Cette thèse, consacrée à la représentation des problèmes et contradictions architecturaux dans la phase amont de la conception, s’inscrit dans la problématique de l’agentivité potentielle de cette phase pour concevoir des concepts et des solutions innovantes. En tant qu’une recherche interdisciplinaire, cette thèse a pour ambition de contribuer aux recherches visant l’appropriation de parts de connaissances élaborées par la TRIZ dans le savoir architectural. Elle se développe donc en transversalité en examinant la possibilité d’appliquer IDM-TRIZ, son ontologie et son formalisme de représentation de contradiction dans les phases amont de la conception architecturale. L’objectif principal est d’évaluer les apports du concept de contradiction de la théorie TRIZ à l’énoncé des problèmes et des contradictions du projet architectural. Si l’accent est mis sur cet objectif, l’évaluation des apports des techniques et outils de la résolution de contradiction de TRIZ en préconception architecturale constitue l’objectif secondaire de cette étude. Ainsi, la contribution scientifique espérée de notre recherche consiste à examiner des apports éventuels de la notion de contradiction au sens TRIZ à la fois comme stratégie conceptuelle en architecture guidant la recherche et la structuration des informations et comme modèle d’interprétation et de représentation des éléments fondamentaux de la conception, à savoir les objectifs, les contraintes et les solutions en phase amont du processus de conception. Un projet réel a été choisi comme l’objet de l’étude empirique effectuée dans le cadre de la thèse. Deux résultats principaux de cette étude sont a) un ensemble des objectifs, des contraintes et des scénarios sous forme de contradiction à travers le Graphe Problèmes – Solution Partielles ; b) un ensemble de dix concepts de solution pour une contradiction du projet liée au problème identifié comme le problème clé. Ces résultats ont été évalués à travers une série d’entretiens semi-directifs avec treize architectes. Ces résultats ainsi que deux questionnaires L’évaluation des résultats montre I) la possibilité d’énoncer les objectifs, les contraintes et les propositions du projet sous forme de contradiction à travers le Graphe Problèmes – Solution Partielles (avec 92.3 % de réponse positive pour ceux qui concernent la fonction et la forme ; et 85 % pour ceux concernant l’économie et le temps); II) la contribution significative du Graphe de Problèmes aux qualités de la clarté des énoncés de problèmes; à la traçabilité des problèmes et à la l’intégralité de la présentation de l’Espace de problèmes ; III) que l’ensemble de techniques et d’outils de TRIZ pourrait contribuer à la génération des concepts de solution en phase amont de la conception architecturale. Le taux d’affirmation varie selon le concept évalué ; cependant, ils attestent la pertinence (avec une moyenne de 58 % d’affirmation) et l’intérêt (avec une moyenne de 67 % d’affirmation) des concepts.La conclusion de la thèse porte sur l’intérêt et l’inconvénient de l’usage du concept de contradiction de TRIZ comme stratégie conceptuelle de la construction de l’Espace de problèmes architecturaux en phase amont de la conception architecturale. De même, elle présente certaines réflexions sur les limites de TRIZ pour une application architecturale. Une discussion est menée sur les développements requis dans IDM-TRIZ pour mieux s’adapter à la pratique architecturale et mieux s’intégrer aux recherches courantes en programmation architecturale. En mettant la contribution de la thèse dans le champ plus large de l’appropriation de parts de connaissances élaborées par la TRIZ dans le savoir architectural, la conclusion se termine par la proposition de certaines pistes d’exploration qui désignent une perspective pour la recherche ultérieure sur les apports potentiels de la TRIZ en conception architecturale. / This thesis is devoted to the representation of architectural problems and contradictions in the early phase of architectural design process. It also focuses on its potential agency to generate new concepts and innovative solutions. This thesis aims to contribute to the research on knowledge transfer from TRIZ to architectural design methodologies. It is a cross-disciplinary study on the applicability of IDM-TRIZ, its ontology and formalism in the early phases of an architectural design. The main objective of this dissertation is to evaluate the contributions of the concept of contradiction of the TRIZ theory to problem and contradiction statement in architectural projects. The secondary objective of this study is to evaluate the contribution of the TRIZ techniques and their tools to architectural contradiction solving. Thereby, the expected scientific contributions of this research is to examine the concept of contradiction as a conceptual strategy for seeking and structuring the information about a project and as a model for interpretation and representation of the objectives, constraints, and alternative solutions in the early phases of the architectural design process.In our empirical study, the IDM-TRIZ method is applied to an architectural program of a real project and has produced two results: A) a structured set of the objectives, constraints, requirements and the alternative solutions of this program presented as contradiction by using Problem Graph, B) a set of ten concepts of solution to resolve one of the contradictions related to the problem identified as the core problem of the project. These results were evaluated