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The purpose of this thesis is to explain how the change of the zero tolerance policy in Stockholm against graffiti has been affected by the different formulations of graffiti as a problem. The purpose is fulfilled by applying a dynamic frameanalysis on the processes of creating and changing the policy. The analysis begins in the 1980s and continues until present time. By using this kind of process study the thesis shows that it was the actions made by the supporters of the zero tolerance-policy which started the changing process. It also shows that the process has not yet ended and the policy is likely to be changed again within the next few years.

The implementation of information technology and its impact on organisational change has been an important phenomenon, discussed in the IS literature over the last 30 years. Treating information system (IS) implementation as organisational change is a complex phenomenon. This complexity is mainly due to its multidisciplinary, socio-technical, dynamic and non-linear nature. This challenging nature of IS implementation complexities has a direct relationship to the IS implementation project outcomes - its success or failure. In view of this complexity, this research aims to understand how process studies can improve the understanding of enterprise system implementation. We argue that the socio-technical nature of IS development is inevitable thus the only way to go forward is to explore and understand the phenomenon. Following this, we adopt the stakeholder's perspective solely for the purpose of identification of stakeholders and their embedded interests and expectations. While prior research concentrated on a limited number of stakeholders of IS, we attempt to adopt Pouloudi et al. (2004) in mobilizing a stakeholder perspective to incorporate non-human stakeholders within the analysis. Within the actor-network perspective, complexity is resolved through simplification (black-boxing) - unpacking or collapsing the complexity. However, during this simplification process, the risk of removing useful description of the phenomenon through labelling was avoided. To support this research, the punctuated socio-technical information systems change (PSIC) model was applied. In this model, interactions and relationships between its components (antecedent condition, process, outcomes and organisational context) play a vital role. This research focuses on the implementation of an integrated financial system in three Malaysian universities through three interpretive case studies. Our findings show that each of our case studies provides a unique IS development trajectory. Following stakeholder analysis, the different cases provide interesting combinations of conflicts and coalitions among human and non-human stakeholders which further dictates the project outcomes or the process of IS black-boxing. The relationship between the three case studies on the other hand provides an interesting illustration of IS technology transfer.

Diploma thesis named „The Study of Warehousing Processes in a Manufacturing Company“is aimed on the mapping of the warehousing processes and the current method of the storage in the manufacturing company. Goal of this thesis is identifying the potential, which should be the result of the realization of the created suggestions, based on the mapping and analyzing current situation of the warehousing processes and warehouse area.

De senaste två decennierna har forskare i Sverige och andra länder riktat allt större intresse mot offentliga marknader. Sådana organisatoriska arrangemang skapas runtom i svenska kommuner. Den här studien är en longitudinell studie av en process där en offentlig marknad för grundskoleutbildning skapas och utvecklas i en svensk kommun. Tidigare forskning har visat att offentliga marknader kan betraktas som marknader i enlighet med exempelvis mikroekonomisk teori, samtidigt som de besitter egenskaper som skiljer dem från ”traditionella” marknader. I studien tillämpas teorier om organisatorisk förändring tillsammans med teorier om marknadsstrukturer. Studien visar hur den marknadsskapande processen kännetecknas av ett samspel mellan voluntarism och determinism där medveten planering och kontroll tydligt kommer till uttryck men där även tilltron till marknaden som ett självreglerande arrangemang är stark. Studiens teoretiska relevans diskuteras tillsammans med praktiska implikationer för offentliga marknadsskapare. / During the last two decades there has been an increasing interest in quasi-markets in Sweden and internationally. Quasi-markets are emerging as new organizational arrangements in many Swedish municipalities. This thesis is a longitudinal study of a process of creation and formation of a quasi-market for compulsory school education in a Swedish municipality. Previous research has suggested that quasimarkets can be regarded as markets according to microeconomic theory but they also possess a number of features that distinguish them from “traditional” markets. In this study, theories of organizational change are combined with theories of market structure. The study shows how the process of quasi-market creation features an interplay of voluntarism of determinism where purposeful planning and control coexist with a strong belief in market self-regulation. The theoretical relevance of the study is discussed along with practical implications for those participating in market creation.

Even if strategy research often assumes that strategies are the result of intentional and purposeful behaviour the individual and human agency have tended to be neglected. Few empirical studies focus on how the individuals, their conceptions and actions interact with strategy formation. Based on ideas from process research and critical realism we made a review of the research and we maintain that the bulk of the research is based on simplified assumptions. We therefore propose a supplementary socio-cognitive approach based on more realistic assumptions, a synthesis and action logic approach, emphasising the individuals, the leading team and their embeddedness. In a process study with a comparative case study design we followed, in real time for about a decade, strategy formation processes in intermediate organisation in local economic development. Various methods of data collection and analysis were combined. By laying bare some of the mechanisms that explain the outcome in four processes we demonstrate the use of the proposed approach. A theoretical construction, the agent´s strategic concepts of action (SCA), aims at capturing the conceptions as an expression of the individual frame of reference providing reasons for action. The SCA carries explanatory power and is significant for both the process and content of the strategies. A typology of the SCAs is developed. The composition, the interaction and the structure of the team are other central aspects. We conclude that a strong group well suited to lead a formation process include a proactive strategist with a strategic idea and social capability; the role constellation is differentiated, and supplementary and other strategic actors relate to the strategy and the contextual roots in a way that will support the strategy. We also demonstrate in which circumstances some cognitive, social and political mechanisms discussed in earlier research are activated.

