The notion of sustainability has become an extensive area of research ever since the term emerged in the late 1980s, due to the negative effects of unsustainable production and consumption patterns on environmental stewardship, social equity and economic development. There have been various approaches developed for product design and education within the context sustainability. Biomimicry is one of those approaches, and its implications for product design education have recently started to be explored. In this study, an educational tool - Biomimicry Sketch Analysis (BSA) - was developed and integrated into the idea-generation phase of an educational design project at the undergraduate level in the Department of Industrial Design at the Middle East Technical University (METU). This integration is analyzed throughout the graduate thesis study, to understand and explore the implications of the biomimicry approach for sustainability in product design education. The educational tool within this approach was found as influential among the third year industrial design students for the idea-generation phase, yet the results of this study included both pros and cons for the incorporation of the BSA exercise.

O presente trabalho tem como tema central a investigação sobre a relação do direito humano à alimentação com a sustentabilidade e os conflitos e desafios advindos da realização desse direito nos sistemas alimentares atuais. Procuramos compreender quais aspectos vêm sendo considerados no processo de especificação desse direito e de que forma a sustentabilidade seria um valor ético e um princípio inerente ao teor do direito humano à alimentação. Propomos as seguintes questões como eixo condutor da pesquisa: O que é direito humano à alimentação? O que é sustentabilidade? A sustentabilidade é um aspecto inerente ao direito humano à alimentação? Ela é verificada nos atuais modelos de produção e consumo de alimentos? Quais são os conflitos e impedimentos da realização do direito humano à alimentação sob o prisma da sustentabilidade? Como recorte metodológico, analisamos o caso da produção e consumo de alimentos transgênicos tendo em vista as premissas adotadas no presente trabalho. O modelo produtivo dos alimentos transgênicos é colocado em face ao modelo alternativo da agroecologia, de forma a comparar a presença dos aspectos da sustentabilidade em ambos os sistemas. Na esfera do consumo, abordamos o papel do consumidor como agente de promoção da sustentabilidade na alimentação, assim como as dificuldades conjunturais para o exercício desse papel. Dessa análise, constatamos a existência de conflitos público-privados emergentes da realização do direito humano à alimentação sob o prisma da sustentabilidade. Em face a tais óbices, apresentamos mecanismos de exigibilidade e justiciabilidade do direito humano à alimentação. Procuramos abordar de forma transversal os temas da solidariedade, da ética na ciência e no capitalismo e da educação como desafios a serem conquistados tendo em vista a plena realização do direito humano à alimentação sob a ótica da sustentabilidade. / The present work is focused on the relationship between the human right to food, sustainability and the conflicts arising from the realization of this right in current food systems. We seek to understand which aspects are being considered in the specification of this right and how sustainability would be an ethical value and an inherent principle of the human right to food. We propose the following questions as a guide to the research: What is human right to food? What is sustainability? Sustainability is an inherent aspect of the human right to food? Does it occur in the current models of production and consumption? What are the conflicts and impediments to the completion of the human right to food through the prism of sustainability? The methodological approach includes the analysis of the case of production and consumption of genetically modified (GM) foods in contrast with the assumptions adopted in this work. The production model of GM foods is analyzed against the alternative model of agroecology in order to compare the presence of sustainability aspects in both systems. We discuss the role of the consumer as an agent capable of promoting sustainability of food systems, as well as the economic difficulties to exhert this role. From this analysis, we found the existence of public-private conflicts emerging from realization of the human right to food when looking through the prism of sustainability. Before such obstacles, we present mechanisms of enforceability and justiciability of the human right to food. We seek to transversely address themes such as solidarity, ethics in science and in capitalism, and education as challenges to be conquered in order to achieve the full realization of the human right to food from the perspective of sustainability.

