Sjukvården i Sverige står inför flertalet stora utmaningar i dag. Med en växande och åldrande befolkning ökar vårdbehovet i både komplexitet och volym. Samtidigt är resurserna begränsade vilket leder till att sjukvården måste bli mer effektiv i sitt vårderbjudande. Sjukvården har därför börjat titta på management-teorier från andra branscher, främst bilindustrin. Ambulanta vårdgivare, enheter som utför vårdtjänster utan egna inneliggande patienter, är centrala i produktivitets och effektiviseringsförbättringar i de system de agerar i. Denna studie har undersökt hur forskningens idéer kring produktionsplanering och kontroll kan användas av en ambulant vårdgivare. Detta examensarbete är baserat på en fallstudie genomförd på röntgenavdelningen på Danderyds sjukhus i Stockholms län. Fallstudien har utgjorts av framförallt kvalitativ datainsamling genom semistrukturerade intervjuer understödda av kvantitativ produktionsdata och en benchmarkingstudie på röntgenmottagningen på Universitetssjukhuset i Linköping. Det empiriska bidraget i fallstudien har inkluderat en kartläggning av arbetsprocessen i röntgenmottagningen på Danderyds sjukhus. Processen kunde delas upp i tre faser: 1. Förberedelser, 2. Undersökning, och 3. Diagnosticering och dokumentering. Utifrån den kartlagda processen och en utförlig litteraturstudie om produktionsplanering och kontroll kunde tre huvudsakliga slutsatser dras: (1) implementering av produktionsplanering och kontroll måste utgå från en grundlig förståelse för processerna hos vårdgivaren och syfta till att verka för både kliniska och operationella mål, (2) produktionsplanerings- och kontrollaktiviteter måste anpassas till vårdgivarens omgivning, och (3) kontinuerlig återkoppling från kvalitets och produktivitetsmål är oumbärliga för framgångsrik utnyttjning av produktionsplanerings och kontroll i en ambulant vårdgivare. Detta examensarbete kommer hjälpa ambulanta vårdgivare att möte de utmaningar och produktivitetskrav dessa står inför i Sverige genom att utnyttja potentialen med produktionsplanering och kontroll. / The healthcare sector in Sweden faces several challenges today: a growing and ageing population increases demand in terms of both volume and complexity whereas monetary resources available do not follow suit, forcing care givers to become more efficient in their operation. The healthcare sector has for this reason in recent years become more and more inclined to implement management theories developed in other industries, primarily the automotive industry. Ambulatory care service units, who provide care services on an outpatient basis, are vital in productivity improvements in the system they are acting in but have been somewhat neglected by both policy makers and academia. This study has therefore investigated how production planning and control theories, principles and methods can be utilised in an ambulatory care service unit in a major emergency hospital in Sweden. This thesis is based on a case study conducted at the radiology department at Danderyds sjukhus, an emergency hospital located in Stockholm County Council. The case study mainly consisted of qualitative data gathering using semi-structured interviews with aid from quantitative data on department performance. The empirical contributions of the case study included a process mapping of a generic process flow prevalent in all subunits of the department in the radiology department. The main process could be divided into three main phases: 1. Preparation, 2. Examination, and 3. Diagnosing and documentation. Using the mapped out process and a thorough literature review on production planning and control three main conclusions could be drawn: (1) an implementation of production planning and control should begin with a deep understanding of process flows in the unit and aim to promote both operational and medical objectives, (2) production planning and control activities should be adapted to the environment the unit is acting in, and (3) continuous feedback from performance measurements is vital to successful production planning and control initiatives. This study will help ambulatory care service units to meet the challenge of increased demand they currently face in Sweden by utilising the potential in production planning and control.

