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Traditional policies dictate that Black-White multiracial people conform to monoracial minority status arising from Hypodescent (the “One-Drop Rule”) and White privilege. Despite some social recognition of Black-White persons as multiracial, racial microaggressions persist in daily life. Subtle racist acts (Sue, Capodilupo, Torino, Bucceri, Holder, Nadal, & Esquilin, 2007b) negatively impact multiracial identity development. Since 2007, studies have increasingly focused on the impact of racial microaggressions on particular monoracial ethnic groups. Johnston and Nadal (2010) delineated general racial microaggressions for multiracial people. This project examines the effects of racial microaggressions on the multiracial identity development of 11 part-Black multiracial university students, including the concerns and challenges they face in familial, academic, and social racial identity formation. Data were analyzed through a typological analysis and Racial and Multiracial Microaggressions typologies (Johnston & Nadal, 2010; Sue et al., 2007b). Three themes arose: (a) the external societal pressure for the multiracial person to identify monoracially; (b) the internalized struggle within the mixed-race person to create a cohesive self-identity; and (c) the assertion of a multiracial identity. Participants experienced Racial Microaggressions (Sue, 2010a; Sue et al., 2007b), Multiracial Microaggressions (Johnston & Nadal, 2010), and Monoracial Stereotypes (Nadal, Wong, Griffin, Sriken, Vargas, Wideman, & Kolawole, 2011). Implications included encouraging a multiracial identity, educating the school community, and eliminating racial microaggressions and stereotypes.

As future holders of power, nurturing a critical consciousness among economically privileged populations is urgently needed as it could encourage them to actively challenge class oppression around them. Egyptian international school students typically belong to this population as they serve as vehicles that push for the interests of global capital in the Global South. Given that they tend to be isolated from the lived realities of most Egyptians, it is important to understand how to craft pedagogies that expose the privileged to the lived and structural realities that maintain class oppression. Given the limited research on this topic, this qualitative study explores means of employing Critical Pedagogical ethos and practices through a collaboratively designed curriculum that attempts to nurture their awareness, accountability, and efficacy. Utilizing interviews, photo elicitation tasks, ethnographic observations and teacher reflections, this study investigates the processes, pushback, and transformations of nine economically privileged high school students in two international schools in Cairo, as their teachers implement a curriculum on the intersection between social class and education in Egypt. Findings suggest that students went through transformations in their awareness of the other, their structural awareness, and imaginaries of action. However, their sense of accountability and recognition of the intertwine between their own positionalities and economic inequality, served as an obstacle against cultivating an analysis of systemic class oppression, causing a state of dissonance. Moreover, teachers’ findings demonstrate a tension between strong content knowledge and real-life interaction due to administrative constraints, and push for rethinking the potential of a critical curriculum by teachers who don’t identify as critical. The findings suggest using the international school as a microcosm of oppressive class dynamics, to help interrogate the self in relation to the other and the structural (both locally and globally), as well as a space to imagine and implementaction. It also has implications on how critical subject matter can be developed to help teachers address class inequality.

For companies legal privilege represents an essential bulwark against the state. In the case of internal investigations legal privilege is of prime importance to the companies. At crucial points of intersection the legal situation in the US differs from that of Germany. In the US, confidentiality is regarded with the aura of a Holy Grail, applying to in-house counsel and external lawyers alike. However, in Germany those privileges do not apply to in-house counsels and neither are they intended to apply to the corporate lawyer (so-called Syndikus). This is explained by Criminal Law policy arguments, which according to the author\'s opinion are not tenable. This essay represents solutions de lege lata and de lege ferenda, in order to at least include in-house lawyers (so-called Syndikus) within the scope of legal privilege. For this purpose, the author argues in favor of a partial adoption of the American way.

The United States Whistleblower Program’s inadequate protections have placed the privacy and confidentiality rights of United States taxpayers in a vulnerable state. By using the United States Whistleblower Program as an example, this paper seeks to illustrate the risk of eroding the confidentiality and privacy rights of the taxpayer, which is a risk that other national and international governments should likewise attempt to mitigate in their own whistleblower protection programs.

Education reform is shifting the landscape of New Orleans public schools, where alternative certification programs are thriving and changing the demographics of core teachers. This study follows a Teach for America (TFA) Corps Member from 2007 (just after the historic flooding from Hurricane Katrina) who brought a promise of innovation through idealism and green wisdom. The teacher’s preparation and motivations are shown to be problematic. Examining the assumptions and privileges that underlie the import of inexperienced talent to urban education systems, this study considers the ways that community voices have been lost or undervalued in New Orleans schools. The thesis tracks five unique student experiences in two schools over nine years, with accounts of the daily life of students and educators, some of whom are effective and make marked contributions to the community. The study concludes that care should be taken as reform continues to make schools better for kids.