This thesis examines how Latin America is produced and consumed through the ¡Viva! Spanish and Latin American Film Festival in Manchester and how people who do not have Latin American origins (subsequently 'non-Latin American') use Latin American culture to reconcile issues of self-identity and cosmopolitanism at a local level. Extending Dina Iordanova's (2010) application of imagined communities to film festivals beyond diaspora, a framework of imagined cosmopolitan communities finds that, through consumption of the ¡Viva! film festival, non-Latin American consumers can often feel a sense of belonging or connection to Latin American people and culture. Non-Latin American ¡Viva! consumers subsequently incorporate Latin American culture and identity within their own construction of self-identity in order to reaffirm their sense of self. Using a mixed methods approach which brings together qualitative research (including a questionnaire survey and semi-structured interviews) with media analysis, this thesis finds that the incorporation of Latin American identity into non-Latin American self-identity is facilitated, in part, by the way in which Latin America has been encoded at a discursive level in the UK in recent decades through magical realism and associated codes, themes and narratives concerning the region's bizarre, crazy, strange and surreal characteristics. Applying theories of encoding and decoding (Hall, 1980), the ¡Viva! film festival and its non-Latin American audience members are found to likewise construct Latin America in these terms, as different, but not too different from British cultural norms. This interpretive framework, along with the fact that Latin Americans are largely positioned outside of the increasingly hostile rhetoric towards migrants and ethnic minorities in the UK, facilitates the incorporation of a Latin American identity within non-Latin American consumers' construction of self-identity. Scholars have suggested that cosmopolitanism demands a transformation in self-understanding in addition to an openness towards the cultural Other (Delanty, 2009). Analysis of the ¡Viva! film festival subsequently reveals a nuanced form of cosmopolitanism in which the Self is transformed through the incorporation of the Latin American cultural Other and offers an insight into the changing nature of the cultural relationship between Latin America and the UK. Latin America has typically been constructed as embodying the unconscious fears and desires of British (and western) culture (Beasley-Murray, 2003; Foster, 2009). This thesis finds instead that Latin America is being reconfigured by non-Latin American consumers of the ¡Viva! film festival as an equally formative part of their conscious identity that completes their sense of self and of being cosmopolitan in an attempt to resist and challenge contemporary scepticism and rhetoric in the UK surrounding multiculturalism, immigration and ethnic minorities.

O presente trabalho tem como tema central a investigação sobre a relação do direito humano à alimentação com a sustentabilidade e os conflitos e desafios advindos da realização desse direito nos sistemas alimentares atuais. Procuramos compreender quais aspectos vêm sendo considerados no processo de especificação desse direito e de que forma a sustentabilidade seria um valor ético e um princípio inerente ao teor do direito humano à alimentação. Propomos as seguintes questões como eixo condutor da pesquisa: O que é direito humano à alimentação? O que é sustentabilidade? A sustentabilidade é um aspecto inerente ao direito humano à alimentação? Ela é verificada nos atuais modelos de produção e consumo de alimentos? Quais são os conflitos e impedimentos da realização do direito humano à alimentação sob o prisma da sustentabilidade? Como recorte metodológico, analisamos o caso da produção e consumo de alimentos transgênicos tendo em vista as premissas adotadas no presente trabalho. O modelo produtivo dos alimentos transgênicos é colocado em face ao modelo alternativo da agroecologia, de forma a comparar a presença dos aspectos da sustentabilidade em ambos os sistemas. Na esfera do consumo, abordamos o papel do consumidor como agente de promoção da sustentabilidade na alimentação, assim como as dificuldades conjunturais para o exercício desse papel. Dessa análise, constatamos a existência de conflitos público-privados emergentes da realização do direito humano à alimentação sob o prisma da sustentabilidade. Em face a tais óbices, apresentamos mecanismos de exigibilidade e justiciabilidade do direito humano à alimentação. Procuramos abordar de forma transversal os temas da solidariedade, da ética na ciência e no capitalismo e da educação como desafios a serem conquistados tendo em vista a plena realização do direito humano à alimentação sob a ótica da sustentabilidade. / The present work is focused on the relationship between the human right to food, sustainability and the conflicts arising from the realization of this right in current food systems. We seek to understand which aspects are being considered in the specification of this right and how sustainability would be an ethical value and an inherent principle of the human right to food. We propose the following questions as a guide to the research: What is human right to food? What is sustainability? Sustainability is an inherent aspect of the human right to food? Does it occur in the current models of production and consumption? What are the conflicts and impediments to the completion of the human right to food through the prism of sustainability? The methodological approach includes the analysis of the case of production and consumption of genetically modified (GM) foods in contrast with the assumptions adopted in this work. The production model of GM foods is analyzed against the alternative model of agroecology in order to compare the presence of sustainability aspects in both systems. We discuss the role of the consumer as an agent capable of promoting sustainability of food systems, as well as the economic difficulties to exhert this role. From this analysis, we found the existence of public-private conflicts emerging from realization of the human right to food when looking through the prism of sustainability. Before such obstacles, we present mechanisms of enforceability and justiciability of the human right to food. We seek to transversely address themes such as solidarity, ethics in science and in capitalism, and education as challenges to be conquered in order to achieve the full realization of the human right to food from the perspective of sustainability.

