A indústria de papel e celulose passa por constantes desafios para solucionar problemas relacionados ao alto consumo de água industrial. Uma alternativa é utilizar ferramentas como a Integração de Processos, onde é possível aplicar técnicas gráficas como o \"Water Pinch\" ou técnicas com programação matemática para otimizar o circuito de água. Para contribuir com o setor, as técnicas foram aplicadas no presente trabalho utilizando-se dados reais coletados em uma unidade produtora de polpa termomecânica e papel imprensa. Com os dados, um caso base em um simulador foi desenvolvido para iniciar a análise por Integração de Processos. A análise é baseada no aproveitamento das correntes de águas residuais em outras etapas do processo sob restrições na concentração limite de contaminantes, especificamente finos e sólidos dissolvidos. Diferentemente dos trabalhos apresentados na literatura que alegam que a solução encontrada trata-se de valores otimizados, os resultados mostram que os valores encontrados através da programação matemática e do método Pinch são teoricamente corretos, porém, quando novamente simuladas sob estas novas condições obtidas por Integração de Processos, as condições operacionais da unidade industrial mostram-se inadequadas. As concentrações limites de contaminantes previamente estabelecidos pelas técnicas utilizadas são frequentemente ultrapassadas nos resultados de recálculo por simulação, e portanto, as soluções de Integração de Processos devem ser corrigidas antes de implantação. Por isso, os valores previstos, por exemplo, de redução de consumo de até 38% no projeto realístico atinge o valor de 23%, o que ainda é um bom resultado. O trabalho ainda mostra que a programação matemática é eficaz e rápida para encontrar soluções com múltiplos contaminantes, enquanto o método Pinch é mais voltado para casos com contaminante simples. / The Pulp and Paper industry has constantly struggled to solve problems related to high water consumption. One alternative is to use tools like Process Integration, where graphical methods and mathematical programming can be applied to optimize the water circuit. To contribute to the Pulp and Paper sector, the methods were applied in the present work using real process data that have been collected in an integrated thermomechanical and newsprint mill. With these data, a base case simulation was developed to initiate the analysis by Process Integration. The analysis is based on residual water reuse in other process stages under propriety constraints like contaminants concentration limits, specifically the dissolved solids and fine fibers. Differently from works presented in the references that claim that solutions found are optimized values, the results of this work show that values found by mathematical programming and pinch method are theoretically correct, however, the operational conditions of the mill become inadequate when simulated under new conditions achieved by Process Integration. The concentration limits of contaminants previously established for the methods have their values frequently exceed after recalculation by simulation, and thus, the solutions by Process Integration must be corrected before using them. So, if the predicted value for reduction of fresh water consumption is, for example, 38%, in the realistic project this value will reach only 23%, which is still a good result. The work also shows that mathematical programming is efficient to find solutions when there are multiple contaminants, while pinch method is more adequate for those cases with single contaminant.