Les avocats chinois d'aujourd'hui sont à la croisée des chemins, tiraillés entre une culture juridique inquisitoriale et un système de procédure qui se veut contradictoire ; entre les traditions juridiques chinoises toujours vivaces et le nouveau droit importé florissant ; et enfin, entre le monopole traditionnel de l'intérêt collectif et la reconnaissance de plus en plus grande de l'individu dans la société actuelle. Dans l'ancienne société chinoise où le système clanique et holiste tolère peu la notion de l'individu, la profession de Songshi, maître du procès, n'a jamais pu vivre sous le soleil. Pour la même raison, la profession d'avocat a subi le même sort pendant la période communiste pure et dure de la Chine. Aujourd'hui, la suprématie de l'intérêt collectif au détriment de l'intérêt de l'individu continue à engendrer pour l'avocat des risques professionnels particulièrement lourds à supporter, surtout quand l'avocat se tient en première ligne devant son client, pour affronter le procureur. Le conflit est poussé à l'extrême en ce qui concerne la défense pénale contre une accusation passible de la peine capitale, où l'avocat atteint le sommet de la noblesse de son ministère, tout en s'exposant le plus au danger face au Parquet. Pourquoi la société chinoise accorde--t--elle si peu de place à l'individu ? Pourquoi, en dépit du droit chinois érigé sur le modèle des grands codes européens, l'individu n'obtient--il toujours pas une place aussi légitime que dans les sociétés occidentales ? Et si la réponse se trouvait au plus profond de la société chinoise et de la mentalité juridique du peuple chinois ? / Chinese lawyers today are at a crossroads, torn between an inquisitorial legal culture and a procedural system which aims contradictory ; between Chinese legal traditions still alive and thriving imported new law, and finally, between the traditional monopoly of the public interest and recognition of more and more of the individuals in today society. In ancient Chinese society, where clan and holistic system tolerate little notion of the individual, the Songshi's profession, trial's master, was never able to live under the sun. For the same reason, the lawyer's profession had suffered the same fate during China's rough communist period. Today, the supremacy of the public interest at the expense of individual's interests continues to lead the lawyer on heavy professional hazards, especially when the lawyer stands in the front line for his client to face the prosecutor. The conflict is pushed to the extreme regarding criminal defence against a charge punishable by death, where the lawyer reached the top of the nobility of his ministry, while exposing the most danger, facing Parquet. Why does Chinese society leave so little room for the individual? Why, despite the Chinese law being modelled on the greatest European codes, individuals don't seem to gain a place as legitimate as in European societies ? What was, is and will be the relationship between the individual and the collective in a Chinese society ?

Die vorliegende Arbeit befaßt sich mit T-Helferzellen und ihren Interaktionen mit Gewebszellen, wie sie im gesunden Organismus und in Autoimmunerkrankungen auftreten. Es werden Fragen der Toleranzinduktion durch orale Gabe von Antigenen, speziell der oralen Verabreichung von Collagen II bei Patienten mit rheumatoider Arthritis diskutiert. Eine Immundeviation als Mittel, inflammatorische Th1-Zellantworten in anti-inflammatorische Th2-Zellantworten zu verwandeln, kann durch Eingriffe in die T-Zell-Signaltransduktion erreicht werden. Es werden neue Ansätze zu Mechanismen diskutiert, die das Immunprivileg des Zentralnervensystems gewährleisten. Die hirnresidenten Immunzellen, zu denen Mikrogliazellen und Astrozyten zählen, besitzen Eigenschaften, die eine Entzündung unwahrscheinlich machen. Sie müssen aktiviert werden, um Antigene präsentieren zu können. In organtypischen entorhinal-hippocampalen Schnittkulturen konnte gezeigt werden, dass Mikrogliazellen durch Th1-Zellen aktiviert, von Th2-Zellen hingegen deaktiviert werden. Die Möglichkeit, dass die Costimulation über CD80 oder CD86 differentielle Effekte auf den Charakter der Immunantwort hat, wird diskutiert. Der Einfluß von pro-inflammatorischen Zytokinen auf Mikrogliaaktivierung und den Erhalt von Nervenfasern wurde ebenfalls in Hirnschnittkulturen untersucht. Astrozyten sind wesentlicher Bestandteil der Blut-Hirn-Schranke. Diese kann jedoch von aktivierten T-Zellen überwunden werden. In dieser Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass Astrozyten über eine Expression von CD95L in aktivierten T-Zellen Apoptose induzieren können. Davon sind jedoch nicht alle T-Zellen betroffen. Andererseits wird eine T-Zellproliferation unterdrückt, indem T-Zellen unter Astrozyteneinfluß verstärkt CTLA-4 exprimieren, was einen Zellzyklusarrest zur Folge hat. Darüber hinaus ist eine verstärkte Produktion von Nervenwachstumfaktor (NGF; nerve growth factor) nach antigenspezifischer Interaktion von Astrozyten mit Th1- und Th2-Zellen als zusätzliches Mittel, eine Neuroinflammation einzudämmen, anzusehen. Die Arbeit stellt diese Ergebnisse in fünf Kapiteln dar, welche gleichzeitig eine Einführung in die als Anlagen enthaltenen zehn Publikationen geben. / This thesis deals with T helper cells and their interactions with tissue cells as they occur in the healthy organism and in autoimmune diseases. Questions of tolerance induction by oral application of antigens are discussed especially oral treatment with type II collagen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In order to transform inflammatory Th1 responses into anti-inflammatory Th2 responses, immune deviation can be reached by interference with T-cell signal transduction. New approaches towards the different ways that the immune privilege of the central nervous system is maintained are discussed. The resident immune cells, i.e. microglia and astrocytes possess properties that make inflammation unlikely. They have to be activated in order to present antigens. It has been shown in organotypic entorhinal-hippocampal slice cultures that Th1 cells activate whereas Th2 cells deactivate microglial cells. The possibility is discussed as to whether costimulation via CD80 or CD86 differentially influences the character of the immune response. The influence of pro-inflammatory cytokines on microglial activation and preservation of nerve fibers has also been studied in brain slice cultures. Astrocytes are an essential part of the blood-brain barrier, which can be crossed by activated T cells. The thesis shows that astrocytes can induce apoptosis in activated T cells via expression of CD95L. However, not all T cells are affected. T cell proliferation is suppressed by increased CTLA-4 expression in T cells under the influence of astrocytes, resulting in a cell cycle arrest. An additional mechanism of confining neuroinflammation is increased production of the nerve growth factor (NGF) following antigen-specific interaction of astrocytes and Th1 and Th2 cells, respectively. These results are presented in five chapters that also introduce the ten attached publications.