Lean construction is often suggested as way of enhancing the productivity of the construction industry. There are no clear definitions of lean construction, but it is often referred to as a construction management philosophy that aims to minimize waste and maximise customer value. Adopting lean construction in a project can be difficult and there are several critical factors for successful implementation; one of which is the use of lean construction practices. Lean construction practices are tools, techniques and strategies through which the principles of lean construction can be implemented. It has been pointed out that there is lack of information on the number of existing practices and their exact area of use. This master thesis report identified lean practices that have been implemented in commercial construction projects, and categorised them according to the phases of lean construction. The report also explored which lean production-planning-and-control- practices have been adopted by a commercial construction contractor. To identify the lean practices, a literature analysis was conducted based on the documents reviewed by Babalola et al. (2019) in their article ‘Implementation of lean practices in the construction industry: A systematic review’. This revealed 22 different lean practices that have been implemented in commercial construction projects, with the Last Planner System having been reported the most followed by Just in Time and Pull Scheduling. The literature analysis also resulted in the project delivery stages in which each identified practice had been adopted. This helped categorise the practices according to the phases of lean construction. The phases were defined by the conceptual framework ‘The Lean Project Delivery System’ as Project Definition, Lean Design, Lean Supply, Lean Assembly and Lean Use. The categorisation showed that (out of the 22 identified practices) 3 practices belong to the phase Project Definition, while 8, 9, 15 and 0 practices belong to the other phases respectively. To explore which lean production-planning-and-control-practices have been adopted by a commercial construction contractor, a case study was conducted of the production phase of a large-sized project referred to as Project X. Seven members of the production team were interviewed as to reveal the contractor’s working methods in the planning and control of production in terms of time, activity and logistics. The revealed working methods were then compared to 9 out of the 22 identified lean practices, since they were interpreted as production-planning-and-control-practices. This analysis showed that six of those practices were seemingly implemented in the production of Project X, while one was partially implemented and two were not implemented. / Lean byggproduktion föreslås ofta som ett sätt att öka produktiviteten i byggbranschen. Det finns inga tydliga definitioner av lean byggproduktion, men konceptet beskrivs ofta som en filosofi för byggledning som ämnar minimera avfall och maximera kundvärdet. Att anta lean byggproduktion i ett projekt kan vara svårt och det finns ett antal kritiska faktorer för lyckad implementering, varav en är användandet av lean byggverktyg. Lean byggverktyg är verktyg, tekniker och strategier genom vilka principerna av lean byggproduktion kan implementeras. Det har påpekats att det finns brist på information om antalet befintliga lean byggverktyg och deras användningsområden. Denna rapport identifierade lean verktyg som har implementerats i kommersiella byggprojekt, och kategoriserade de enligt faserna av lean byggproduktion. Rapporten utforskade också vilka lean verktyg för planering och styrning av produktion som har antagits av en kommersiell byggentreprenör. För att identifiera leanverktyg i kommersiella byggprojekt så genomfördes en litteraturanalys baserat på de dokument som granskats av Babalola et al. (2019) i deras artikel ‘Implementation of lean practices in the construction industry: A systematic review’. Detta avslöjade 22 olika lean byggverktyg som implementerats i diverse kommersiella byggprojekt, där Last Planner System har rapporterats mest följt av Just in Time och Pull Scheduling. Litteraturanalysen resulterade också i projektleveransstadierna där varje identifierat verktyg hade implementerats. Detta hjälpte att kategorisera verktygen enligt faserna av lean byggproduktion. Faserna definierades av det konceptuella ramverket ’The Lean Project Delivery System’ som Project Definition, Lean Design, Lean Supply, Lean Assembly och Lean Use. Kategoriseringen visade att (utav de 22 identifierade verktygen) 3 verktyg tillhör fasen Project Definition, medan de resterande faserna innefattar 8, 9, 15 respektive 0 verktyg. För att utforska vilka lean verktyg för planering och styrning av produktion som har antagits av en kommersiell byggentreprenör så utfördes en fallstudie av produktionsfasen av ett stort projekt såkallat Projekt X. Sju medlemmar av produktionsteamet intervjuades för att uppenbara entreprenörens arbetsmetoder vid planering och styrning av produktion beträffande tid, aktivitet och logistik. De uppenbarade arbetsmetoderna jämfördes sedan med 9 av de 22 identifierade leanverktygen eftersom just de tolkades som verktyg för planering och styrning av produktion. Denna analys visade att sex av dessa verktyg var till synes implementerade i produktionen av Projekt X, medan en var delvis implementerad och två inte alls implementerade.

Submitted by Patrícia Valim Labres de Freitas (patricial) on 2016-04-01T17:52:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thiago Antonio Souza.pdf: 1549573 bytes, checksum: 50bb2fe3750913e23e67747ffad33743 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-01T17:52:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thiago Antonio Souza.pdf: 1549573 bytes, checksum: 50bb2fe3750913e23e67747ffad33743 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-23 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Hospitais brasileiros tipicamente convivem com um desnivelamento entre capacidade e demanda. Os subsistemas público e privado são incapazes de coordenar situações de falta e excesso de capacidade identificados, de forma concomitante, em suas respectivas estruturas. Custos tornam-se um elemento focal em ambos os casos, quer visando qualidade e segurança quer visando incremento de capacidade, enfocando áreas chave do serviço hospitalar: serviços cirúrgicos, de internação, de emergência e de diagnóstico. O Lean Healthcare, neste contexto, se torna uma filosofia possível para a mudança organizacional dos processos hospitalares visando o incremento de sua eficiência. Este estudo discute a aplicação de conceitos do Lean Healthcare em serviços cirúrgicos, com base em evidências coletadas de três estudos realizados integradamente em um hospital universitário de grande porte, pertencente ao subsistema de saúde público brasileiro. O primeiro estudo enfoca a análise de eficiência do centro cirúrgico, propondo e aplicando o indicador Operating Room Effectiveness (ORE). O segundo, analisa