En intégrant le cycle de vie d'un bien dans son processus de développement, l'éco-conception permet d'améliorer la performance environnementale de ce futur produit. La combinaison, dans cette thèse, des notions de la conception centrée utilisateur et de la pensée cycle de vie, permet de proposer une méthode pour l'intégration de la phase d'utilisation en éco-conception. La méthode repose sur la proposition de nouveaux modèles pour représenter l'utilisation adaptés aux spécificités de l'éco-conception. A partir du modèle de produit, un modèle de la phase d'utilisation, connectée aux phases de distribution et de fin de vie, permet d'associer l'utilisation du produit à son cycle de vie complet. Le modèle de contexte permet de positionner la performance environnementale du produit en utilisation par rapport à des paramètres associés à l'utilisateur et à l'environnement d'utilisation. L'évaluation environnementale du scénario d'utilisation regroupant tous ces modèles permet d'adapter les stratégies d'amélioration de la méthode à l'utilisation d'un produit en conception. Une application de la démarche à la re-conception d'un réfrigérateur pour la France et le Brésil permet d'illustrer le fonctionnement de la méthode. / By integrating product life cycle into the developement process, ecodesign enables the environnemental improvement of the product to be. The combination of user centred design proposition and life cycle thinking allows us to propose a method for use phase integration in ecodesign. This method is built on new models to represent product use that are compatible with ecodesign specificity. Based on the product model, the use phase model, which is connected to the distribution and end-of-life phases, facilitates the attachment of product use to the complete life cycle. Context model aims at possitionning the product use environmental performance according to influencing parameters related to the user and it environment. Environmental assessment is made based on the use scenario, a combination of the three previous models. This assessment enables to adapt the improvements strategies to the specificity of a product use phase. A case study has been perform to illustrate the capability of the new proposal to ecodesign a refrigerator for Brazil and for France.

Submitted by Fabricia Fialho Reginato (fabriciar) on 2015-06-29T23:25:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Galhegos.pdf: 3090921 bytes, checksum: a1655601b99ff65b1ba2fd8d82b58a55 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-29T23:25:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Galhegos.pdf: 3090921 bytes, checksum: a1655601b99ff65b1ba2fd8d82b58a55 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Nenhuma / Após mais de um século e meio de perigosos e esporádicos contatos com os nativos do Chaco, a Coroa espanhola iniciou, na segunda metade do século 17, um projeto de catequização através do incentivo à atuação de missões evangélicas na região, a fim de estabelecer uma aproximação pacífica com os diversos grupos indígenas e permitir uma passagem segura à rota comercial entre o porto de Buenos Aires e as minas andinas do Chile. Ainda que esta nova abordagem colonizadora não tenha resultado na pacificação dos índios chaquenhos, o contato foi intensificado por causa da proliferação de reduções evangélicas naquela região ao longo do setecentos, levando muitos missionários e expedicionários a aventurarem-se no interior do Chaco, com o intuito de contatarem grupos mais afastados do convívio colonial. Esta oportunidade gerou uma série de impressões, críticas, descrições de caráter etnográfico, relatórios oficiais, acordos e negociações documentados ao longo de todo o século 18, que permitem a análise não apenas do discurso que os espanhóis produziram a respeito do contato, mas também da postura, do entendimento e das escolhas que os índios tiveram em relação ao convívio com os agentes e instituições coloniais. A presente tese tem como objetivo, a partir da análise de registros históricos produzidos por observadores civis e religiosos, de uma historiografia sobre o contato entre nativos e europeus no Chaco e de etnografias produzidas a respeito de grupos chaquenhos contemporâneos, demonstrar que os índios tomavam suas decisões e atitudes a partir de uma lógica que não era espontânea ou casuística, nem fruto do improviso frente às novas situações postas pelo avanço colonial. Esta lógica se sustentava num complexo sistema mitológico que guiava as percepções e o pensamento indígena, dotando-lhes de uma cosmologia própria e distinta da dos colonizadores modernos. Para comprovar tal hipótese, analiso três características do cotidiano socioeconômico