L'architecte Alfred-Nicolas Normand est un oublié de l'histoire. Après quatre années d'études aux Beaux-Arts, il obtient le Grand Prix de Rome en 1846. Pensionnaire à la Villa Médicis durant les cinq années suivantes, il se confronte aux canons de l'Antiquité. Il réalise cinq Envois d'une grande qualité, parmi lesquels une étude de la maison du faune à Pompéi, et la restauration du Forum romain en un travail mêlant art, érudition et archéologie. Il sillonne l'Italie et la Grèce, constituant un portefeuille de modèles qui nourrira sa pratique architecturale. S'y ajoute un beau corpus de calotypes influencé par les modalités du dessin. De retour en France, Normand réalise un hötel pompéien pour le prince Jérôme Napoléon. Il y voit l'occasion d'appliquer les leçons reçues de Rome, élaborant une juste synthèse entre archéologie, modèles canoniques et vie moderne. Puis il se verra confié la réedification de la Colonne Vendôme, effaçant ainsi le traumatisme mal assumé de la Commune. Sa carrière se diversifie, entre architecture privée et construction édilitaire : chäteaux, hötels particulier, halle métallique, maison centrale de Rennes. Il représente ces générations brillantes mais sans relief qui répondent aux exigences institutionnellles; Alfred Normand, en tant que banal modèle de l'excellence, incarne une histoire des strates, une figure du transitoire / The architect Alfred-Nicolas Normand is forgotten by the history. After four year at the Beaux-Arts, he obtains the Grand Prix de Rome in 1846. He is student at the villa Medici for the five next years. He makes five Envois in high quality. One of them is the house of the Faun in Pompeii. He realizes a great Restoration of the Roman Forum. His works proposes a synthesis of art, erudition and archaeology. During his pension he is travelling acrosss Italy and is given a recent authorization to reach Greece. the boarding school is opportunity for Normand to find out and to experience all the forms of his art which are well abovethe competences taught by the Institute. He will feed upon all these influences his architectural skills. In 1851, he discovers the calotype process, and after that he is taking photographs of the monuments in their context. The observer would remark a relative ressemblance between his practice as drawer and as a photographer. As he wants the process to be clearly documentary, the shooting process is drastically influenced by the drawing codes and method standards. Back in France he realizes a antique style Villa for the Prince Jérôme Napoléon. Normand finds here the opportunity to apply the lessons learned from Roma : monumentality and sense of decor. He does a good mix between archaeology, canonical models and modern lifestyle. A few years after, he is been given the maintenance of the Colonne Vendôme. As this monument has been thrown down during the Commune events, the State puts him in charge of its restoration in order to erase this painful episode from the popular memory. Throughout his career he will be required to build private prestigious residences (castles and private mansions) for which he will request a varied vocabulary : medieval, neo-Renaissance or XVIIIth century. He also achivied numbers of tombs and honorific monuments. Thereafter he turns to work on the penal institution architecture. He is appointed to be responsible for the conception of the Maison Centrale of Rennes, a prison for a thousand women serving a long sentence. He turns the panoptical system into a wide central courtyard to which converge all the windows of the prison building. Alfred Normand, as recognized as he could be in his time, is one of the history's forgotten people. He is a good representative of these generations : brilliant, but whitout relief, that could fit perfectly the institutional needs. He personifies the inertia of a professional corps facing the modern societies' individualistic conception

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published_or_final_version / Sociology / Master / Master of Social Sciences

The subject of this study is long-term, contract-based relationships, demonstrated through a variety of cases in the music industry. An alternative legal approach, the hypothetical doctrine of unconscionably constructed contracts, is propounded, compared with existing law and tested against prominent and recent cases. Observational knowledge gained over fifteen years of experience and contact with writers, performers, managers, agents and lawyers, led to the study. Thus, that industry was specifically considered, although there may be other industries where the concept could be applied. Because the relationships discussed are vulnerable to breakdown causing costly litigation, current rules and doctrines may fall short of providing adequate advice and governance to a needy business class. Whatever the outcome, judicial ruling and cost to the various parties, cases with similar root cause and argument recur time and again, decade after decade. Neither side, creative nor corporate appears to learn enough from experience. Their inability to understand guidance and governance offered by the law is examined, as are other possible reasons for their apparent recalcitrance. Relevant areas of contract law are found to be undue influence, restraint of trade and inequality of bargaining power. Underlying judicial concern over public policy and unconscionable behaviour is recognised as important. Combined with the study of contract law theory and practices, is an examination of the nature of the parties, creative and corporate. Economic, personal and commercial factors which influence their behavioural patterns have been analysed. Economics analysis methodology combined with behavioural and personality analysis has led to an understanding of those aspects of long-term contractual conduct which are often the cause of relational breakdown. The music industry is seen to be receptive to improvements offered by thoughtfully structured law. The parties anticipate intervention and attempt to utilise rules of law in building and severing their obligation to each other. Therefore, it is believed here that the hypothetical doctrine offered would give tighter definition, resulting in better practice in the preparation of contracts and reduce the frequency of costly litigation.