through a series of semi-structured interviews. This evaluation shows that I) it is possible to represent the objectives, constraints, and alternative solutions of an architectural project as contradiction by the Problem Graph (with 92.3% positive response for the elements concerning form and function, and 85% for those concerning economy and time), II) the contribution of the Problem Graph to the program qualities, such as clarity of problem statement; traceability of problems and the entirety of the Problems space, is significant, and, III) the TRIZ techniques and their tools could contribute to concept generation in the early phases of architectural designs. The evaluation is different for each concept, but it attests the relevance of the concepts (with an average of 58%) and their interest (with an average of 67%). The findings of this thesis discusses the advantages and the disadvantages of the use of TRIZ concept of contradiction as a conceptual strategy for building the Problem space in the early phases of architectural designs. The conclusion presents some thoughts on TRIZ limitations for an architectural endeavor as well as some perspectives for further research aiming integrating the TRIZ into current research in architectural design. Also, some further developments in the IDM-TRIZ which allows better adapting to architectural practice are discussed.

Orientador: Douglas Altamiro Consolo / Resumo: Neste trabalho investiga-se a abordagem de avaliação da proficiência oral do professor de línguas estrangeiras empregado por um exame brasileiro voltado a essa finalidade específica, o EPPLE – Exame de Proficiência para Professores de Línguas Estrangeiras. O estudo tem por objetivo propor uma abordagem que atenda a necessidades levantadas pela literatura da área acerca da importância da democratização e transparência do processo avaliativo e do emprego de processos decisórios que garantam os princípios de validade sem causar interferências na praticidade das avaliações. Assim, a abordagem proposta subordina-se à elaboração de uma escala de mensuração e à reestruturação da escala de proficiência do exame, agregando-se a opinião de usuários com diferentes graus de especialidade sobre a avaliação de proficiência. Trata-se, portanto, de um estudo de caso de natureza híbrida e cunho exploratório-descritivo que se utiliza de dados secundários e primários para auxiliar a investigação. Os dados secundários consistem em estudos e documentos sobre a caracterização da proficiência linguística para finalidades gerais e para finalidades de ensino, bem como sobre a avaliação dessas proficiências; em dados de fala do teste oral do EPPLE referentes à participação de formandos em Letras de uma universidade pública paulista e de duas universidades públicas mineiras, na qualidade de candidatos ao exame, nos anos de 2015 e 2017; e nos respectivos conceitos atribuídos aos candidatos, seguindo-se ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research study investigates the assessment model used by a teaching-oriented language examination, the EPPLE – Proficiency Examination for Foreign Language Teachers, in the assessment of foreign language teachers’ oral proficiency. We aim at evaluating the model used by the oral test and proposing a new one that meets current concerns raised by the literature regarding the importance of democratizing the assessment process, guaranteeing transparency and using decision models that assure validity principles without causing interferences in the test’s practicality. Therefore, the model we propose relies on the reorganization of the oral proficiency scale used in the exam through the inclusion of its stakeholders’ opinions. The investigation conducted consists on a quali-quantitative and exploratory-descriptive case study that uses primary and secondary data. Secondary data consist of research studies and documents on the concept of general and teaching purpose language proficiency; speaking data from candidates to the oral test of the EPPLE examination; as well as the respective rates assigned to such candidates according to the proficiency scale used in the exam. The candidates to the EPPLE examination that participate in this study are Letters course undergraduate students from Brazilian public universities, one located in the state of São Paulo and two in the state of Minas Gerais, in the years of 2015 and 2017. Primary data, on the other hand, consist of the answers ob... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Un projet de développement d’une nouvelle installation pétrolière est lancé lorsque des études d’exploration et d’appréciation estiment que l’exploitation du gisement d’hydrocarbures découvert sera suffisamment rentable. La taille des projets rencontrés en industrie pétrolière impose de les découper en plusieurs périmètres. Chaque périmètre est attribué à un contracteur avec un type de contrat particulier, formant ainsi la stratégie contractuelle du projet. Durant le processus de sélection de la stratégie contractuelle, les entreprises pétrolières font face à trois difficultés récurrentes : 1) l’identification et la génération d’un nombre raisonnable et pertinent d’alternatives ; 2) l’évaluation des alternatives réalisables, qui dépendent de critères d’échelles et de natures différentes ; et enfin, 3) le besoin de justifier la solution proposée. La problématique de recherche est donc de concevoir une méthodologie d’aide à l’élaboration et la sélection de la stratégie contractuelle des projets de développement. Elle