The purpose of this investigation was to examine the directional relationship between practicing school counselors' level of professional quality of life and self-efficacy to their programmatic service delivery activities. This investigation tested the theoretical model that practicing school counselors' level of professional quality of life (as measured by the Professional Quality of Life Scale [ProQOLs; Stamm, 2010]) and their self-efficacy (as measured by the School Counselor Self-Efficacy Scale [SCSEs; Bodenhorn & Skaggs, 2005]) contributes to their service delivery activity (as measured by the School Counselor Activity Rating Scale [SCARS; Scarborough, 2005]). Specifically, this study examined the hypothesized directional relationship that school counselors who have higher ProQOL scores (e.g., less burnout and compassion fatigue and higher compassion satisfaction) and higher self-efficacy scores (e.g., more confident about counseling skills) have increased levels of programmatic service delivery facilitation (e.g., they provide high levels of school counseling activities for students and stakeholders). In addition, this investigation examined the relationship between practicing school counselors' demographic factors and the constructs of professional quality of life, self-efficacy, and programmatic service delivery. Furthermore, the investigation examined the difference in response rate and school counselors' total mean score (as measured by the ProQOLs, SCSEs, and SCARS) based upon the: (a) sampling method (e.g., email web-based, paper-pencil mail-out survey, face-to-face survey administration), (b) token incentive type (e.g., monetary [$1.00, $2.00, or no incentive] or non-monetary [$1.00 donation to the American Red Cross or no donation]), and (c) sampling population (e.g., ASCA dataset or Common Core Dataset)? A review of the literature is presented, which provides conceptual theory and empirical research to support the constructs and their hypothesized relationship. A descriptive, correlational research design was employed to investigate the research hypothesis and exploratory research questions. The data was collected through diverse survey methodologies (e.g., email web-based, paper-pencil mail-out survey, face-to-face survey administration). The research hypothesis was tested through the utilization of structural equation modeling (SEM). In addition, multiple linear regression, spearmen rho correlation, Mann-Whitney U tests, Kruscal-Wallis H tests, and Chi Square tests of independence were used to analyze the data for the exploratory questions. The results of the investigation are presented and compared to current literature and prior research. Additionally, the limitations of the study are discussed and recommendations for future research are presented. Last, implications from this investigation are discussed in regards to practicing school counselors, school counselor educators, and school counseling researchers. The sample size for this investigation was 690 with 577 used for the data analysis after data cleaning. The results of the SEM analyses identified that practicing school counselors' professional quality of life contributed to their programmatic service delivery (1.21% of the variance explained). In addition, the results identified that practicing school counselors' self-efficacy contributed to their programmatic service delivery (34.81% of the variance explained). Furthermore, the analysis indicated that the covariance between professional quality of life and self-efficacy accounted for 26% of the shared variance between these two constructs of interest. Implications of the findings from the study include (a) school counselors' self-efficacy contributes to their programmatic service delivery (large effect size), (b) school counselors' professional quality of life and self-efficacy contribute to one another (medium to large effect size), and (c) school counselors' professional quality of life contributes to their service delivery (small effect size). Additionally, this study provides implications in regards to: (a) the psychometric properties of the ProQOLs, SCSEs, and SCARS with a national sample of practicing school counselors and (b) research methodology related to differences in school counselors' response rates and total mean score on the ProQOLs, SCSEs, and SCARS based upon the sampling method, incentive type, and sampling population.

Yes / SETTING: In 2005, in response to the increasing prevalence of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) and poor treatment outcomes, Rwanda initiated the programmatic management of RR-TB, including expanded access to systematic rifampicin drug susceptibility testing (DST) and standardised treatment.OBJECTIVE: To describe trends in diagnostic and treatment delays and estimate their effect on RR-TB mortality.DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of individual-level data including 748 (85.4%) of 876 patients diagnosed with RR-TB notified to the World Health Organization between 1 July 2005 and 31 December 2016 in Rwanda. Logistic regression was used to estimate the effect of diagnostic and therapeutic delays on RR-TB mortality.RESULTS: Between 2006 and 2016, the median diagnostic delay significantly decreased from 88 days to 1 day, and the therapeutic delay from 76 days to 3 days. Simultaneously, RR-TB mortality significantly decreased from 30.8% in 2006 to 6.9% in 2016. Total delay in starting multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) treatment of more than 100 days was associated with more than two-fold higher odds for dying. When delays were long, empirical RR-TB treatment initiation was associated with a lower mortality.CONCLUSION: The reduction of diagnostic and treatment delays reduced RR-TB mortality. We anticipate that universal testing for RR-TB, short diagnostic and therapeutic delays and effective standardised MDR-TB treatment will further decrease RR-TB mortality in Rwanda.