e propõe formas de nivelar a produção (Heijunka) de cirurgias de diferentes demandas competindo pelo mesmo centro cirúrgico, em um contexto de capacidade inferior à demanda. O terceiro estudo desenvolve o conceito de Planejamento, Programação e Controle do Fluxo de Pacientes (PPCFP), com vistas ao planejamento integrado de consultas, cirurgias, pré-operatórios e aquisição de materiais. A aplicação dos modelos conceituais propostos revela potenciais vantagens, ainda a serem estudadas em amplitude e longitude como alternativa para outras organizações do setor. Como resultados locais, além do aporte de conceitos de Engenharia de Produção aplicada ao contexto de saúde, foram identificados: ganho operacional médio de 12% de eficiência nas salas de cirurgia; redução em 40% do tempo médio de espera para cirurgias eletivas; redução média de filas para consultas em 50%; melhor planejamento e controle de eficiência e produção; e economia de cerca de R$ 5.000.000,00 resultante dos três casos. / Brazilian hospitals typically work with a depression between capacity and demand. The public and private subsystems are unable to coordinate situations of shortage and excess capacity identified in their respective structures, concomitantly. Costs become a focal element in both cases, aiming to quality and safety or to increase capacity, focusing on key areas of hospital service: surgical services, admission, emergency and diagnostic. In this context, Lean Healthcare becomes an attractive philosophy for organizational change of hospital processes aiming at increasing its efficiency. This study discusses the application of Lean Healthcare concepts in surgical services, based on evidence collected from three studies integrally in a large University Hospital, part of the Brazilian public health subsystem. The first study focuses on the operating room efficiency analysis, proposing and applying the indicator Operating Room Effectiveness (ORE). The second study analyzes and proposes alternatives to level the production of surgeries (Heijunka) of different brands, competing for the same operating room, at a low capacity context. The third study develops the concept of Planning, Programming and Control of Patient Flow (PPCPF), to establish integrated planning consultations, surgeries, preoperative and acquisition of materials. The application of the proposed conceptual models reveals potential advantages, yet to be studied in amplitude and longitude as an alternative to other industry organizations. As local gains, in addition to the approximation of Industrial Engineering concepts to the health context, it have been identified: 12% increase in the surgical center’s average efficiency; 40% reduction in the average waiting time for elective surgery; 50% reduction in the number of queued consultations; better planning and control efficiency and production; and savings of about R$ 5,000,000.00 resulting from the three cases.

O setor industrial produtor de papel e celulose tem aumentado sua relevância comercial nas últimas décadas devido à demanda constantemente crescente. O aumento na competitividade do setor gerado pela economia globalizada e a dificuldade de desenvolvimento de bons planos de produção em ambientes produtivos cada vez mais complexos têm motivado a pesquisa por novas e efetivas ferramentas de auxílio à tomada de decisão. Considerando estas dificuldades, abordamos neste trabalho o problema de dimensionamento e sequenciamento de lotes com foco em empresas com processo integrado de produção de celulose e de papel. Trata-se de um problema de planejamento de médio a curto prazo, geralmente com maior enfoque no curto prazo por considerar o planejamento detalhado da produção em horizontes de planejamento que não superam 30 dias. No processo integrado de celulose e papel, foram consideradas as decisões de produção do digestor, evaporador, caldeira de recuperação e de múltiplas máquinas produtoras de papel, além do controle de estoque de produtos intermediários e finais. Modelos matemáticos da literatura foram modificados e estendidos para incorporar características adicionais do problema como, por exemplo, processos com múltiplas máquinas de papel. Além disso, foram desenvolvidas heurísticas construtivas, heurísticas de melhoria, abordagens de solução híbridas baseadas em algoritmos genéticos combinadas com ferramentas comerciais de solução exata, além de combinações entre os métodos. As abordagens desenvolvidas foram testadas computacionalmente e as melhores combinações de métodos foram definidas. De forma geral, os resultados dessas abordagens foram superiores aos obtidos por ferramentas de solução comerciais puras. Ademais, a variação proposta da heurística de melhoria fixe-e-otimize com mudanças na função objetivo se destacou com relação aos demais métodos, obtendo os melhores resultados, independentemente da qualidade da solução inicial utilizada. As principais contribuições desta tese são a apresentação de modelos matemáticos para representar apropriadamente o problema estudado, e o desenvolvimento de métodos de solução efetivos para resolver o problema. / The pulp and paper industry has been increasing the commercial importance in recent decades due to the constant growing demand. The increasing competitiveness of this sector generated by the globalized economy and the difficulty to develop good production plans in complex production environments have motivated the search for new and effective decision support systems. Given these difficulties, in this thesis we address the lot sizing and scheduling problem focused on integrated pulp and paper mills. This is a problem of medium to short term planning, generally more focused on the short term as it covers detailed production schedules in planning horizons which do not exceed 30 days. In these integrated pulp and paper process the production decisions of digester, evaporator, recovery boiler and multiple paper machines are considered, apart from the inventory control of intermediate and final products. Mathematical models known in the literature were modified and extended to incorporate additional features of the problem, such as processes with multiple paper machines. In addition, constructive and improvement heuristics, and hybrid methods based on genetic algorithms combined with a commercial solver were developed, as well as combinations of these solution approaches. The methods developed were computationally tested and the best combinations of methods were defined. Overall, the results of these methods were superior to the solutions obtained by pure commercial solvers. Moreover, the alternative variation proposed of the improvement heuristic fix-and-optimize with exchanges in the objective function surpassed the other methods, obtaining the best results, regardless of the quality of the initial solution used. The main contribution of this thesis are the presentation of mathematical models that appropriately represents the problem under study, and the development of effective solution methods to deal with the problem.