devra être la plus adaptée non seulement en termes de performances coûts, délais, mais devra également tenir compte des risques associés à ces performances. De plus, les interfaces entre contrats devront être considérées, car la performance collective de la stratégie peut être dégradée par rapport aux performances individuelles de chaque contrat. Ainsi, notre travail de recherche vise à mettre en place des solutions à la fois techniques et pratiques pour d'une part répondre à la question d'identification et de génération d'un ensemble pertinent d'alternatives de contrats et de stratégies contractuelles. D'autre part, construire et mettre en œuvre un système d’estimation et évaluation, permettant d’arriver à une proposition de stratégie contractuelle la plus performante pour le projet de développement. / A development project of a new oil and gas facility starts when the exploration and the appraisal studies estimate the exploitation of the hydrocarbon deposit is economically viable. The complexity and the size of the projects encountered in the industry impose to split them into several pieces, which represent the scope of future contracts. Each scope is then awarded to a contractor with a specific type of contract and selection mode, forming the contractual strategy to adopt in the project. During the contractual strategy selection process, oil companies encounters three recurring difficulties related to: 1) the identification of a reasonable and relevant set of alternatives; 2) the evaluation of potential alternatives, which depends on criteria from different scales and natures; and, 3) the need to substantiate the chosen contractual strategy solution. The research problem is to propose a decision aiding methodology for the development and selection of the most appropriate contractual strategy. It has to be the most performing in terms of cost and schedule, but should also consider the risks associated with these performances. In addition, the interfaces between the different contracts should also be considered, because the collective performance of the whole strategy may be degraded compared to the performance of each individual contract. Thereby, our work seeks to implement both technical and practical solutions to answer on the one hand the question of identification and generation of a relevant set of alternatives, at contracts and contractual strategy levels. On the other hand, to build and implement a system of estimation and evaluation of contractual strategies, allowing to come up with the most performing proposal to the upstream development project.

Cette thèse porte sur l’aide à la décision dans un contexte décisionnel très complexe. Classiquement, pour résoudre de telles situations, on utilise des méthodes de structuration de problèmes. Cependant ces méthodes bien qu’appliquées dans le cadre multi acteur ou dans les décisions de groupe, n’aboutissent pas toujours à des résultats directement exploitables dans un modèle d’évaluation. Ou, lorsque c’est le cas, les données obtenues par structuration sont utilisées comme si elles provenaient d’un seul décideur, tendant à réduire par conséquent l'efficacité de la décision prise et son adhésion publique. Dans cette thèse nous nous sommes attelés à concevoir un modèle d’intégration d’outils conciliant le choix approprié d’outils de structuration pour les décisions de groupe et son exploitation efficace dans un modèle d’évaluation multicritère. En particulier nous nous sommes focalisés sur les modalités du passage des cartes cognitives aux arbres de valeurs. Ensuite nous avons appliqué notre démarche sur le cas pratique du projet ’’AIde à la Décision pour l'identification et l'accompagnement aux transformations sociétales induites par les nouvelles technologies de l'Hydrogène’’ (AIDHY). Enfin, la dernière partie de notre thèse est axée sur l’apport d’une modélisation multicritère pour appréhender formellement le problème d’évaluation des scénarios, formulé comme un problème de tri multicritère. Par conséquent, nous avons construit une méthode permettant d’observer et de paramétrer le comportement des invariants d’une acceptabilité sociale en général, par le biais d’une d’analyse de sensibilité à partir du cas de l’hydrogène énergie. / This thesis focuses on decision support in a very complex decision-making context. Typically, to solve such situations, methods of problem structuring are used. However, these methods although applied in the multi-stakeholder framework or group decisions do not always lead to results directly used in a valuation model. Even when this is the case, the data obtained by problem structuring are used as if they came from a single decision maker, thus tending to reduce the effectiveness of the decision and its popular support. In this thesis we attempted to develop a model that incorporates tools that reconcile the appropriate choice of tools for structuring group decision choice and its effective operation in a model of multi-criteria evaluation. In particular, we focused on how processing cognitive maps into value trees. Then we have applied our approach to the practical case of the ‘‘AIDHY” project. Finally, the last part of the thesis is focused on providing a multi-criteria modeling to formally approach the problem of evaluating scenarios, formulated as a multi-criteria sorting problem. Therefore, we constructed a method to observe and configure the behavior of invariants of social acceptability in general, through a sensitivity analysis based on the case of hydrogen energy.