The thesis aims to examine the approaches of humanitarian organizations towards achieving gender transformative changes and the challenges as well as obstacles to implementing gender transformative programming in the ongoing humanitarian response in Bangladesh for the Rohingyas since 2017. The research is conducted through applying qualitative methodology, consisting of document analysis and interviews. The document analysis is based on annual reports and gender analysis of humanitarian organizations working in the Rohingya response. Eight interviews conducted for this thesis provide insights and reflection from gender practitioners who are implementing gender transformative programs. The gender transformative approach focuses on removing the barriers, so women and men can achieve full access to resources and opportunities promoting gender equality and a gender transformative program that adopts the approach from the development till the results stage. The gender integration continuum tool and Gender and Age Marker (GAM) help gender practitioners evaluate and shape their programs with a transformative approach. The transformative programs are crucial for the response considering the existing gender gaps and needs, and for the humanitarian organizations to recognize the need for and importance of gender transformative programs. The barriers and challenges of implementing a gender transformative program in the Rohingya crisis are mainly three types: a) legal, b) structural, and c) cultural challenges. The lack of refugee rights of the Rohingyas results in establishing a response mechanism that is based on practical needs rather than strategic needs. It also hinders the implementation of the GBV case management program. There are structural challenges arising from the lack of capacity among the staff members, limited allocation of time from unequal practices, and lack of gender mainstreaming in humanitarian organizations. Culturally, the tendency to follow universal transformative program models and the reluctance of the humanitarian community to invest in gender transformative programs creates challenges in implementing gender transformative programs.

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This thesis introduces the research of combining the field of interaction design with the domain of the classical concert. The research is framed around a curiosity about why interaction at big stages tend to fail: how can mass interaction support the concert experience in a way that interactivity becomes a dialogue between artistic intention and audience experience. The work is centered around a collaboration with The Royal Danish Theatre and The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Art – The School of Design, focused on a scheduled classical concert at The Royal Danish Opera, where a concept is tested. The work is carried out as an explorative work of a design space through interweaved processes of design practice and reflection, emphasizing the need to include the artistic intention and to support the experience of the performance. Validation of the work is triangulated: empirical results from interviews and observation at the concert, supported by theoretical aspects, related work, reflection, and analysis. Additionally validation is drawn from the collaboration, as well as on a micro level: all engagements are part of the validation, making reflections in iterations and through material exploration.With a focus on the whole, both regarding methodological points of view as well as the specific ideal to include artists and artistic intention, the work adds a new layer to the HCI (Human Computer Interaction) tradition otherwise dominated by a focus on the user. In conclusion, the work brings forth four provisional takeaways to the design space of mass interaction: Reserve interaction for dramaturgical significant moments, Breaking norms creates social playfulness and disruptive behavior, Create tight coupling between action and meaning, and Tie the stage to the whole space. The specific concept at the concert will be part of a repertoire and possibly be an inspiration to the design community and cultural institutions.

This thesis introduces the research of combining the field of interaction design with the domain of the classical concert. The research is framed around a curiosity about why interaction at big stages tend to fail: how can mass interaction support the concert experience in a way that interactivity becomes a dialogue between artistic intention and audience experience. The work is centered around a collaboration with The Royal Danish Theatre and The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Art – The School of Design, focused on a scheduled classical concert at The Royal Danish Opera, where a concept is tested. The work is carried out as an explorative work of a design space through interweaved processes of design practice and reflection, emphasizing the need to include the artistic intention and to support the experience of the performance. Validation of the work is triangulated: empirical results from interviews and observation at the concert, supported by theoretical aspects, related work, reflection, and analysis. Additionally validation is drawn from the collaboration, as well as on a micro level: all engagements are part of the validation, making reflections in iterations and through material exploration.With a focus on the whole, both regarding methodological points of view as well as the specific ideal to include artists and artistic intention, the work adds a new layer to the HCI (Human Computer Interaction) tradition otherwise dominated by a focus on the user.In conclusion, the work brings forth four provisional takeaways to the design space of mass interaction: Reserve interaction for dramaturgical significant moments, Breaking norms creates social playfulness and disruptive behavior, Create tight coupling between action and meaning, and Tie the stage to the whole space. The specific concept at the concert will be part of a repertoire and possibly be an inspiration to the design community and cultural institutions.

