Abstract Context: Online social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, and MySpace have become the preferred interaction, entertainment and socializing facility on the Internet. However, these social network services also bring privacy issues in more limelight than ever. Several privacy leakage problems are highlighted in the literature with a variety of suggested countermeasures. Most of these measures further add complexity and management overhead for the user. One ignored aspect with the architecture of online social networks is that they do not offer any mechanism to calculate the strength of relationship between individuals. This information is quite useful to identify possible privacy threats. Objectives: In this study, we identify users’ privacy concerns and their satisfaction regarding privacy control measures provided by online social networks. Furthermore, this study explores data mining techniques to predict the levels/intensity of friendship in online social networks. This study also proposes a technique to utilize predicted friendship levels for privacy preservation in a semi-automatic privacy framework. Methods: An online survey is conducted to analyze Facebook users’ concerns as well as their interaction behavior with their good friends. On the basis of survey results, an experiment is performed to justify practical demonstration of data mining phases. Results: We found that users are concerned to save their private data. As a precautionary measure, they restrain to show their private information on Facebook due to privacy leakage fears. Additionally, individuals also perform some actions which they also feel as privacy vulnerability. This study further identifies that the importance of interaction type varies while communication. This research also discovered, “mutual friends” and “profile visits”, the two non-interaction based estimation metrics. Finally, this study also found an excellent performance of J48 and Naïve Bayes algorithms to classify friendship levels. Conclusions: The users are not satisfied with the privacy measures provided by the online social networks. We establish that the online social networks should offer a privacy mechanism which does not require a lot of privacy control effort from the users. This study also concludes that factors such as current status, interaction type need to be considered with the interaction count method in order to improve its performance. Furthermore, data mining classification algorithms are tailor-made for the prediction of friendship levels.

This paper analyses the innovative digital money CBDC and its potential influence in Sweden and China with Privacy Calculus Model. The research aims to understand how e-krona and e-CNY will influence individual privacy in Sweden and China, and what the similarities and differences are. The e-krona and e-CNY will further reduce the usage of cash, which is the full-anonymous money. E-krona may not be full-anonymous, when it replaces some cash, the payment privacy also gets reduced. E-krona and e-CNY will both allow their central banks to have more control of transaction data. Compared to cash, privacy is reduced. Compared to other e-payments such as bank cards, individual privacy is more protected. The commercial organizations may have less access to transaction data with e-krona and e-CNY, there will be less targeted advertising, individuals will have more privacy. Swedish interviewees also trust the current payment tools. But they think e-krona could further improve the payment system. Chinese interviewees complain a lot about private payment companies, they think the change by e-CNY will be great. For personal interest, both sides have interests in e-krona/e-CNY. But Swedish interviewees are interested in e-krona due to the willingness to try new things. Chinese interviewees also mention that they are attracted by its free transaction fees, linking the isolated payment platforms.

Definition of privacy has changed by the changes and improvements in information and surveillance technologies. These changes and improvement need new legal decisions for new kinds of privacy invasions. This study explores the scope of privacy right, particularly when a technological surveillance has occurred by law enforcement agencies. It focuses in particular on increasing law enforcements' surveillance technologies and devices that have the potential to impact citizens' information privacy. These increasing changes in surveillance technologies have important implications both for law enforcements and citizens. This study also discusses increasing law enforcement surveillance for the public's security, changes of the laws that allow law enforcements to use new surveillance powers as a war on terrorism, and the citizens concerns of information privacy. A particular attention is given to the recent public opinion surveys which show citizens' increasing privacy concerns. Finally, a set of recommendations to figure out security-privacy debate and reduce the privacy concerns of the citizens is offered.