Submitted by Joaquim Heck (joaquimheck@uol.com.br) on 2018-03-06T23:24:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF_CDAE_Tese_Joaquim_Heck.pdf: 10473820 bytes, checksum: ad23dda74b39a1cdacaf8ac5345e3c9d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Debora Nunes Ferreira (debora.nunes@fgv.br) on 2018-03-07T12:33:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF_CDAE_Tese_Joaquim_Heck.pdf: 10473820 bytes, checksum: ad23dda74b39a1cdacaf8ac5345e3c9d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-07T12:39:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF_CDAE_Tese_Joaquim_Heck.pdf: 10473820 bytes, checksum: ad23dda74b39a1cdacaf8ac5345e3c9d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 / Esta tese apresenta os resultados de um estudo em metodologia que estabeleceu um novo método específico de análise documental e histórica, denominado cartografia estrutural para revisão de literatura, e que foi aplicado de forma experimental no estudo histórico de um tema da área de Pesquisa Operacional, os Problem Structuring Methods (PSMs). A cartografia estrutural para revisão de literatura é um método rigoroso e interdisciplinar que revela a estrutura subjacente à uma literatura por meio dos conceitos metodológicos encontrados em pesquisa documental, pesquisa histórica, Teoria dos Grafos, Análise de redes de citações e Cartografia. Verificou-se, a partir dessa interdisciplinaridade, que as relações entre diferentes autores, de diferentes épocas e que publicaram em diferentes periódicos são essenciais para aprofundar a compreensão e familiarizar o pesquisador com uma determinada área do conhecimento. Depois de introduzir a natureza básica da indexação de citações e da análise de rede, esse estudo apresenta a elaboração de um atlas bibliográfico, formado por mapas visuais e diagramas. A aplicação desse método resultou na composição do atlas bibliográfico sobre os PSMs no período de 1950 a 1989. O mapeamento de ideias e conceitos em um arranjo organizado, obtido pela análise exploratória de uma rede de citações longitudinal, assegura familiaridade com os conceitos constitutivos dos PSMs. O atlas bibliográfico é constituído por três análises principais: a exploração da abrangência panorâmica, a das referências e a dos periódicos. Esse estudo fornece subsídios para uma reflexão importante sobre a noção de unidade dos PSMs e a coesão de seus conceitos constituintes encontrada em seus precedentes teóricos. Finalmente, o método de cartografia estrutural possibilita realizar uma revisão de literatura sofisticada, bem como identificar temas fundamentais para futuras pesquisas mais produtivas. / This thesis presents the results of a methodological study that has established a specific method of historical and documental investigation, denominated structural cartography for literature review, which was experimentally applied in the study of Problem Structuring Methods (PSMs) history. Structural cartography for literature review is a rigorous and interdisciplinary method that reveals the underlying structure of a field literature through the methodological notions found in historical research, documental investigation, Graph Theory, and its subfield of citation network analysis, and Cartography. Due to its interdisciplinarity, it becomes clear that the relations between different authors, from different periods of time and from different media are essential to familiarize scholars with their fields of knowledge. After introducing the basic concepts of citation indexing and network analysis, this study shows how to build a bibliographic atlas composed of visual maps and diagrams. The application of this method resulted in the bibliographic atlas on the PSMs from 1950 to 1989. The mapping of ideas and concepts in an organized arrangement, which is obtained by the analysis of a longitudinal exploratory citation network, ensures familiarity with primitive concepts. The bibliographic atlas is composed by three main analysis: the exploration of coverage, of sources and of media. Moreover, this study provided insights for an important reflection on the notion of PSMs unity and the cohesion of their constituent concepts found in their theoretical precedents. Finally, the method of structural cartography for literature review made possible to conduct sophisticate literature review and has provided substantial themes for future research.