Submitted by Victor Mario Noble Ramos (vicmanr90@gmail.com) on 2017-12-01T18:27:41Z No. of bitstreams: 2 TextoFinalDissertationVicman-PosDefesa.pdf: 37720288 bytes, checksum: e8e3336733bc8151bd42eab9118f2b2a (MD5) CartaTextoFinal.pdf: 241030 bytes, checksum: 8c46be374e02fb08ecd2b0f6ac30a27b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi ( ri.bso@ufscar.br) on 2017-12-04T12:40:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 TextoFinalDissertationVicman-PosDefesa.pdf: 37720288 bytes, checksum: e8e3336733bc8151bd42eab9118f2b2a (MD5) CartaTextoFinal.pdf: 241030 bytes, checksum: 8c46be374e02fb08ecd2b0f6ac30a27b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi ( ri.bso@ufscar.br) on 2017-12-04T12:40:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 TextoFinalDissertationVicman-PosDefesa.pdf: 37720288 bytes, checksum: e8e3336733bc8151bd42eab9118f2b2a (MD5) CartaTextoFinal.pdf: 241030 bytes, checksum: 8c46be374e02fb08ecd2b0f6ac30a27b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-04T12:40:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 TextoFinalDissertationVicman-PosDefesa.pdf: 37720288 bytes, checksum: e8e3336733bc8151bd42eab9118f2b2a (MD5) CartaTextoFinal.pdf: 241030 bytes, checksum: 8c46be374e02fb08ecd2b0f6ac30a27b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / This dissertation adresses the general integrated lot sizing and scheduling problem for non-alcoholic beverage production with synchronization between stages and operating time windows for scheduling preventive maintenances. The problem is characterized by having two interdependent synchronized stages. In the first stage, machines (tanks) can supply several filling lines at the same time in the second stage, where the final items are packed. Production sequence-dependent times and costs exist. The review of the related literature indicates that existing models refer, generally, to particular cases of the general problem adressed here, the most common cases are the dedication of tanks to the lines, and disregarding the perishability of syrups and the possibility of scheduling preventive maintenances. A mathematical model for the general problem, called SMMRPM, has been proposed and applied in several instances to show the adherence and flexibility of the model to represent practical cases that can be found in reality. For the case of the dedication of tanks to lines, the model was compared with the dedicated model F1 (FERREIRA et al, 2012). The results indicate that the SMMRPM model is flexible and adherent to represent practical scenarios in which other models are not applicable, for example the possibility of scheduling preventive maintenance and consideration of perishability are differential of the proposal. In the plans obtained, it was shown that it is important to include these considerations that significantly affect the productive plans. In the case of dedication, compared to the dedicated model, the formulation SMMRPM achieves production plans, on average, 52.63 \% less costly than F1. / Nesta dissertação de mestrado é pesquisado o problema geral integrado de dimensionamento e sequenciamento de lotes da produção de bebidas não alcoólicas com sincronia ente os estágios e janelas de tempo de operação para programação de manutenções preventivas. O problema é caracterizado por ter dois estágios sincronizados e dependentes entre si. As máquinas do primeiro estágio (tanques) podem suprir ao mesmo tempo várias linhas de envase no segundo estágio, onde são envasados os itens finais. Existem tempos e custos de setup dependentes da sequência de produção. A revisão da literatura relacionada indica que modelos existentes referem-se, em geral, a casos particulares do problema geral aqui tratado, sendo que os casos mais comuns são a dedicação de tanques à linhas, e desconsideração da perecibilidade dos xaropes e da possibilidade de programar manutenções preventivas. Foi proposto um modelo matemático para o problema geral, denominado SMMRPM, e aplicado em diversas instâncias a fim de mostrar a aderência e a flexibilidade do modelo para representar casos práticos que podem ser achados na realidade. Para o caso da dedicação de tanques a linhas, o modelo foi comparado com o modelo dedicado F1 (FERREIRA et al, 2012). Os resultados indicam que o modelo SMMRPM é flexível e aderente para representar cenários práticos em que outros modelos não são aplicáveis, por exemplo a possibilidade de programar manutenções preventivas e consideração da perecibilidade são diferenciais da proposta. Nos planos obtidos foi mostrada a importância da inclusão destas considerações que afetam significativamente os planos produtivos. No caso da dedicação, comparado com o modelo dedicado, a formulação SMMRPM consegue planos de produção, em média, 52.63 % menos custosos que o F1. / Demanda Social

O setor industrial produtor de papel e celulose tem aumentado sua relevância comercial nas últimas décadas devido à demanda constantemente crescente. O aumento na competitividade do setor gerado pela economia globalizada e a dificuldade de desenvolvimento de bons planos de produção em ambientes produtivos cada vez mais complexos têm motivado a pesquisa por novas e efetivas ferramentas de auxílio à tomada de decisão. Considerando estas dificuldades, abordamos neste trabalho o problema de dimensionamento e sequenciamento de lotes com foco em empresas com processo integrado de produção de celulose e de papel. Trata-se de um problema de planejamento de médio a curto prazo, geralmente com maior enfoque no curto prazo por considerar o planejamento detalhado da produção em horizontes de planejamento que não superam 30 dias. No processo integrado de celulose e papel, foram consideradas as decisões de produção do digestor, evaporador, caldeira de recuperação e de múltiplas máquinas produtoras de papel, além do controle de estoque de produtos intermediários e finais. Modelos matemáticos da literatura