This study examines elite discourse about crime and criminality in modern Mexico. This discourse was intimately connected to discussions of citizenship (and thus inclusion in the Mexican nation-state) which became increasingly important after Independence from Spain in 1821. Elites recognized that a broad, egalitarian definition of citizenship was a potent source of legitimation for a nation in the throes of self-definition. To these discussions of citizenship, discourse about crime and criminality added an effective counterpoint, identifying individuals and groups within the new nation that merited exclusion. Specifically, this study examines the emerging discourses of criminology and penology which attempted to bring a rational, even scientific approach to the long-standing problem of crime. These "liberal" discourses (and the criminal justice system they inspired) eschewed the overtly racist and classist legal legacy of Mexico's colonial past. However, despite their egalitarian pretensions, criminology and penology often rearticulated colonial social distinctions, first by covertly embedding traditional biases in a contradictory liberal rhetoric and later by legitimizing these prejudices with evolutionary science. Ultimately, little changed in post-Independence Mexican social relations: the poor, the indio, the mestizo continued to be excluded from participation in mainstream society, not because they were legally segregated as in the colonial period but because of their supposed criminality. Even Mexico's great social revolution generated few effective changes. Like their predecessors, revolutionary elites attempted to exploit the legitimizing potential of the criminal justice system but again without significantly redefining its basic clientele. The socially-marginal continued to pose a threat to public order and economic progress; thus they continued to be excluded from public life. Within this larger context, specific chapters also function as independent essays: chapter one examines the racist and classist subtexts embedded in post-Enlightenment, "classic" criminology; chapter two, the role of evolutionary science in legitimizing these subtexts; chapter three, the use of popular literary techniques in the construction of "scientific" criminology; chapter four, the place of prison reform in Mexican political discourse; and chapter five, the role of penal code reform in political legitimation.

This investigation into the rapid expansion of prison construction and mass incarceration in Eastern Kentucky under the leadership of Congressman and House Appropriations Committee Chairman Hal Rogers aims to determine why this policy has continued to be a viable political strategy for Rogers despite its apparent failure to advance social and economic development in the region. This analysis suggests that the Rogers Case can be used as a case study to greater understand the proliferation of political power available to elected officials in ANY district where the democratic incentive structure encourages politicians to represent the interests of private corporations and industries instead of constituents as long as they can count on their campaign contributions and the protection of their incumbencies.

The concept of space goes well beyond just buildings and infrastructure; it can represent feelings of attachment and belonging, it can interact with us and generate meaning. The built environment is not just the “backdrop” of our lives, but rather it plays a major role in them. In the state of California prisons have become a prominent element of our communal landscape, now housing 2.4 million Americans today. This paper explores prisons as a rich site of analysis in terms of how our built environment affects our daily lives. In order to delve into this analysis, I will explore sport-based programming in the prison context and how these programs can create alternative spaces to foster social capital and improve the relationship between the individual and his or her surroundings. In order to bring these theories to life, I conducted a case study through the Prison Education Project at The California Rehabilitation Center to explore the efficacy of academic soccer-based programs within this context specifically.