A água é uma matéria-prima estratégica na indústria química, petroquímica e de alimentos, sendo utilizada em diversas etapas dos processos. Devido à importância econômica e ao impacto ambiental resultante do consumo da água na indústria, o uso racional da água vem sendo amplamente enfatizado. Nas últimas décadas, diversas metodologias foram propostas para a minimização do consumo de água e emissão de efluentes líquidos na indústria, baseadas em conceitos de integração mássica como reuso, reciclo e regeneração das correntes que conectam os processos. As metodologias propostas na literatura para a integração mássica dividem-se em dois grandes grupos: o primeiro utiliza a abordagem termodinâmica-heurística-evolutiva, enquanto que o segundo faz uso da programação matemática e otimização. Ambas as metodologias apresentam dificuldades para tratar do caso de múltiplos poluentes, sendo que na primeira, é necessário uma série de aproximações para tratar deste tipo de problema e na segunda estão presentes limitações relativas aos métodos de otimização. Além disso, sistemas integrados massicamente podem apresentar dificuldades operacionais devido ao maior número de reciclos e reusos de correntes. O presente trabalho através do uso de ferramentas de programação matemática e, baseado no problema padrão de síntese de redes proposto por Fontana (2002), propõe métodos para a redução da complexidade do problema de síntese e obtenção de redes integradas massicamente, considerando aspectos econômicos e operacionais. Inicialmente foi proposta a eliminação de variáveis inteiras do problema de otimização, transformando o problema de programação nãolinear inteira-mista (MINLP) em um problema de programação não-linear (NLP). Em seguida, foi proposta uma metodologia para a redução da complexidade do problema baseada na utilização das restrições de igualdade, reduzindo o número de variáveis de decisão. As formulações propostas apresentaram bons resultados, diminuindo consideravelmente o tempo computacional em relação ao problema MINLP original. Baseada nas metodologias desenvolvidas para redução da complexidade do problema, foi implementado ainda um gerador de estimativas iniciais viáveis utilizando números aleatórios. Também foram propostas três implementações para a síntese de redes com considerações econômicas e operacionais, resolvendo o problema de otimização em dois níveis: um externo para avaliação de critérios econômicos e um interno de onde é obtido o índice operacional. Das três formulações com considerações operacionais propostas, duas apresentaram redes com melhor desempenho operacional quando comparadas com os problemas somente com considerações econômicas. Tais resultados foram avaliados através de simulações dinâmicas com modelos linearizados, sendo observado, nestas duas implementações, aumento da robustez do sistema (redução da ação de controle sobre as variáveis manipuladas) frente a distúrbios positivos nas cargas de poluentes e mudanças nos set-points das variáveis controladas. / Water is an important raw material in the chemical, petrochemical, and food industry, being used in several stages of a process. Based on the economic importance of the water and the environmental impact through its employment in the industry, its rational consume has been receiving special attention. In the past decades, several methodologies have been proposed for the minimization of industrial water consume and wastewater emissions based on concepts of mass integration such as reuse, recycle, and regeneration of process streams. The methodologies proposed in the literature for the mass integration can be classified in two main groups: the first uses the themodynamic-heuristic-evolutive approach while the second uses mathematical programming and optimization. Both methodologies show difficulties to deal with the case of multiple pollutants: on the first one it is necessary to make some assumptions to solve this problem while the second, limitations relative to optimization methods are present. Another problem is the operational limitations due to streams recycle and reuse, that integrated processes can present. The present study, through the use of mathematical programming tools, based on the synthesis problem proposed by Fontana (2002), proposes methods to reduce the problem complexity and also for the synthesis of mass integration networks regarding economical and operational aspects. Initially it was proposed the elimination of the integer variables from the optimization problem, changing the problem from mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) to nonlinear programming (NLP). In the following, a methodology for the reduction of the problems complexity, based on the equality constraints, was applied to reduce the number of decision variables. The proposed formulations showed good results, reducing the computational time comparing to the MINLP problem. Based on the proposed methodologies for the reduction of the problem complexity described above, it was implemented a feasible initial guess generator based on random numbers. It was also proposed three formulations for the network synthesis with economic and operational considerations, solving the synthesis problem in two levels: an external level for the evaluation of economical criteria and an internal level where the operational index is obtained. Two out of the three implementations presented networks with better operational results comparing with problems only with economical aspects. These results were evaluated by dynamic simulations with linearized models and it was observed an increase in the systems robustness (reduction of the control action over the manipulated variables) when the system was subjected to positive disturbances in the pollutants loads and set-points changes.