Submitted by Efrem Maranhão Filho (efremfilho@gmail.com) on 2013-03-08T18:52:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 teseDoutoradoEfrem.pdf: 4695587 bytes, checksum: 70cbab7e35da687c5b0830b63dcd7115 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão (vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2013-03-08T19:45:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 teseDoutoradoEfrem.pdf: 4695587 bytes, checksum: 70cbab7e35da687c5b0830b63dcd7115 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-03-08T19:46:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 teseDoutoradoEfrem.pdf: 4695587 bytes, checksum: 70cbab7e35da687c5b0830b63dcd7115 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-07 / Multidisciplinary in decision-making undergoes the same specificities of any multidisciplinary field. Very often, the lack of communication generates problems and some different approaches can be found in other areas of expertise. The Problem Structuring Methods offers answers for current queries in business administration schools, being particularly useful when used in a multimethodological approach with others current methods. Having the Soft Systems Methodology – SSM – as the core, and the merged with Strategic Options Development and Analysis in the process, Georgiou (2012) presents the Systemic Planning in the latest configuration. Aiming to seek a computational tool that meets the assumptions of the SSM, and which incorporates the specifications of the configuration of Systemic Planning, here are defined a Notation for the method and a formalization of the existing communications between the elements, subsystems, system and environment and thus find a possible way of control the use of the method in a iteratively mode. In order to demonstrate such use of the Systemic Planning, A real case analysis is presented and shows the difficulties encountered in using the Notation defined and the Formalization of the communication. Subsequently, a design of a modular computational tool, and which can be used integrated with other tools of other methods, is presented. The contribution achieved are advances in the patterns in the use of SSM tools, presented the systemic aspects of the Systemic Planning, a demonstration of the iterative use and a blueprint for a computer tool. / A multidisciplinaridade da tomada de decisão sofre com as peculiaridades de qualquer campo multidisciplinar. A falta de comunicação, muitas vezes, gera problemas e as respostas que podem ser encontradas dentro de outras áreas. Os Métodos de Estruturação de Problemas são respostas para os questionamentos atuais nas escolas de administração e negócios, principalmente o uso multimetodológico destes com outros métodos. Tendo o Soft Systems Metholodogy – SSM – como base, e a incorporação do Strategic Options Development and Analysis – SODA – ao processo do SSM, Georgiou (2012) apresenta o Planejamento Sistêmico em sua configuração mais recente. Visando buscar uma ferramenta computacional que atenda os pressupostos do SSM, e que incorpore as especificações da configuração do Planejamento Sistêmico, definem-se uma notação para o método e uma formalização das para as comunicações existentes entre os elementos, subsistemas, sistema e ambiente e, com isso, torna-se possível controlar o uso do método de forma iterativa. Para demonstrar tal uso, apresenta-se uma análise de um caso real e demonstra as dificuldades encontradas na utilização da Notação e Comunicação definida. Posteriormente, apresenta-se um desenho técnico de uma ferramenta computacional modular e que pode ser usada de forma integrada com outras ferramentas de outros métodos. Como resultado, têm-se o avanço na definição de padrões no uso das ferramentas do SSM, na apresentação dos aspectos sistêmicos do Planejamento Sistêmico, na apresentação de um uso iterativo do método e na apresentação de um desenho técnico para uma ferramenta computacional.