foram modificados e estendidos para incorporar características adicionais do problema como, por exemplo, processos com múltiplas máquinas de papel. Além disso, foram desenvolvidas heurísticas construtivas, heurísticas de melhoria, abordagens de solução híbridas baseadas em algoritmos genéticos combinadas com ferramentas comerciais de solução exata, além de combinações entre os métodos. As abordagens desenvolvidas foram testadas computacionalmente e as melhores combinações de métodos foram definidas. De forma geral, os resultados dessas abordagens foram superiores aos obtidos por ferramentas de solução comerciais puras. Ademais, a variação proposta da heurística de melhoria fixe-e-otimize com mudanças na função objetivo se destacou com relação aos demais métodos, obtendo os melhores resultados, independentemente da qualidade da solução inicial utilizada. As principais contribuições desta tese são a apresentação de modelos matemáticos para representar apropriadamente o problema estudado, e o desenvolvimento de métodos de solução efetivos para resolver o problema. / The pulp and paper industry has been increasing the commercial importance in recent decades due to the constant growing demand. The increasing competitiveness of this sector generated by the globalized economy and the difficulty to develop good production plans in complex production environments have motivated the search for new and effective decision support systems. Given these difficulties, in this thesis we address the lot sizing and scheduling problem focused on integrated pulp and paper mills. This is a problem of medium to short term planning, generally more focused on the short term as it covers detailed production schedules in planning horizons which do not exceed 30 days. In these integrated pulp and paper process the production decisions of digester, evaporator, recovery boiler and multiple paper machines are considered, apart from the inventory control of intermediate and final products. Mathematical models known in the literature were modified and extended to incorporate additional features of the problem, such as processes with multiple paper machines. In addition, constructive and improvement heuristics, and hybrid methods based on genetic algorithms combined with a commercial solver were developed, as well as combinations of these solution approaches. The methods developed were computationally tested and the best combinations of methods were defined. Overall, the results of these methods were superior to the solutions obtained by pure commercial solvers. Moreover, the alternative variation proposed of the improvement heuristic fix-and-optimize with exchanges in the objective function surpassed the other methods, obtaining the best results, regardless of the quality of the initial solution used. The main contribution of this thesis are the presentation of mathematical models that appropriately represents the problem under study, and the development of effective solution methods to deal with the problem.

The diploma thesis Order optimization and validation of resource capacities in company Formex s.r.o. is composed from three parts. The first one is an introduction to the types and specifications of production systems. It also follows production planning and control. The second part is dedicated to analysis of the information system WorkPlan and to the analysis of the company Formex s.r.o. (the company structure, the production and the planning process). The possible ways of production planning and order optimization with respect to the use of IS WorkPlan were designed in the third part of the diploma thesis. Consequently the most suitable planning way was selected and the templates with the normalized technological processes were designed. The diploma thesis also contains validation of the proposals and it is enclosed with the recommendation for the future steps in the production planning in the company Formex s.r.o.

Работа посвящена эмпирическому исследованию проблемам повышения эффективности деятельности промышленных предприятий. Считается, что ключевым направлением развития любого предприятия является его производственное планирование. С учетом тенденций и особенностей современного рынка, предполагается, что наиболее перспективным решением является внедрение гибридной системы производственного планирования, которая объединяет в себе элементы наиболее результативных методологий. В работе разработан методический подход к управлению производственным планированием на предприятии, базирующийся на самодиагностике состояния системы оперативного планирования и алгоритме по выбору вида производственного планирования, в основе которого лежит оценка функционирования системы с помощью показателей эффективности предприятия, имеющих как прямое, так и косвенное влияние, что позволит повысить эффективность управления и изменить состав и приоритеты основных ресурсов предприятия. / The research is devoted to an empirical study of the problems of improving the efficiency of industrial enterprises. It is hypothesized that the key direction of development of any enterprise is its production planning. Taking into account the trends and features of the modern market, it is assumed that the most promising solution is the introduction of a hybrid production planning system that combines elements of the most effective methodologies. There is developed a methodological approach to the management of production planning at the enterprise. It is based on 2 steps: the first step is self-diagnosis of the state of the operational planning system and the second on algorithm for choosing the type of production planning, which is based on the assessment of the system functioning using the enterprise performance indicators that have both direct and indirect influence, which will increase the management efficiency and change the composition and priorities of the main resources of the enterprise.