indígena, cujos fundamentos práticos respaldam-se na relação com elementos mitológicos e, consequentemente, no entendimento cosmológico que os índios possuíam do mundo: a guerra, as trocas reciprocitárias e o sistema econômico de produção e consumo alimentar. / After more than one and a half century of dangerous and sporadic contacts made with natives from Chaco, the Spanish Crown began, in the second half of the seventeenth century, an evangelizing project by the encouragement of evangelical missions in that region, in order to establish a peaceful approach with the various indigenous groups and to ensure a safe transit to the trade route between Buenos Aires harbor and Chilean Andean mines. Although this new colonizing approach has not resulted in a native pacification, the contact between them was intensified by the proliferation of Reductions in the region over the referred century, leading many missionaries and explorers to venture into the interior of Chaco, with the purpose of having a broader contact with the uncontacted groups. This opportunity has generated a series of impressions, criticism, ethnographic descriptions, official reports, agreements and negotiations, which had been documented throughout the eighteenth century, enabling an analysis not only of the Spanish speech concerning the contact, but also the posture, the understanding and the choices indians made regarding the contact with agents and colonial institutions. This thesis details, as a result of studies carried out in a variety of historical records produced by civil and religious observers, from a historiography on the contact between natives and Europeans in Chaco and from ethnographies produced about Chaco’s contemporary groups, that indians made their own decisions and took actions on the basis of a logic that was not spontaneous or case-by-case, neither the result of improvisation with the new situations posed by colonial advance. This logic is held in a complex mythological system which guided the indigenous way of thinking and perceptions, providing their own cosmology, unlike that of modern colonizers. To demonstrate this hypothesis, I analyze three indigenous socioeconomic features on a daily basis, whose practical backgrounds rely on the relationship with mythological elements and thus on the cosmological understanding that indians possessed about the world: the war, the trade and the economic system of production and food consumption.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-05-04T16:27:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrea Vargas_.pdf: 742993 bytes, checksum: 3594ce6fcca938a80f741a5eb1861a61 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-04T16:27:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrea Vargas_.pdf: 742993 bytes, checksum: 3594ce6fcca938a80f741a5eb1861a61 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-10 / Nenhuma / Produção e consumo sustentável são práticas que levam ao desenvolvimento sustentável e os varejistas possuem um papel crucial neste processo devido à sua posição privilegiada entre oferta e demanda. Haja vista a importância da produção sustentável em termos econômicos, ambientais e sociais, esta pesquisa analisou o desenvolvimento de práticas sustentáveis na cadeia de fornecimento varejista, em sete empresas fabricantes no Brasil nos segmentos de higiene, limpeza, papéis descartáveis, alimentos e linha branca. O estudo de caso múltiplo e de abordagem qualitativa explorou informações sobre produção e consumo sustentável desde a extração dos recursos naturais até o pós-consumo. Entre os resultados observou-se que, visando mitigar os efeitos de materiais desnecessários na produção e no transporte, as sete empresas e uma rede de hipermercado multinacional em codesign com consumidores através de informações de pesquisa de mercado, desenvolveram produtos e embalagens ambientalmente amigáveis, reduziram insumos de produção e aperfeiçoaram as operações de logística, por consequência, diminuíram as quantidades de resíduos de seus produtos e amenizaram emissões de CO² na atmosfera. Desta forma, estas grandes empresas alcançaram ganhos econômicos e ecológicos, enquanto que, no prisma social, em um dos casos foi possível erradicar o trabalho escravo em alguns subfornecedores, durante o processo de certificação ecológica. O projeto estudado restringe-se às empresas com grande capacidade de produção; altos investimentos em pesquisa e desenvolvimento de redesign de produtos e embalagens; e instrumentos para análise das implicações deste redesign em todo o ciclo de vida do produto. O cenário de negociações ganha-ganha oportunizou atendimento das demandas dos consumidores com produtos sustentáveis