Fatta - vilken kampanj! Den digitala samhällsutvecklingen de senaste decenniet har förändrat kommunikationslandskapet och bidragit till att engagemang för samhällsfrågor antagit nya former. Detta har skapat nya sätt för individer att ta ställning i samhällspolitiska frågor och nya möjligheter för organisationer att mobilisera och engagera. Men engagemanget i sociala medier har ifrågasatts. De senaste årens forskning kring engagemang i sociala medier visar upp en dubbelsidig och tvetydig bild av vilken betydelse engagemanget i sociala medier kan ha för en aktör. Genom att genomföra en processtudie av hur aktören Fatta lyckats skapa stort engagemang i sociala medier och växt från framgångsrik kampanj till inflytelserik organisation, ämnar denna studie bidra till en djupare förståelse för vilken betydelse engagemang i sociala medier har för aktörer som eftersträvar samhällsförändring. Det empiriska materialet utgörs av en processbeskrivning som består av datainsamling från en mängd typer av data, observationer i digitala kanaler och intervjuer med människor som har koppling till Fatta. Studien visar att Fattas förflyttning möjliggjordes av att det fanns en social rörelse som Fatta med hjälp av sociala medier lyckades kroka i, nämligen den feministiska rörelsen. Den möjliggjordes också av den identitet de lyckades skapa kring Fatta samt av den uppmärksamhet de gavs utanför sociala medier som delvis kan härledas till det starka stöd och engagemang som fanns för Fatta sociala medier. Förutom att bekräfta tidigare forskning kring att sociala medier förenklar och möjliggör mobilisering och ger möjligheter till att snabbt agera, kan sociala medier ge aktörer som verkar för samhällsförändring symbolisk makt. Genom de människor som visade sitt stöd för Fatta beviljade de så väl fysiska resurser som tillträde till maktens korridorer där de kunde påverka beslutsfattare. / <p>Stort tack till FATTA och alla informanter som med stort engagemang gjort detta arbete till ett rent nöje!</p>

This study aimed to analyze the system adopted in the administrative processes of the Unified Secretariat of the Departments - SUDEP the Federal University of Santa Maria - Campus Frederick. As a new department structure, different from that adopted in the university headquarters, where all of the registry servers meet the demands of all campus departments, there may be some difficulties in the execution of daily processes. In order to identify possible difficulties and propose subsidies to minimize them or ban them was conducted this study. The study focused on the processes carried out in SUDEP and had as subjects surveyed the employees of this department. The methodology used was descriptive qualitative research, with data collection using questionnaires and semi-structured interviews applied to the SUDEP servers to identify the processes that are performed in the office as well as those requiring formalization and those who do not require formalization. Using these data proceeded to the classification of processes that require formalization as an analytical category the degree of difficulty and the execution time in primary and critics using the model proposed by Valle and Oliveira (2009). From a total of fourteen identified processes that require formulation, five were classified as primary nine as critical. Thus, flowcharts were created, it was possible to clearly demonstrate the flow steps of each process follows during its development, providing subsidies for easy understanding and application for the development of formalized guidelines on standard procedure of the processes considered critical by the current server this sector. Moreover, it was possible to identify all considered critical processes is related to the planning of the institution, where some have characteristics related to strategic planning and other related operational planning. It is concluded that research achieved its objectives by identifying the processes developed in SUDEP that present greater difficulties in their development and proposing subsidies in the form flowcharts that will serve to enhance the development of processes, contributing to the achievement of institutional objectives. / A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar a sistemática adotada nos processos administrativos da Secretaria Unificada dos Departamentos (SUDEP) da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Campus Frederico Westphalen. Por ser uma estrutura de secretaria nova, diferente da adotada na sede da universidade, em que todos os servidores da secretaria atendem às demandas de todos os departamentos do Campus, é possível que haja algumas dificuldades na execução dos processos cotidianos. Com o objetivo de identificar as existentes e propor subsídios para minimizá-las ou extingui-las, foi realizado este estudo. A pesquisa concentrou-se nos processos realizados na SUDEP e teve como sujeitos pesquisados os servidores dessa secretaria. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa qualitativa descritiva, com coleta de dados, utilizando questionários e entrevistas semiestruturadas aplicados aos servidores da SUDEP, para a identificação dos processos que são realizados na secretaria bem como os que exigem formalização e os que não exigem formalização. De posse destes dados, procedeu-se à classificação dos processos que exigem formalização, tendo como categorias de análise o grau de dificuldade e o tempo de execução, classificados em primários e críticos, utilizando-se o modelo proposto por Valle e Oliveira (2009). De um total de quatorze processos identificados que exigem formalização, cinco foram classificados como primários e nove como críticos. Com isso, foram criados fluxogramas, nos quais foi possível demonstrar, de forma clara, o fluxo que as etapas de cada processo segue durante seu desenvolvimento, proporcionando subsídios de fácil entendimento e aplicação para a elaboração de orientações formalizadas em procedimento-padrão dos processos considerados críticos pelos atuais servidores desse setor. Além disso, foi possível identificar que todos os processos considerados críticos têm relação com o planejamento da instituição, no qual alguns têm características relacionadas ao planejamento estratégico e outros, relacionadas com o planejamento operacional. Conclui-se que a pesquisa atingiu seus objetivos, identificando quais os processos desenvolvidos na SUDEP que apresentam maiores dificuldades no seu desenvolvimento e propondo subsídios, sob a forma de fluxogramas, que servirão para melhorar o desenvolvimento dos processos e contribuir para o alcance dos objetivos institucionais.