Purpose: The purpose of this thesis was to conduct a systematic literature review in the domain of permission marketing to provide a comprehensive future research agenda and policy recommendations. Design/methodology/approach: This research paper worked with a systematic literature review as a method, where articles will be selected, screened, reviewed, and synthesized. In total, the review included 61 studies. This study developed a detailed future research agenda in the form of the TCCM framework that can be followed to further explore the domain. Findings: Consistent throughout the literature has been that certain underlying factors have a crucial influence on the domain of permission marketing. Those factors include trust, transparency, control, and privacy concerns affecting the consent giving which then affects the permission marketing. Ultimately, these aspects led to considering the field from an ethical perspective and thus, guided the development of policy recommendations including ethical considerations where the perspectives of consumers and company were highlighted. Research limitations/implications: The conceptual model developed within this research paper was solely developed based on the gathered synthesized literature due to the time frame limitations. Future researchers are encouraged to validate the findings empirically. Furthermore, the researchers have developed a detailed future research agenda in the form of the TCCM framework that can be followed to further explore the domain. Practical implications: Reviewing the literature has led to the conclusion that policymaking is in need of some additions and improvements. Thus, the paper provides policy-making implications for practitioners from both an organizational standpoint, as well as a governmental one. Originality: The originality of this thesis is that it conducts a systematic summary and analysis of accessible field knowledge in order to provide a comprehensive overview of permission marketing antecedents, which was priorly lacking in the domain. Through the lenses of a systematic literature review, the outcomes of the thesis provide guidance as to the unique value proposition. To the best of the researcher's knowledge, this research is the only one that incorporates the method of systematic literature review within the domain and time frame of 15-01-2022 to 15-04-2022. Keywords: Permission Marketing, Privacy Concerns, Ethical Marketing, Trust, Transparency, Control, Consent, Personal Data Paper type: Systematic Literature review (SLR)

The growth of digital marketing has poses a challenge in the area of online privacy and ethical conduct. Internet users in Indonesia, a country with with an immense amount of Internet users, have suffered from many online privacy threats such as personal data trading and online scams. As previous studies have shown that users’ online protective behaviors are influenced by their level of concerns, this study aims to investigate the users’ concerns about their online privacy, as well as the motivations, with a focus on the e-commerce sector. The study used a context-based questionnaire method developed based on IUIPC, to investigate the level of concern and the motivations, as well as statistical correlation analysis to measure the influence of privacy awareness and Internet knowledge towards privacy concerns. The study was distributed to adult Internet users in Indonesia that use the Internet for e-commerce and have a minimum education level of high school. The results revealed that in general eight out of ten users are concerned about their personal data online. Specifically, in the privacy concerns dimension of Control, Collection, and Awareness, the users are most concerned about having control over their data and the collection of identifiable information, but less concerned about the absence of privacy policy and the collection of non-identifiable information such as their views and interest. The biggest reason for the users to feel concerned is the worry of data misuse such as fraud, whereas the reasons to be less concerned include applying self-protection online behavior, trust in the services used, and acceptance of trade-off and control loss. Finally, only the awareness of online fraud has shown a significant correlation to the level of privacy concerns out of six privacy awareness and Internet knowledge items assessed. / Tillväxten av digital marknadsföring har inneburit en utmaning när det gäller sekretess online och etiskt uppförande. Internetanvändare i Indonesien, ett land med en enorm mängd internetanvändare, har drabbats av många integritetshot på nätet som handel med personuppgifter och bedrägerier online. Eftersom tidigare studier har visat att användarnas skyddsbeteende online påverkas av deras oro, syftar denna studie till att undersöka användarnas oro för deras online integritet, såväl som motivationerna, med fokus på e-handelssektorn. Studien använde en kontextbaserad frågeformulärmetod utvecklad baserad på IUIPC, för att undersöka graden av oro och motivationerna, samt statistisk korrelationsanalys för att mäta inverkan av integritetsmedvetenhet och internetkunskap mot integritetsproblem. Studien distribuerades till vuxna internetanvändare i Indonesien som använder internet för e-handel och som har en lägsta utbildningsnivå på gymnasiet. Resultaten avslöjade att åtta av tio användare i allmänhet är oroliga över sina personuppgifter online. Specifikt när det gäller integritetsfrågorna för kontroll, insamling och medvetenhet är användarna mest oroade över att ha kontroll över sina data och insamlingen av identifierbar information, men mindre oroade över avsaknaden av integritetspolicy och insamlingen av icke-identifierbar information såsom deras åsikter och intresse. Den största anledningen till att användarna känner sig oroliga är oro för datamissbruk såsom bedrägeri, medan skälen att vara mindre oroliga inkluderar att tillämpa självskyddande onlinebeteende, förtroende för de tjänster som används och acceptera avvägningar och kontrollförlust. Slutligen har endast medvetenheten om onlinebedrägerier visat en signifikant korrelation till nivån av integritetsproblem av sex sekretessmedvetenhet och internetkunskapsobjekt som bedömts.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the different consumption attitudes of generation X & Y and their privacy concerns regards to company’s use of online behavior advertisement (hereafter referred to as OBA) Research questions: RQ1. What are the differences in consumption behavior between generations X and Y regarding the effect of OBA? RQ2. What are the differences between Generation X & Y regarding privacy concerns about OBA? Method: Due to this thesis’s purpose and research questions, a quantitative method was chosen which investigated 3 hypotheses that are used to answer the purpose and research questions. The survey was distributed through Facebook and led to the respondent group consisting of 281 respondents from both generations X & Y. The answers were analyzed by using t-tests in IBM SPSS 26. Conclusion: This thesis concluded that there is a significant difference between generation X & Y. Generation Y are less concerned about their privacy and have a more positive view of personalized content. Generation Y is more likely to click on advertisements that come up for them as well as appreciating adapted advertisements. This could explain why OBA has gained increased interest over the years from marketers and companies. The results also indicated that a majority never clear their web browser from cookies which is one of the cornerstones for OBA to work, which may indicate that both generations want customized content when using the internet and social media