[pt] A globalização da competição tem forçado as organizações a buscar e implementar novas vertentes geradoras de vantagens competitivas. Como na atualidade a competição ocorre freqüentemente entre cadeias de suprimentos e não entre empresas isoladas, a Gestão da Cadeia de Suprimentos (Supply Chain Management - SCM) aparece como uma nova fronteira a ser explorada. Em função dessas considerações, esta dissertação tem por objetivo de aplicar o Modelo para SCM de Aragão et al. (2004) para analisar cadeias de suprimentos baseadas em dimensões-chave necessárias para uma bem sucedida SCM. As dimensões-chave consideradas neste modelo são: integração de processos de negócios, identificação dos membros-chave da cadeia, compartilhamento de informação e medidas de desempenho relacionadas à cadeia de suprimento de uma empresa fabricante de gases industriais no mercado Brasileiro. Este fabricante é considerado nesta dissertação como a empresa focal da cadeia de suprimentos. Cinco membros-chave desta cadeia são também incorporados na análise. Conclui-se que a empresa focal possui diferentes formas de gerir a sua cadeia em função de cada membro chave. / [en] The globalization of competition has forced the organizations to seek and to implement new forms to create competitive advantages. Nowadays, as competition occurs effectively between supply chains and not between isolated companies, SCM (Supply Chain Management) appears as a new frontier to be explored. Within this context, this dissertation has the objective to apply the model for SCM proposed in Aragão et al. (2004) to analyze the supply chains based on key-dimensions for a successful SCM. The key- dimensions considered in this model are: business process integrations, identification of the supply chain key-member, sharing of information and measures of performance related to the supply chain of an industrial gas manufacturer in the Brazilian market. This manufacturer is considered in this dissertation as the focal company of the supply chain. Five key-members of this chain are also included in the analysis. As a result the analyses, it is possible to conclude that the focal company develops different ways to manage its chain depending on each of its key members.

Renewability and the carbonaceous basis of biomass provide potential for both energy and chemical production in biorefineries in a fashion similar to crude oil refineries. Biorefineries are envisaged as having a key role in the transition to a more sustainable industry, especially as a means to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. A biorefinery is a concept for the flexible, efficient, cost-effective and sustainable conversion of biomass through a combination of process technologies into multiple products. This implies that biorefineries must be integrated through designs that exploit the interactions between material and energy streams. The wide range of possibilities for biomass feedstock, processes and products poses a challenge to biorefinery design. Integrating biorefineries within evolving economic and environmental policy contexts requires careful analysis of the configurations to be deployed from early in the design stage. This research therefore focuses on the application and development of methodologies for biorefinery design encompassing process integration tools, economic and environmental sustainability analyses together. The research is presented in the form of papers published or submitted to relevant peer-reviewed journals, with a preamble for each paper and a final synthesis of the work as a whole. In a first stage, mass pinch analysis was adapted into a method for integration ofbiorefineries producing bioethanol as a final product and also utilising bioethanol asa working fluid within the biorefinery. The tool allows targeting minimum bioethanol utilisation and assessing network modifications to diminish revenue losses. This new application could stimulate the emergence of similar approaches for the design of integrated biorefineries. The thesis then moves to combine feedstock production models, process simulations in Aspen Plus® and process integration with LCA, to improve energy efficiency and reduce GHG emissions of biorefineries. This work, presented via two publications covering wheat to bioethanol and Jatropha to biodiesel or green diesel, provided evidence of the benefits of biorefinery integrationfor energy saving and climate change adaptation. The multilevel modelling approach is then further integrated into a methodologydeveloped for the combined evaluation of the economic potential and GHG emissions saving of a biorefinery from the marginal performances of biorefineryproducts. The tool allows assessing process integration pathways and targeting forpolicy compliance. The tool is presented via two further publications, the first drawing analogies between value analysis and environmental impact analysis inorder to create the combined Economic Value and Environmental Impact (EVEI)analysis methodology, the second extending this to demonstrate how the tool canguide judicious movement of environmental burdens to meet policy targets. The research embodied in this thesis forms a systematic basis for the analysis andgeneration of biorefinery process designs for enhanced sustainability. The toolspresented will facilitate both the implementation of integrated biorefinery designsand the cultivation of a community of biorefinery engineers for whom suchintegrated thinking is their distinctive and defining attribute.

