostragem com propósito, e que executassem as ações para o manejo da tuberculose na penitenciária, há mais de seis meses. As entrevistas foram áudio-gravadas. Para a análise dos dados se utilizou os procedimentos da Teoria Fundamentada Construtivista. Estudo aprovado pelos Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo e pela Secretaria de Administração penitenciária do estado de São Paulo. Os resultados sinalizaram que 16.640 casos de tuberculose foram notificados no período, a grande maioria do sexo masculino. Eram casos novos 79% do total. Os casos eram majoritariamente pulmonares (95,8%), sendo 67,8% bacilíferos. Apresentaram tendências crescentes os que faziam uso de álcool e drogas. Foram descobertos por Demanda Ambulatorial 51,4% dos casos e 31,2% por Busca Ativa. Abandono e óbito não-tuberculose apresentaram tendências decrescentes. Os profissionais de saúde percebem que para controlar a doença devem \"Fazer bem meu trabalho\", sendo esta a categoria principal, a ser abordada em outras duas categorias: 1) Descobrir a doença: perceber aos presos que padecem e os sinais e sintomas daqueles que não querem ser descobertos; além de indagar na manifestação dos sintomas que relatam os presos a fim de verificar a presença ou não da doença; 2) Implicar-se no tratamento da doença: se esforçam para a cura do enfermo, os orientam a cumprir todo o tratamento, mesmo que isso também implique persuadi-lo e/ou intimidá-lo. Se considera que devido à presença significativa da forma pulmonar, faz-se premência de um ciclo de estratégias de detecção da enfermidade, assim como maior atenção a realização e finalização do tratamento. Mesmo que as diretrizes estejam bem estabelecidas nem sempre é possível operacionaliza-las. Apesar de dificuldades enfrentadas no processo de atenção, os profissionais de saúde não poupam esforços para o manejo da tuberculose / The overall objective of the study was to analyze the control of tuberculosis in penitentiaries. Method: explanatory sequential mixed study. In step 1, a quantitative approach, the scenario corresponds to the prison units of São Paulo, and step 2, a qualitative approach, corresponds to the Iperó penitentiary. Step 1 was a descriptive study using data regarding the cases of prisoners notified with tuberculosis in the period 2010-2016, collected from the secondary source TBweb. Descriptive analyzes were performed in SPSS 20.0 software, Statistica 13.0 from Statsoft and time trend analysis was performed on the Stata / SE 14.0 software considering the PraisWinsten self-regression method. In step 2, data were generated by semi-directed interviews to eight health professionals selected who performed the actions for the management of tuberculosis in the penitentiary for more than six months. The interviews were audio-taped. For data analysis, procedures of the Constructivist Grounded Theory were used. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committees of the Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing - University of São Paulo and the Secretariat of Penitentiary Administration of the state of São Paulo. The results indicated that 16,640 cases of tuberculosis were reported in the period, which vast majority of males. The new cases represented 79% of the total. The cases were mostly pulmonary (95.8%), 67.8% of which were bacilliferous. The alcohol and drugs\' use showed increased trends. Ambulatory Demand was responsible for the diagnosis of 51.4% of cases and Active Case Finding for 31.2%. Treatment default and nontuberculosis death presented decreasing trends. Health professionals perceive that in order to control the disease, they must \"Do my job well\", which was the main category, that was divided into two others: 1) Discovering the disease: perceiving the prisoners who get ill and the signs and symptoms of those who they do not want to be discovered; moreover, have to investigating the manifestation of the symptoms reported by the prisoners in order to verify the presence or not of the disease; 2) Involvement in the treatment of the disease: they put effort to cure the ill prisoner, give them orientation in order to complete all the treatment, even if this also involves persuading them and / or to coerced them. It is considered that due to the significant presence of the pulmonary form, a cycle of strategies of detection of the disease is made urgent, as well as greater attention the accomplishment and finalization of the treatment. Even if the guidelines are well established, it is not always possible to operationalize. Despite the difficulties faced in the care process, the health professionals do not spare efforts for the management of tuberculosis

Studies in the past few years have found that California has the highest recidivism rate in the nation. Until just a few decades ago, many did not believe that the rate of recidivism could be decreased for Robert Martinson’s 1974 study stated that “nothing worked” when trying to rehabilitate criminals. However, a renewed interest has proven that criminals can be rehabilitated. Thus, the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR), as well as various independent researchers have begun to study the effects of programming on inmates. This thesis evaluates various California in-prison and parole programs in order to determine if recidivism can be reduced, and if it can, how? Researching a CDCR study, as well as other independent studies, it can be concluded that California can reduce its recidivism rates and that there are various principles that will help to accomplish this. However, while various evaluated programs proved successful one cannot accurately determine how successful the programs are at reducing recidivism due to the problem posed by the selection effect. Therefore, while recidivism can be reduced and it appears that specific programs and principles will prove valuable in accomplishing this goal, more research should be conducted in order to determine whether the programs are successful or whether the success is due to the inmates enrolled.

The history of the prison system in the US is inextricably linked to Christianity. Penitentiary shares its root word, penitence, with repentance. Quakers and Congregationalists started the very first prisons because they viewed the corporal punishment of that time to be cruel (Graber 20). Even today, prisons are required to hire chaplains to make sure incarcerated people have the freedom to practice religion inside of the prison. The largest volunteer group serving incarcerated people is Prison Fellowship, an arm of the Religious Right which began in the 1970s and is now the largest faith based group of its kind1 (Prison Fellowship “Benefits”). Under the umbrella of Prison Fellowship, a pre-release program called InnerChange Freedom Initiative was developed with the specific goal of transforming incarcerated men in order to lower recidivism rates. The Religious Right claims to have positive effects on incarcerated people beyond cultivating spirituality, such as better rehabilitation and lower recidivism. However, their claims have not withstood scientific scrutiny. This begs the question, what are the effects of the Religious Right’s programming inside of prisons? The US prison system, created with the intent of protecting society from criminals, was developed primarily by straight, white, Christian men who intended the system to be for men. Every aspect of a resident’s life is controlled by someone else;

This study examined the effects of construction types on the indoor environment of selected prison facilities in the State of Texas. Three collocated facilities of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice were monitored for temperature, relative humidity and barometric pressure over a period of fifteen months. The objectives of the study were to examine the response of the built environment to the stressors of ambient conditions, characterize the influence of the construction method for each facility and study the responses of the occupants of the buildings. From the data, an apparent temperature was calculated and then compared to the data collected by the regional National Weather Service facility for ambient conditions. A relationship between the type of facility and the resulting indoor environmental conditions was established. The construction materials chosen for a particular facility affected not only the rate of heating of the indoor environment but also the maximum temperature, apparent temperature and thermal variation experienced by the occupants. The peak temperature and relative humidity were higher in the metal facilities when compared to the concrete facility. Therefore, the difference in occupant living conditions was considerable when the internal environmental conditions (temperature and humidity) were compared between construction types. The concrete construction also moderated the changes in the occupant environment through a lag of internal conditions behind those of the external environment. This resulted in a slower apparent temperature rise over the course of the day in the concrete buildings and a delay in the internal high temperature of the day. Finally, the data shows that measures of aggression vary with the seasonal changes, Increasing in the warming months and decreasing in the cooling months. This increase in the metal constructed facilities is greater than the rate of increase found in the concrete constructed facility.