consumíveis à preços menores que os similares “não sustentáveis” da concorrência e da linha branca com aumento das parcelas de pagamento, entretanto a comunicação ambiental não visou atingir mais consumidores além do público fiel. Concluiu-se que práticas sustentáveis não são executadas nestas organizações sem ganhos econômicos, pressão de normas legais ou restrição ao acesso de matérias-primas. Neste contexto, tornam-se relevantes pesquisas em projetos sustentáveis para pequenas e médias empresas; integração do tema ambiental para crianças no ensino fundamental, bem como, incentivos e benefícios do governo em apoio a estas causas. A pesquisa fornece informações estruturantes para entendimento da importância do tema e sua efetiva utilização junto às empresas, consumidores, governos e sociedades. / Sustainable production and consumption are practices that lead to sustainable development and retailers have a crucial role in this process because of its prime position between supply and demand. Given the importance of sustainable production in economic, environmental and social terms, this research analyzed the development of sustainable practices in the retail supply chain. The analysis included case studies applied in Brazil in seven manufacturers in the hygiene segment, cleaning, tissue paper, white goods and food. The research was developed through a qualitative approach, multiple study case, exploring information on sustainable production and consumption from the extraction of natural resources to post-consumption. Among the results it was observed that, in order to mitigate the effects of unnecessary materials in the production and transportation, the seven companies and a network of multinational hypermarket in codesign with consumers through market research information, developed products and packaging environmentally friendly, reduced raw materials production and improved logistics operations therefore decreased the amounts of waste from their products and eased CO² emissions in the atmosphere. Therefore, these large companies have achieved economic and ecological gains, while in the social prism, in one case it was possible to eradicate slave labor in some subsuppliers during the ecological certification process. The studied project is restricted to companies with large production capacity; high investments in research and development to redesign products and packaging; and instruments for analysis of the implications of this redesign throughout the product life-cycle management. The negotiating win-win scenario provided an opportunity to meet the demands of consumers with sustainable consumable products to lower prices than similar "unsustainable" of the competition and white line with increased of the payment parcels, however the environmental communication is not aimed to reach more consumers beyond loyal following. The conclusion is that sustainable practices are not performed in these organizations without economic gains, pressure law or restriction on raw materials access. In this context, it becomes relevant research on sustainable projects for small and medium companies; integration of environmental issues for children in elementary school, as well as, government incentives and benefits to support these causes. The research provides structural information for understanding the importance of the theme and its effective use at the companies, consumers, governments and societies.

Sustainable production and consumption, as well as decoupling environmental impact from economy growth are one of the main goals for countries with transition economies. Lithuania, as other Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries experienced changes in political, social and economic life in relative short time after the collapse of Soviet Union. Because of an essentially reduced production, use of natural resources and environmental pollution decreased respectively. However, present pronounced growth of transition countries and demand for better quality of life could lead to the increase in material and energy consumption. Such increase would have two implications: firstly, increasing pressure on the environment and health in enlarged EU and could outweigh achievements in Western Europe, and secondly, such increase could impede to reach foreseen objectives to decouple resource consumption from economic growth. The aim of the research was to analyze the main trends of production and consumption and their environmental impact in Lithuania and to assess eco-efficiency of production and consumption and its main determinants. Research on eco-efficiency and the course of decoupling of environmental impact from economy growth in Lithuania