Tato práce prezentuje metodologii snižování emisních stop v souvislosti s přechodem na obhovou ekonomiku aplikováním integrace procesů při analýze a projektování při zohlednní výzev, které ztěžují praktické aplikace. Udržitelnost životního prostředí se vyznačuje snahou o snižování emisí a zlepšení hospodaření s odpady a hraje rozhodující roli při přechodu na obhovou ekonomiku. Byly navrženy tři metodiky založené na bezztrátovém konceptu a rozšiřujících metodiky Pinch Analysis a P-Grafů. Aplikovatelnost je demonstrována šesti případovými studiemi transportu a nakládání s odpady. Mé příspěvky v této oblasti jsou následující: (i) Nový bezztrátový rozhodovací nástroj paralelní s klasickým fázovým diagramem, který napomáhá rychlému rozhodování o procesech (např. výběr druhu dopravy pro danou vzdálenost a náklad) při nejnižší možné environmentální zátěži. (ii) Systém kvantitativního vyhodnocování emisí, který agreguje a vyhodnocuje celkové environmentální zatížení způsobené sklemíkovými plyny, SOx, PM a NO2. (iii) Rozšířená analýza nakládání s odpady pro regionální plánování s přihlédnutím k zatěžování i odstranní zatěžování emisní stopou, dále rozhodování o způsobu hospodaření s odpady a výběru způsobu zpracování odpadu s cílem nejnižší možné emisní stopy. (iv) Model posuzování pomocí nástroje P-grafu pro identifikaci optimálních integrovaných systémů zpracování odpadu různého složení, který identifikuje a vyhodnocuje stav udržitelnosti procesů před a po zpracování. Navrhované metodiky v grafickém znázornění s podporou sady komplexních základních rovnic transformují problematiku nakládání s odpady a výběru dopravy do snadno srozumitelné formy řešení vyznačujících se nízkými emisními stopami. Jako příklad v jedné z případových studií analýza provedená podle nového přístupu využívajícího E-WAMPA naznačuje, že celkového snížení emisí o 10% (2, 568 kt CO2 ekv.) Lze dosáhnout provedením přechodu odpadu na Maltě (-25.75 kt CO2 ekv.), Řecko (-1,602.71 kt CO2ekv), Kypr (-178.52 kt CO2ekv) a Rumunsko (-761.16 kt CO2ekv). To jsou země, v nichž lze dosáhnout co největšího zlepšení, vzhledem k kombinovanému účinku čistých emisí (zatěžujících i nezatížených stop) stávajícího systému nakládání s odpady, vzniku odpadů a obyvatelstva. Následující studie budou umožňovat komplexní vyhodnocení ekonomické proveditelnosti tak, aby lokální data mohla být použita pro konkrétní případy v již předpřipravených schématech s výstupem kvalifikovaného řešení.

With the continued progression of Moore’s law into the sub-14nm technology nodes, interconnect RC and power dissipation scaling play an increasingly important role in overall product performance. As critical dimensions in the mainstream Cu/ULK interconnect system shrink below 30nm, corresponding increases in relative process variation and decreases in overall process window mandate increasingly complex integrated solutions. Traditional metallization processes, e.g. PVD barrier and seed layers, no longer scale for all layout configurations as they reach physical and geometric limitations. Interactions between design, OPC, and patterning also play more and more critical roles with respect to reliability and yield in volume manufacturing; stated simply, scaling is no longer “business as usual”. Restricted design layouts, prescriptive design rules, novel materials, and holistic integration solutions each therefore become necessary to maximize available process windows, thus enabling new generations of cost-competitive products in the marketplace.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse employment of people suffering from mild intellectual disability. The thesis briefly describes those learning difficulties and selects a mild intellectual disability from a wide range of other mental disabilities. The text is based on the fact that people with learning difficulties are able to work, live in a family and become members of the society as well as to be independent citizens. However, there is a necessity to help those people not only with regard to their educational process, but also on the labour market, which is apparently highly competitive even for people without any special needs. The thesis is also focused on various possibilities of people suffering from learning difficulties in the terms of enabling them to get a job. In accordance with the regulation on mild intellectual disability people, the thesis suggests many of suitable positions within service industry. Owing to the fact that people with this type of disease are under protection of the law, and that there are some incentives for employers, nowadays it is much easier to find them a job. Among other things, the thesis is also focused on economic, sociological and psychological aspects, so far as finding and keeping a job. For all people, their integration into society through the work...