Purpose: The purpose of this explanatory study was to explain how contextual targeting affects customer attitudes, privacy concerns, trust, and loyalty.  Literature Review: The reviewed literature included concepts that are important within the banking market. Such as attitude (cognitive, affective, and conative), privacy concerns, trust, and loyalty. Based on the literature review the authors proposed six hypotheses that together formed the research model.  Methodology: A positivistic and deductive research approach was adopted in the form of a quantitative research design. Primary data was collected through an online questionnaire created in Google Forms which generated a total of 132 responses. Descriptive statistics, Cronbach’s alpha, and Pearson's correlation stood as a basis to analyze and interpret the data. Lastly, regression analysis was conducted in order to address the authors' proposed hypotheses stemming from the literature review.  Findings: The study found that contextual targeting had a significant positive effect on the three components of attitudes, cognitive, affective, and conative. Contextual targeting did not have a significant positive effect on privacy concerns, rather a negative effect in this study. Trust and loyalty were significantly positively affected by contextual targeting. The findings implied that contextual targeting positively affected visibility, awareness, preferences among customers of banks as well as their final purchase decision. Also, that contextual targeting affected trust and loyalty towards banks positively implying the positive aspects of utilizing the marketing strategy.  Keywords - Contextual targeting, Attitudes, Cognitive, Affective, Conative, Privacy concerns, Trust, Loyalty

Mer och mer konsumentdata blir tillgängligt för marknadsförare vilket öppnar upp för individanpassad marknadsföring (IM) riktad mot konsumenter. Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka hur attityden till påverkas av personlig integritet samt hur attityden till IM skiljer sig mellan individer. Genom sju intervjuer med individer från Generation Y som har växt upp i linje med digitaliseringen och har tidigare erfarenhet av individanpassad marknadsföring, samlades information in som senare tolkades och analyserades. Studien påvisar att attityden till IM kan påverkas av personlig integritet på olika sätt, till exempel när individen inte är medveten om att datan har använts. Vidare visar studien att attityden till IM kan skilja sig mellan individer beroende på hur relevant ett meddelande är för mottagaren.

No description available.

Online behavioral targeting (OBT) are customized ad messages based on personal information to enhance advertising effectiveness. Greater personalization typically increases relevance but is also told to cause privacy concerns. This study examines the constructs of advertising engagement and advertising avoidance on Instagram. Using the Critical Incident Technique, it identifies a typology of the three antecedents of both engagement and avoidance: relevance, degree of personalization and traceability of data source. While a high degree of personalization and relevance was found to be prevalent in both engagement and avoidance scenarios, tractability of data source was identified as an ethical boundary for research subjects and a decisive criterium in whether privacy concerns were being raised. The results propose common trigger combinations for both engagement and avoidance scenarios, yet there are cases falling outside the norm with suggests that acceptance and reactions to OBT is a highly complex construct were many external variables and as well as personal character traits might be at play. / Online beteendeinriktning (OBT) är anpassade annonsmeddelanden baserat på personlig information för att förbättra reklameffektiviteten. Större personalisering ökar vanligtvis relevansen men indikerar också att orsaka integritetsproblem. Denna studie undersöker konstruktioner av reklamengagemang och reklamundvikande på Instagram. Med den kritiska incidenttekniken identifieras en typologi av de tre föregångarna för både engagemang och undvikande: relevans, grad av personalisering och spårbarhet av datakällan. Emedan en hög grad av personalisering och relevans befanns vara vanligt i både engagemangs- och undvikelsesscenarier, identifierades datakällans spårbarhet som en etisk gräns för forskningsämnen och ett avgörande kriterium för huruvida integritetshänsyn togs upp eller inte. Resultaten föreslår vanliga utlösarkombinationer för både engagemangs- och undvikelsesscenarier, men det existerar fall som faller utanför normen men antyder att acceptans och reaktioner på OBT är en mycket komplex konstruktion där många externa variabler och personliga karaktärsdrag står på spel.