This dissertation originated out of a research interest in the role of moral-reasoning development in different types of crime. However, as this interest developed, it became apparent that the evidence that moral-reasoning development is differentially involved in different types of crime was a) somewhat weak and b) did not apply to all types of crime. In addition, as part of the developmental work for this dissertation, it was decided to re-analyze a previous Taiwanese study by the author. This reanalysis substantially supported what the previous research literature had indicated in terms of the, at best, modest role of moral-reasoning development in different types of crime. Furthermore, it was found that when the data were analysed ignoring the conventional moral norms that previous research had employed, there was evidence that question content had a role in differentiating different types of crime. This is at variance with structural approaches to moral-reasoning development. Taken together, these findings steered the development of this dissertation in the direction of social cognitive theories of deviant behaviour for which the research evidence is fairly compelling. Consequently, the dissertation moved from structural models of moral reasoning development to socio-cognitive explanations of why some offenders demonstrate a clear pattern of specialization in particular types of crime. This research aimed to assess different social cognitions about offending and moral reasoning ability and used them to predict characteristic types of offending. The participants were four hundreds and thirty two male (adult=302, juvenile= 130) prisoners incarcerated in seven correctional facilities in Taiwan. Based on the offenders' self-reported crime histories, crime specialism indexes (CSI) were calculated to represent offenders' crime propensities in drug abuse, theft, sexual and violent offending for each of respondents. Twenty-three of these respondents were questioned using semi-structural interviews. The qualitative aspect of the research was informed by interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). In addition to moral reasoning competence measured by Gibbs's SRM-SF, five additional social cognitions were investigated including 1) normative beliefs, 2) crime cognitive beliefs, 3) moral domain placement, 4) crime episode judgments, and 5) criminal-identity. It was hypothesized that different cognitive representations predict decisions about types of offences committed. Research questions were, 1) What are the relationships between moral reasoning ability in overall, individual moral value, age, crime episode judgments, and CSIs? a) Juvenile offenders operated at immature moral reasoning level, while adults predominantly exhibited at mature stages. b) No significant correlations emerged between sociomoral reflection moral score (SRMS) and CS Is, except a positive relationship found with the juvenile sexual CS!. c) Comparatively arrested development was found in both age offenders' property & law and legal/justice than the rest of three moral values. d) Except one in the juvenile drug taking (SRMS), and two in life and legal justice, as well as one significant correlations showed in the adult legal justice in sexual offending context, there was no relationship found between the trend of responses towards crime episode questions and moral reasoning ability. 2) What are the relationships between offenders' crime perceptions, evaluations and CS Is? a) Only drug CSI correlated positively with the criminal identity, while negative relationships were found with theft and sexual CSIs. b) A self approval tendency in normative beliefs was found in all but the juvenile sexual CSIs. c) A self endorsement tendency was observed in cognitive beliefs scale in the adult group. d) Findings indicated that there were two differences in the adult drug and theft CSIs, with those offenders thinking drug taking and stealing behaviour as personal discretions being higher in these two acts CSIs than those regarded these two crimes as moral domains, respectively. 3) Is it possible to predict CSIs from sociocognitive factors considered? Multiple-regressions indicated that content-oriented cognitive appraisals predicted types of criminal behaviour, while structural variables did not, with two exceptions. In the case of adult violence CSI two moral reasoning level indicators accounted for some additional variance. In the case of juvenile violence, SRMS accounted for some additional variance. But in this latter case, a higher level of moral reasoning was associated with greater specialisation in violence. In the qualitative research questions, research question 4) What are the relationships between offenders' crime perceptions, evaluations and offending behaviour? Interviewees tended to approve their own behaviour more, particularly when compared with other crime patterns. Most of interviewees showed appreciations of Gibbs's mature moral reasoning forms. This seems to contradict with what they had done to others. Despite the meanings behind laws were recognised they largely based their justifications on heteronymous moral thinking. 5) How do offenders' explain the above conflicts, if any? Drug abusers tended to see there was more consistent than conflict, For example, it is a personal prerogative issue. Although theft and violent offenders admitted conflicts present, the former group tended to justify with reasons, such as if they do not harm other physically, stealing is not that bad behaviour, while the latter indicated they only use violence under threatening or legitimate circumstances. Although relatively little information was elicited from sexual offender interviewees on this issue, conflicts were expressed by them. In summary, a self-serving yet other-blaming tendency was observed in cognitive evaluations both in qualitative and qualitative data. The more intensive an offender's involvement in a specific type of crime the more likely were they to evaluate this type of crime more positively, legitimately and less moral concerns involved then any of the other crime types. Moral reasoning may simply accommodate to offenders' progressively firm crime social cognitions. Based on the research findings, a crime cognitive whirlpool model was proposed. This is an idea that offenders are being pulled down (socio-cognitively strapped) to crimes. The model illustrates how a differential relationship between content and structural social knowledge develops for specific crime commitment. Future research should explore in greater depth the specificity and versatility of social cognitive reasoning in this context. Also, the factors which intervene between beliefs about what is good and good behaviour need to be understood better.

[pt] Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar experiências e práticas docentes que partem da exibição de filmes em escolas prisionais do Rio de Janeiro, apresentando uma reflexão sobre o lugar ocupado na prática docente por tais atividades, bem como a maneira como os estudantes entendem tais experiências e como transcorrem em um ambiente de privação de liberdade e priorização da segurança, em que convivem cotidianamente objetivos muitas vezes antagônicos, como punir e educar. Em função da imersão no campo de pesquisa, este trabalho é de tipo etnográfico, razão pela qual as notas de campo ganham espaço ao lado das análises de entrevistas. Foram registradas exibições e realizadas entrevistas com os docentes e discentes de escolas prisionais após as exibições. Além disso, apresentam-se dados do próprio sistema penitenciário que colaboram para verificarmos o quanto o Estado do Rio de Janeiro bem investindo para a garantia do direito à educação. Por ser a produção acadêmica acerca das práticas educacionais em ambientes de privação e restrição de liberdade, é possível que este trabalho contribua para os debates em torno da importância de práticas docentes na construção de uma educação para a liberdade. / [en] This dissertation intends analyze experiments and the teaching practices initiated with the exhibition of movies on the schools in prisons on Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, presenting a reflection on the place occupied in teaching practice for such activities, as well as the way the students understand such experiences and how that practices are put in place in an environment of deprivation of liberty and security prioritization in that coexist daily goals often antagonistic, such punish and educate. As it demanded immersion in the research field, this work is of ethnographic kind, which explains why the field notes have place among the analysis of the interviews. The movies exhibitions were registered and interviews were conducted with teachers and students of the prison education programs after the movies exhibition. Moreover, data from the correctional system are presented and it works together to verify how much the Rio de Janeiro s State is investing to guarantee the right to education. This is an academic work about educational practices in environments of deprivation of liberty therefore is possible which this work will contribute to discussions regarding the value of the teaching practices to constructing an education to the freedom.