Les capteurs d'images CMOS ont connu au cours des six dernières années une réduction de la taille des pixels d'un facteur quatre. Néanmoins, cette miniaturisation se heurte à la diminution rapide du signal maximal de chaque pixel et à l'échange parasite entre pixels (diaphotie). C'est dans ce contexte qu'a été développé le Pixel à Tranchées Profondes Capacitives et Grille de Transfert verticale (pixel CDTI+VTG). Basé sur la structure d'un pixel « 4T », il intègre une isolation électrique par tranchées, une photodiode profonde plus volumineuse et une grille verticale permettant le stockage profond et le transfert des électrons. Des procédés de fabrication permettant cette intégration spécifique ont tout d'abord été développés. Parallèlement, une étude détaillée des transistors du pixel, également isolés par CDTI a été menée. Ces tranchées capacitives d'isolation actionnées en tant que grilles supplémentaires ouvrent de nombreuses applications pour un transistor multi-grille compatible avec un substrat massif. Un démonstrateur de 3MPixels intégrant des pixels d'une taille de 1.75*1.75 μm² a été réalisé dans une technologie CMOS 120 nm. Les performances de ce capteur ont pu être déterminées, en particulier en fonction de la tension appliquée aux CDTI. Un bas niveau de courant d'obscurité a tout particulièrement été obtenu grâce à la polarisation électrostatique des tranchées d'isolation / CMOS image sensors showed in the last few years a dramatic reduction of pixel pitch. However pitch shrinking is increasingly facing crosstalk and reduction of pixel signal, and new architectures are now needed to overcome those limitations. Our pixel with Capacitive Deep Trench Isolation and Vertical Transfer Gate (CDTI+VTG) has been developed in this context. Innovative integration of polysilicon-filled deep trenches allows high-quality pixel isolation, vertically extended photodiode and deep vertical transfer ability. First, specific process steps have been developed. In parallel, a thorough study of pixel MOS transistors has been carried out. We showed that capacitive trenches can be also operated as extra lateral gates, which opens promising applications for a multi-gate transistor compatible with CMOS-bulk technology. Finally, a 3MPixel demonstrator integrating 1.75*1.75 μm² pixels has been realized in a CMOS 120 nm technology. Pixel performances could be measured and exploited. In particular, a low dark current level could be obtained thanks to electrostatic effect of capacitive isolation trenches

Les capteurs d'image connaissent un regain d'intérêt grâce à la croissance remarquable du secteur de la communication sans fil, et leurs fonctionnalités tendent à se diversifier. Plus particulièrement, une application récente connue sous le nom de capteur de luminosité ambiante (ALS de l'acronyme anglais) est apparue dans le but de proposer un ajustement intelligent du rétro-éclairage dans les appareils mobiles pourvus d'écrans. Les avancées technologiques ont permis la fabrication de smartphones toujours plus fins, ce qui impose une contrainte importante sur la hauteur des capteurs de lumière. Cette réduction d'épaisseur peut être réalisée grâce à l'utilisation de filtres spectraux innovants, plus fins et entièrement sur puce. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons l'étude et la démonstration de filtres plasmoniques adaptés à une intégration dans des produits ALS commerciaux. Les structures de filtrage les plus performantes sont identifiées avec une importance particulière accordée à la stabilité des filtres par rapport à l'angle d'incidence de la lumière et à son état de polarisation. Des schémas d'intégration compatibles CMOS et respectant les contraintes d'une fabrication à l'échelle du wafer sont proposés. Les résonances de plasmon sont étudiées afin d'atteindre des propriétés optiques optimales et une méthodologie spécifique à partir d'un véritable cahier des charges client a été utilisée pour obtenir des performances ALS optimisées. La robustesse des filtres plasmoniques aux dispersions de procédé est analysée à travers l'identification et la modélisation des imprécisions et des défauts typiques d'une fabrication sur wafer 300 mm. A la lumière de ces travaux, une démonstration expérimentale de filtres ALS plasmoniques est réalisée avec le développement d'une