is relatively rare and is mostly based on energy issues or covers only one sector. In this study, the eco-efficiency of production and consumption in Lithuania is analyzed jointly for the first time. For the better interpretation of ongoing... [to full text] / Darnios gamybos ir vartojimo siekimas, o tuo pačiu ir poveikio aplinkai atsiejimas nuo ekonomikos, yra vienas pagrindinių darnaus vystymosi tikslų pereinamosios ekonomikos šalims. Lietuva, kaip ir kitos posovietinės šalys, po Sovietų Sąjungos griūties paveldėjo imlų ištekliams ir neefektyvų ūkį. Ūkio restruktūrizavimas lėmė transformacinį ūkio nuosmukį ir jį sekusį išteklių naudojimo ir aplinkos teršimo sumažėjimą. Tačiau dabartinis spartus pereinamosios ekonomikos šalių, kurių dauguma jau tapo ES narėmis, augimas ir geresnės gyvenimo kokybės siekimas gali lemti didesnes medžiagų ir energijos sąnaudas, o tai savo ruožtu sąlygotų didėjantį poveikį aplinkai ir žmonių sveikatai išsiplėtusioje Europos Sąjungoje ir atsvertų kai kuriuos ES šalių senbuvių pasiekimus bei trukdytų pasiekti numatytus išteklių naudojimo atsiejimo nuo ekonomikos augimo tikslus. Darbo tikslas - išanalizuoti Lietuvos gamybos, vartojimo ir jų poveikio aplinkai kitimo tendencijas, ekologinio veiksmingumo pokyčius ir nustatyti jį lemiančius veiksnius. Ekologinio veiksmingumo bei poveikio aplinkai atsiejimo nuo ekonomikos augimo tyrimai Lietuvos mastu palyginti mažai vykdyti ir dažnai apsiriboja tik energetinių išteklių naudojimo veiksmingumo analize arba skirti tik atskiriems sektoriams. Darbe pateikiama dvigubo atsiejimo koncepcija, numatanti būtinybę atsieti gamtos išteklių naudojimą nuo ekonomikos augimo ir aplinkos teršimą nuo gamtos išteklių naudojimo bei sudaranti galimybes detaliau įvertinti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Darnios gamybos ir vartojimo siekimas, o tuo pačiu ir poveikio aplinkai atsiejimas nuo ekonomikos, yra vienas pagrindinių darnaus vystymosi tikslų pereinamosios ekonomikos šalims. Lietuva, kaip ir kitos posovietinės šalys, po Sovietų Sąjungos griūties paveldėjo imlų ištekliams ir neefektyvų ūkį. Ūkio restruktūrizavimas lėmė transformacinį ūkio nuosmukį ir jį sekusį išteklių naudojimo ir aplinkos teršimo sumažėjimą. Tačiau dabartinis spartus pereinamosios ekonomikos šalių, kurių dauguma jau tapo ES narėmis, augimas ir geresnės gyvenimo kokybės siekimas gali lemti didesnes medžiagų ir energijos sąnaudas bei poveikį žmonių sveikatai, o tai savo ruožtu sąlygotų didėjantį poveikį aplinkai išsiplėtusioje Europos Sąjungoje ir atsvertų kai kuriuos ES šalių senbuvių pasiekimus bei trukdytų pasiekti numatytus išteklių naudojimo atsiejimo nuo ekonomikos augimo tikslus. Darbo tikslas - išanalizuoti Lietuvos gamybos, vartojimo ir jų poveikio aplinkai kitimo tendencijas, ekologinio veiksmingumo pokyčius ir nustatyti jį lemiančius veiksnius. Ekologinio veiksmingumo bei poveikio aplinkai atsiejimo nuo ekonomikos augimo tyrimai Lietuvos mastu palyginti mažai vykdyti ir dažnai apsiriboja tik energetinių išteklių naudojimo veiksmingumo analize arba skirti tik atskiriems sektoriams. Darbe pateikiama dvigubo atsiejimo koncepcija, numatanti būtinybę atsieti gamtos išteklių naudojimą nuo ekonomikos augimo ir aplinkos teršimą nuo gamtos išteklių naudojimo bei sudaranti galimybes detaliau įvertinti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Sustainable production and consumption, as well as decoupling environmental impact from economy growth are one of the main goals for countries with transition economies. Lithuania, as other Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries experienced changes in political, social and economic life in relative short time after the collapse of Soviet Union. Because of an essentially reduced production, use of natural resources and environmental pollution decreased respectively. However, present pronounced growth of transition countries and demand for better quality of life could lead to the increase in material and energy consumption. Such increase would have two implications: firstly, increasing pressure on the environment in enlarged EU and could outweigh achievements in Western Europe, and secondly, such increase could impede to reach foreseen objectives to decouple resource consumption from economic growth. The aim of the research was to analyze the main trends of production and consumption and their environmental impact in Lithuania and to assess eco-efficiency of production and consumption and its main determinants. Research on eco-efficiency and the course of decoupling of environmental impact from economy growth in Lithuania is relatively rare and is mostly based on energy issues or covers only one sector. In this study, the eco-efficiency of production and consumption in Lithuania is analyzed jointly for the first time. For the better interpretation of ongoing... [to full text]