[EN] In this Thesis, we analyze an industry type that has two basic features: Its products are distributed in a geographic level and it reuses material after that is consumed to made new products. Because of these features, it represents a logistics challenge. This kind of supply chains is characterized also by having various stages that permit to carry the products from facility plants to the final customer. First, it is analyzed the supply chain structure, from production, in facility plants to the final customer by retailers, downstream; and from the customer, when returnable materials are liberated, classification and transport upstream to facility plants , where are prepared and used many times, until the end of their usable life. The attention focus is the integration of two fundamental functions of the supply chain management, in this case, production planning and distribution planning including the collection of reusable materials. It is precise to plan the production to satisfy retailers demand and to the procurement of returnable materials which after being consumed return to the process. It is made a bibliographical review about production planning, reverse logistics and vehicle routing and, it is built mathematical programming models to make decisions in production planning (in facility plants), inventories planning (in all the supply chain), and the deliveries that should be done in both senses in their respective routes. As a result of this research, there are three models of Mixed Integer Linear Programming: -Production planning model: Mathematical model which represents all the facilities in each one of the levels of the supply chain and their geographical localization. It lets to determine production and stock levels and delivery quantities in order to satisfy the demands in a planning horizon of several periods. This model has capacity constraints for both production and storage, constraints of demand, compatibility between products and facilities because not all the products can be in all facilities, and constraints of direct deliveries among determinate nodes in the supply chain (particularly between plants and retailers), especially. -Vehicle routing model: mathematical model that represents products distribution from different source nodes to destine nodes, it use a heterogeneous fleet, in a time period. One of the model assumptions is that a node acts as product emitting or recipient (facility plants or retailers). However, an intermediate node can take one of these roles depending if is the origin or destine of goods. This model has fleet use constraints, volume, and mass capacity vehicle constraints, fluxes in the supply chain. A vehicle can visit several destine nodes after leave from a source node, and a node can be visited by one or more vehicles (because of compatibility conditions between products and nodes or by economical aspects) and there are soft and strong time windows. -Integrated logistics and production management model: It is a model that join the two previous models, because of it, it is possible to plan production, inventories, and vehicle routing for a horizon time of several periods. Three proposed models have the objective of minimizing the total cost and are evaluated with testing instances. The Models were built using Gurobi 6.5.1 optimization model and Python2.7 pro- gramming language. Moreover, it was built a constructive heuristics and a genetic algorithm using Python programming language and Pyevolve software, as an alternative to solving routing vehicles, to reduce execution time. / [ES] En esta tesis se analiza un tipo de industria en el que: sus productos son distribuidos ampliamente a nivel geográfico y emplean elementos que una vez usados regresan al proceso de fabricación para hacer parte de nuevos productos. Este tipo de cadena se caracteriza por la presencia de varios eslabones que permiten acercar el producto al consumidor final. Se hace un análisis de la estructura de la cadena de suministros, desde la producción, en las plantas hasta su llegada al cliente final por intermedio de los detallistas, en el sentido "aguas abajo", y desde el consumo del producto y la consecuente liberación de los materiales reutilizables que deben conducirse "aguas arriba" hasta las plantas de producción, donde son preparados y utilizados una y otra vez hasta el final de su vida útil. El foco de atención consiste en la integración de dos funciones fundamentales de la cadena de suministros: la planeación de la producción y la distribución del producto con la consecuente recolección de los materiales de retorno. Se precisa realizar la planeación de la producción de manera que dé satisfacción a la demanda que tiene lugar en los detallistas, y que se abastezca de los materiales de retorno que una vez consumido el producto se reincorporan al proceso. Se hace una revisión bibliográfica sobre planeación de la producción, logística inversa y ruteo de vehículos y; se construyen modelos de programación matemática que soportan la toma de decisiones en la planeación de la producción, de los inventarios (en toda la cadena de suministros), y de los envíos que deben realizarse en uno y otro sentido en las correspondientes rutas. Como resultado de la investigación se presentan tres modelos de programación lineal entera mixta (MILP), así: -Modelo de planeación de la producción: representa la cadena de suministros a partir de las instalaciones de cada uno de los niveles y su ubicación geográfica, y determina los volúmenes a producir, a almacenar y las cantidades que se deben enviar desde cada nodo de la cadena de suministros a los demás, de modo que se satisfaga la demanda en un horizonte de planeación compuesto por varios periodos. Este modelo presenta restricciones de capacidad tanto de producción como de almacenamiento, de demanda, de compatibilidad de productos con las instalaciones, y de envíos directos entre determinados nodos de la cadena de suministros. -Modelo de ruteo de vehículos: representa la forma en que se deben distribuir los productos desde los diferentes nodos fuente a los diferentes nodos destino, haciendo uso de una flota heterogénea de vehículos, en un periodo de tiempo. El modelo se hace bajo el supuesto de que los nodos son o emisores o receptores del producto, un nodo intermedio asume uno de estos roles según si es origen o destino de las mercancías. Presenta restricciones asociadas al uso de la flota, a su capacidad tanto en masa como en