intégration à l'échelle du wafer et avec la caractérisation et l'évaluation des performances des structures fabriquées afin de valider la solution plasmonique. / Image sensors have experienced a renewed interest with the prominent market growth of wireless communication, together with a diversification of functionalities. In particular, a recent application known as Ambient Light Sensing (ALS) has emerged for a smarter screen backlight management of display-based handheld devices. Technological progress has led to the fabrication of thinner handsets, which imposes a severe constraint on light sensors' heights. This thickness reduction can be achieved with the use of an innovative, thinnest and entirely on-chip spectral filter. In this work, we present the investigation and the demonstration of plasmonic filters aimed for commercial ALS products. The most-efficient filtering structures are identified with strong emphasis on the stability with respect to the light angle of incidence and polarization state. Integration schemes are proposed according to CMOS compatibility and wafer-scale fabrication concerns. Plasmon resonances are studied to reach optimal optical properties and a dedicated methodology was used to propose optimized ALS performance based on actual customers' specifications. The robustness of plasmonic filters to process dispersions is addressed through the identification and the simulation of typical 300 mm fabrication inaccuracies and defects. In the light of these studies, an experimental demonstration of ALS plasmonic filters is performed with the development of a wafer-level integration and with the characterization and performance evaluation of the fabricated structures to validate the plasmonic solution.

Submitted by Priscila Oliveira (priscila.b.oliveira@ufes.br) on 2016-07-12T12:40:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) cp128327.pdf: 6590453 bytes, checksum: 5654758329fe7af83bec07339d8a3ffb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Patricia Barros (patricia.barros@ufes.br) on 2016-08-15T18:10:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) cp128327.pdf: 6590453 bytes, checksum: 5654758329fe7af83bec07339d8a3ffb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-15T18:10:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) cp128327.pdf: 6590453 bytes, checksum: 5654758329fe7af83bec07339d8a3ffb (MD5) / Business process modelling basically comprises an activity whose main goal is to provide a formalization of business processes in an organization or a set of cooperating organizations (Recker, et al., 2006) (van der Aalst, et al., 2003). By modelling an organization’s business processes, it is possible to capture how the organization coordinates the work and resources with the aim of achieving its goals and strategies (Sharp, et al., 2001). Since business processes and goals are intrinsically interdependent, establishing an alignment between the process and the goal domains arises as a natural approach. This thesis reports on a real-life exploratory case study in which we investigated the relationship between the elements of the enterprise (modeled in the ARIS framework) and the goals (modeled in the Tropos framework and modeling language) which are attained by these elements. The case study has been conducted in the Rheumatology Department of a University Hospital in Brazil. In the course of the case study, we have identified the need of splitting this effort into three phases: the elicitation phase (in which goal models and business process models are captured from the organizational domain), the harmonization phase (in which the goal domain is structured for alignment according to the business processes structures that will support it) and the alignment phase (in which the relationships between the goal domain and the elements of the organizational domain are established). In order to investigate the relation between goals and enterprise elements, we propose an ontological account for both architectural domains. We recognize the importance in considering the business process as the means for implementing an enterprise’s strategy, but we do not exclude the remaining enterprise elements. Furthermore, we are concerned with both the identification of the relationships and with a classification for their nature.