Tidens största utmaning idag är klimatförändringen och dess negativa effekter. En grund till många fall av att politisk instabilitet, hälsorisker och ojämlikheter i mänskliga rättigheter är ohållbara konsumtions- och produktionsmönster som leder till miljöförstöring och sociala orättvisor. Tillväxtverket (2020) utförde en undersökning som har påvisat att närmare hälften av de svenska näringsliv arbetar med ett hållbart arbete. Men å andra sidan är det viktigt att iaktta att arbetet mot hållbar utveckling har utvidgat sig och blivit allt mer komplicerad att uppfylla de senaste decennierna.  Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka hur de mindre företagen värdesätter FN:s globala hållbarhetsmål 12.4 i två olika branscher, samt hur de aktivt arbetar med att förbättra det. Syftet har uppfyllts genom att författarna genomfört intervjuer med två mindre fallföretag, det ena är Gästrike Ekogas och det andra är St:Eriks. Författarna har därmed genomfört en litteraturstudie i områden som anses relevanta. Studien identifierade två nyckelfaktorer, den första nyckelfaktorer är att Gästrike Ekogas inte arbetar utifrån den globala målen och har därför inte värderingar. För att förbättra arbetet inom hållbarhet har det även påvisats att verksamheten saknar resurser. Den andra nyckelfaktorer som författarna identifierat, är att St:Eriks vision är att de ska vara det självklara valet för hållbar samhällsbyggnad, vilket visar att de har en seriös värdering för hållbarhet. De tar också miljön som ett nyckelområde och har arbetar hårt med det. Eftersom företaget överväger utsläpp av kemiska ämnen och dess konsekvenser arbetar St:Eriks också ständigt för att minska dessa utsläpp med hjälp av sina interna resurser och tredje part. Det har även påvisats för att verksamheten i fråga skall ha en kapabilitet att kombinera ny teknik, förändringar till praxis, med nya affärsmodeller. För att verksamheter lyckligtvis skall anta och implementera en hållbar konsumtion och produktion handlar det i princip om att kräva förändring i organisationens vision och utbildningar. Med tanke på att St:Eriks produkter har en lång livslängd så var det väldigt viktigt för dem att förhålla sig till FN:s 12e globala mål då den innefattar produktion och konsumtion. / The biggest challenge of the time today is climate change and its negative effects. One reason for many cases of political inequality, health risks and human rights inequalities is consumption and production patterns that lead to environmental degradation and injustice. Statistics from the Swedish Agency for Growth (2020) have shown that almost half of Swedish industry works with sustainable work. On the other hand, however, it is important to observe that the work towards sustainable development has expanded and become increasingly complicated to meet the latest conditions.  The purpose of this study is to investigate how highly the smaller companies value the UN's Global Sustainability Goals 12.4 in two different industries, and how they actively work to improve that work. The purpose has been fulfilled by the authors conducting interviews with two case companies, thus the authors have conducted a literature study in areas considered relevant. The study identified two key factors, the first key factor being that Gästrike Ekogas does not work on the basis of the global goals and therefore does not have values. In order to improve the work in sustainability, it has also been demonstrated that the business lacks resources. The other key factor identified by the authors is that St:Erik's vision is that they should be the obvious choice in sustainable community building, which indicates a lot that they have a serious value about sustainability. They also have the environment as a focus area, and which they work with constantly. As the business takes into account the chemical emissions and its consequences, and that St:Eriks also works constantly to reduce these emissions with the help of resources that exist within the business and with the help of third parties.  It has also been demonstrated that the activities in question should have the capability to combine new technologies, changes to practices, with new business models. In order for businesses to fortunately adopt and implement sustainable consumption and production, it is basically about demanding change in the organization's vision and education. Since St:Erik's products have a long lifespan, it was very important for them to relate to the UN's 12th global goals as it includes production and consumption.