volumen, los flujos a lo largo de la cadena bajo la premisa de que un vehículo parte de un nodo fuente y puede visitar varios nodos destino antes de regresar, y de que un nodo puede ser visitado por varios vehículos (por condiciones de compatibilidad entre nodos y productos o porque resulta más económico), ante la presencia de ventanas de tiempo tanto rígidas como suaves. -Modelo integrado de gestión de producción y logística: reúne los dos modelos anteriores, es decir, permite la planeación de la producción, la gestión de los inventarios y el ruteo de vehículos para un horizonte de planeación determinado. Los tres modelos se proponen con el objetivo de minimizar los costes totales y son evaluados con instancias de prueba. Los modelos fueron implementados haciendo uso del software de optimización Gurobi y del lenguaje de programación Python. Además, se implementó una heurística constructiva y un algortimo genético utilizando Python y el software Pyevolve, como alternativa a la solución del VRP, para reducir el tiem / [CAT] Aquesta tesi s'analitza un tipus d'indústria que: els seus productes són distribuïts àmpliament a nivell geogràfic i fan ús d'elements que una vegada usats tornen al procés de fabricació per a fer part dels nous productes. Aquest tipus de cadenes es caracteritza per la presència de diversos eslavons que permeten acostar el producte des de les plantes de producció fins a arribar al consumidor final. Es fa una anàlisi de l'estructura de la cadena de subministraments, des de la producció, en les plantes fins a la seua arribada al client final per mitjà dels detallistes, en el sentit "aigües a baix", i des del consum del producte i el conseqüent alliberament dels materials reutilitzables que han de conduir-se "aigües a dalt" fins a les plantes de producció, on són preparats i utilitzats una vegada i una altra, fins al final de la seua vida útil. El focus d'atenció consisteix en la integració de dues funcions fonamentals de la cadena de subministraments: la planificació de la producció i la distribució del producte amb la conseqüent recol·lecció dels materials de tornada. Sobre aquest tema, es precisa realitzar la planificació de la producció de manera que done satisfacció a la demanda que té lloc en els detallistes, i que es proveïsca dels materials de tornada que, una vegada consumit el producte, es reincorporen al procés. Es fa una revisió bibliogràfica del relacionat amb planificació de la producció, logística inversa i enrutament de vehicles i es construeixen models de programació matemàtica que suporten la presa de decisions en la planificació de la producció, dels inventaris (tota la cadena de subministraments), i dels enviaments que han de realitzar-se en un i un altre sentit en les corresponents rutes. Com a resultat de la recerca es presenten tres models de Programació Lineal Sencera Mixta (MILP), així: -Model de planificació de la producció: representa la cadena de subministraments a partir de les instal·lacions de cadascun dels nivells i la seua ubicació geogràfica, i es determinen els volums a produir, a emmagatzemar i les quantitats que s'han d'enviar des de cada node de la cadena de subministraments als altres, de manera que se satisfaça la demanda en un horitzó de planificació compost per diversos períodes. Aquest model presenta restriccions de capacitat tant de producció com d'emmagatzematge, de demanda, de compatibilitat de productes amb les instal·lacions, i d'enviaments directes entre determinats nodes de la cadena de subministraments, entre altres aspectes. -Model de enrutament de vehicles: representa la forma en què s'han de distribuir els productes des dels diferents nodes font als diferents nodes destine, fent ús d'una flota heterogènia de vehicles, en un període de temps. Els nodes són o emissors o receptors del producte, encara que en la seua utilització un node intermedi pot assumir un d'aquests rols segons si és origen o destinació de les mercaderies. Per a aquest model es tenen en compte les restriccions associades a l'ús de la flota, a la seua capacitat tant en massa com en volum, els fluxos al llarg de la cadena sota la premissa que un vehicle parteix d'un node font i pot visitar diversos nodes destine abans de tornar, i que un node pot ser visitat per diversos vehicles, davant la presència de finestres de temps tant rígides com suaus. -Model integrat de gestió de producció i logística: reuneix els dos models anteriors, és a dir, permet la planificació de la producció, la gestió dels inventaris i el enrutament de vehicles per a un horitzó de planificació determinat. Els tres models es proposen amb l'objectiu de minimitzar els costos totals i són avaluats amb instàncies de prova, apropiades. Els models van ser implementats fent ús del programari d'optimització Gurobi i del llenguatge de programació Python. A més, es va implementar una heurística constructiva i un algortime genètic utilitzant Python i el programari Pye / Parra Peña, J. (2016). Modelizado para la planeación de la producción y la logística directa e inversa de una cadena de suministro cuyo abastecimiento depende parcialmente de los materiales de retorno [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/73726 / TESIS

Tesis por compendio / [ES] Los sistemas tradicionales de planificación y control de la producción (PPC) se centran en producir lo que demanda el mercado, con la calidad, el calendario y los volúmenes previstos al mínimo coste, ajustándose al mismo tiempo a las disrupciones de la cadena de suministro. La exploración e implementación de nuevos avances tecnológicos en el marco de la industria 4.0 (I4.0), como sistemas ciberfísicos (CPS), fabricación en la nube (CMfg), fabricación aditiva (AM), big data, inteligencia artificial y la Internet de las cosas (IoT), podrían cambiar aspectos organizativos tales como las responsabilidades de PPC. En este contexto, no se identificaron estudios sobre un sistema para la toma de decisiones, arquitecturas y marcos conceptuales para los nuevos sistemas inteligentes de PPC e I4.0. En este contexto de nuevos cambios tecnológicos y organizativos a los que tienen que hacer frente las pequeñas y medianas empresas (PYMEs), surge el problema de diseñar herramientas de PPC que permitan la integración y colaboración de las operaciones de producción. Así, basándose en las nuevas tecnologías de producción digital y en las herramientas organizativas que darán soporte a las fábricas inteligentes conectadas del futuro, se identificó la falta