The reported research provides a rough guide to the best practice of decision modeling concerning urban pipeline systems’ rehabilitation. The thesis aims to bring attention to the fact that a proper decision-making model is a cornerstone for efficient infrastructure management. More precisely, this thesis aims to increase the knowledge about applicable decision support methods by identifying relevant factors that should be considered in the decision-making process. This can, facilitate future rehabilitation attempts of existing urban infrastructure. A utility-based decision model was adopted for a water distribution network in Sweden to locate and rehabilitate leakages as an ultimate sign of failure. This was performed by implementing and evaluating a Bayesian decision model including the treatment of uncertainties in evaluating the best decision from a short-term perspective. Despite its simplicity, the result showed that the proposed model could facilitate problem-solving approaches when uncertainty is an issue. Considering the several interacting factors of services and the availability of information, the importance of problem structuring before applying a decision model was extensively acknowledged. As a result, a conceptual decision model was proposed to choose the most appropriate decision model applicable for a particular problem in the essence of deciding how to decide. The presented model illustrated the first steps of developing a theoretical framework for a rational yet practical decisionmaking. This approach, which is aimed to be further employed in rehabilitation strategies of urban pipelines, ensures that the chosen decision technique has explicitly considered different levels of uncertainty and would be the best-established solution for a particular type of problem, organization, and stakeholder. This effort may help the decision analysts define the problem and elicit objectives and values relatively early in the decision-making to ensure that decisions to be selected would support the desired outcomes, actions, and core values. Then, a critical evaluation of the decision strategy was presented by comparing the performed Bayesian approach with the proposed conceptual model. Then so, it was shown that the choice of the decision model is dissimilar if the presented specific basic components vary. This was performed by presenting two semi-fictitious case studies, exemplifying the framework’s importance in structuring the assessment of available means. / Forskningen som redovisas i denna uppsats utgör en översiktlig guide till en praktisktillämpning av beslutsmodellering gällande underhåll av urbana ledningssystem.Syftet med licentiatuppsatsen är att betona att en korrekt modell för beslutsfat-tande är nödvändig för en effektiv förvaltning av infrastruktur. Mer specifikt ärmålet att öka kunskapen om tillämpbara beslutsstödsmetoder genom att identifiera relevanta faktorer som bör beaktas i beslutsprocessen. Det förväntas underlätta framtida underhållsaktiveter för befintlig urban infrastruktur. En nyttobaserad beslutsmodell för åtgärdsplanering har applicerats på en del av ettsvenskt vattenledningssystem, där läckage är den kritiska händelse som hanteras.Modellen baserad på Bayesiansk beslutsteori har implementerats och utvärderatsmed avseende på hantering av osäkerheter och beslutsoptimering ur ett korttidsper-spektiv. Trots modellens enkelhet visar resultatet att den kan underlätta metodvalför problemlösning när det råder osäkerheter i förutsättningarna. Vikten av en tydlig och strukturerad problembeskrivning inför tillämpningen av enbeslutsmodell bekräftas, där beaktande av interaktioner mellan ibland flera faktoreri systemets funktion och den tillgängliga informationen är viktig. Som ett resultatföreslås en konceptuell metod för att välja den mest lämpliga beslutsmodellen förett specifikt problem med syftet att besluta hur man bör besluta. Den presenter-ade metoden utgör ett första steg i utvecklingen av ett teoretiskt ramverk för ettrationellt och samtidigt praktiskt beslutsfattande. Arbetet hjälper beslutsfattarenatt strukturera problemet och lyfta syftet och värden tidigt i beslutsfattandet föratt säkerställa att tagna beslut stödjer eftersökta utfall, åtgärder och kärnvärden. Vidare har en kritisk utvärdering av beslutsstrategier presenterats som en jämförelsemellan den Bayesianska beslutsmodellen och den konceptuella metoden. Den visaratt valet av beslutsmodell skiljer sig om de grundläggande förutsättningarna ärolika. Utvärderingen baseras på två semifiktiva fallstudier som visar på vikten avstrukturering i bedömningen av tillgänglig information och tillgängliga resurser. / <p>2022-10-24</p> / Mistra InfraMaint