de un sistema integrado de PPC e I4.0. Esta tesis doctoral es un compendio de artículos que abordan una amplia revisión bibliográfica sobre la PPC en un entorno de I4.0. También, se propone un marco conceptual y el diseño de modelos y algoritmos para la toma de decisiones y dar soporte a las funciones de PPC en un contexto digital I4.0 basado en las nuevas tecnologías de producción digital y herramientas organizativas que darán soporte a las fábricas inteligentes colaborativas y conectadas del futuro. Los modelos matemáticos y algoritmos propuestos se centran en resolver el problema del diseño y planificación de una cadena de suministro sostenible y resiliente en la que las decisiones estratégicas y tácticas se toman de forma integrada. Los modelos, algoritmos y método de resolución se han programado en Python. Los modelos han sido validados mediante un software que genera instancias de datos sintéticos y permite evaluar la complejidad computacional de los mismos. El desarrollo de este tipo de modelos y algoritmos supone una contribución al ámbito académico e investigador y, concretamente, en el área de PPC. / [CA] En l'actualitat, els sistemes tradicionals de planificació i control de la producció (PPC) se centren en produir el que demanda el mercat, amb la qualitat, el calendari i els volums previstos al mínim cost, ajustant-se al mateix temps a les pertorbacions. L'exploració i implementació de nous avanços tecnològics, com CPS, fabricació en el núvol (CMfg), fabricació additiva (AM), big data, intelligència artificial i el IoT, podrien canviar aspectes organitzatius, com les responsabilitats de PPC. En aquest context, no es van identificar estudis sobre un sistema per a la presa de decisions, arquitectures i marcs conceptuals per als nous sistemes intelligents de PPC i I4.0. En aquest context de nous canvis tecnològics i organitzatius als quals han de fer front les petites i mitjanes empreses (PIME), sorgeix el problema de dissenyar eines de PPC que permeten la integració i collaboració de les operacions de producció. Així, basant-se en les noves tecnologies de producció digital i en les eines organitzatives que donaran suport a les fàbriques intelligents connectades del futur, es va identificar la falta d'un sistema integrat de la PPC i I4.0. Aquesta investigació és un compendi d'articles que aborden una àmplia revisió bibliogràfica sobre la PPC en un entorn I4.0. També proposa un marc conceptual i el disseny de models i algorismes per a la presa de decisions i per a donar suport a les funcions de PPC en un context digital I4.0 basat en les noves tecnologies de producció digital i eines organitzatives que donaran suport a les fàbriques intelligents col·laboratives i connectades del futur. Els models matemàtics i algorismes proposats se centren en resoldre el problema del disseny d'una cadena de subministrament sostenible i resistent en la qual les decisions estratègiques i tàctiques es prenen de forma integrada. Els models, algorismes i mètode de resolució s'han programat en Python. Els models han sigut validats mitjançant un programari que genera instàncies de dades sintètiques i permet avaluar la complexitat computacional dels models. El desenvolupament d'aquesta mena de models i algorismes suposa una important contribució a l'àmbit acadèmic. / [EN] Currently, traditional production planning and control (PPC) systems focus on producing what the market demands with the expected quality, schedule and volumes at a minimum cost, while adjusting for disruption. The exploration and implementation of new technological advances, such as CPS, cloud manufacturing (CMfg), additive manufacturing (AM), big data, artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things (IoT), could change organisational aspects like PPC responsibilities. In this context, no studies on a system for decision making, architectures and conceptual frameworks for the new intelligent systems of PPC and industry 4.0 (I4.0) have been identified. In this context of new technological and organisational changes that small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have to face, the problem of designing PPC tools that enable the integration and collaboration of production operations arises. Thus, based on the new digital production technologies and organisational tools that will support the connected smart factories of the future, lack of an integrated PPC and I4.0 system was identified. The present doctoral thesis is a compendium of articles addressing a comprehensive literature review on PPC in an I4.0 environment. It also proposes a conceptual framework and the design of models and algorithms for decision making and to support PPC functions in a digital I4.0 context based on the new digital production technologies and organisational tools that will support the collaborative and connected smart factories of the future. The proposed mathematical models and algorithms focus on solving the problem of designing a sustainable and resilient supply chain where strategic and tactical decisions are made in an integrated way. The models, algorithms and resolution method have been programmed in Python. The models have been validated by means of software that generates synthetic data instances and allows the models' computational complexity to be evaluated. The development of this type of models and algorithms is a significant contribution to the academic field. / I would like to thank the following projects and universities for having financed the publications included in this doctoral thesis: • European Commission Horizon 2020 project entitled "Crop diversification and low-input farming cross Europe: From practitioners' engagement and ecosystems services to increased revenues and value chain organisation' (Diverfarming), grant agreement 728003. • Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities project entitled 'Optimization of zero-defect production technologies enabling supply chains 4.0 (CADS4.0)' (RTI2018-101344-B-I00). • European Union H2020 program with grant agreement no. 958205 "Industrial Data Services for Quality Control in Smart Manufacturing (i4Q)". • European Union H2020 Program with grant agreement nº 825631 "Zero- Defect Manufacturing Platform (ZDMP)". / Cañas Sánchez, HE. (2023). Models, Algorithms and Digital Technologies for the Automation and Collaboration of Connected Smart Factories in an Industry 4.0 Environment [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/202312 / Compendio