This thesis introduces the exploration of making wearables as a collaborative expression between a performer and a participant in a performative participatory installation. With a phenomenological view on our embodied experience with technology, the methodological approach is program/experiment dialectics, mixing experiments in the lab with exploration in the field. The thesis introduces the full process, the program and experiments where the perception (the embodied interaction with the materials and the context) of the designer/researcher and participants has been a great resource of the iterative process of creating the prototype from sketching in digital material, to prototyping and testing. From the making of the final prototype it is concluded that, the participant and performer express shared movement as the performance is constituted by both technology and human agency - both wearable and body acts - in the interaction between interpretation, body, and experience on the one side, and concept, werable, and technology on the other. As a methodological knowledge contribution it is stated that program/experiment dialectics is a generous space, allowing elements from several other methods, non linearity, and intuition, to be part of the process, where researcher (and participants) are phenomenologists. Phenomenology in interaction design is an attribution to research through design as a method that allows room for active participation of the lived body in different stages of the design process - a development of the notion of embodiment beyond situatedness - acknowledging the interplay between bodies and technology, that users, artifacts, and contexts influence, touch, and touch back each other.

A razão da norma constitucional programática se relaciona com a enunciação de fins a serem perseguidos pelo Estado. O traço característico das normas programáticas é a fixação de metas sem indicação do meio a ser utilizado na sua concretização. As Constituições sociais possuem a importante missão de impor a realização de políticas públicas mediante prestações positivas por meio de um planejamento adequado. O estudo assume posição de destaque no cenário jurídico no momento em que o Judiciário passa a aplicar diretamente a norma constitucional ao caso concreto, sem intermediação do Legislativo ou Executivo, como forma de efetivação dos direitos sociais, ampliando o campo de aplicação da norma. A aplicabilidade dos direitos sociais está condicionada à atuação do legislador e da administração, todavia basta a omissão dos órgãos responsáveis para se criar uma neutralização do comando constitucional dirigente, ocorrendo verdadeira inversão do conteúdo do princípio da reserva legal que passa a ser opositora aos direitos sociais, servindo de escudo para a concretização de direitos relativos a trabalho, previdência, educação, saúde e assistência social. O pressuposto de qualquer análise jurídica consiste na eliminação de toda forma de abuso, não sendo possível conceber uma interpretação que permita a existência de omissões que agasalhem o arbítrio. O Judiciário possui o poder-dever de fazer valer os comandos constitucionais vigentes, especialmente os que se referem aos direitos e garantias fundamentais, mas a questão orçamentária se coloca como principal obstáculo a sua efetivação, posto que o processo judicial individual não consegue revelar os custos totais da implementação da política pública, não tomando em consideração fatores que comprometem as finanças pública. Da mesma forma, a inexistência de regulamentação legal acaba por gerar insegurança jurídica, pois não há uniformidade de tratamento quanto às pretensões levadas a juízo, gerando o risco de decisões voluntariosas que acabam por comprometer a administração pública, diante da afetação dos recursos financeiros estatais ante a falta de critérios que disciplinem a ação estatal, os destinatários, a metodologia segura para coibir abusos e os recursos para se combater o arbítrio. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de oferecer auxílio para a interpretação das normas programáticas de acordo coma a realidade brasileira, consoante a intervenção do Judiciário em matéria de políticas públicas, de forma a contribuir para o estudo de maneira a diminuir a incerteza e insegurança sobre o tema. / The reason of programmatic constitutional rule is connected to the enunciation of State purposes. The distinguishing feature of programmatic rules is the settlement of targets with no indication of manner to be used in your accomplishment. Social Constitutions have an important task to impose public policies by positive installments through appropriate planning. The research takes a prominent position in juridical scene at the time the Judiciary applies a constitutional rule without the intermediation of the Legislative or Executive, as a mean of effecting social rights, broadening the scope of the standard. The applicability of social rights is subject to the action of the legislature and administration, but simply the failure of the agencies responsible for creating an neutralization of the constitutional command officer, occurring a true reversal of the content of the principle of legal reserve which becomes opposition to social rights serving as a shield for the realization of rights related to employment, welfare, education, health and social care. The assumption of any legal analysis is the elimination of all forms of abuse, it is not possible to device an interpretation that allows the existence of omissions that admit arbitrary acts. The Judiciary has the power and duty to enforce constitutional provisions, especially those relating to fundamental rights and guarantees, but the budget question arises as obstacle to its implementation, since the individual prosecution can not reveal the cost of implementation of public policy, not taking into account factors that affect public finances. Likewise, the lack of legal regulation generates legal uncertain, because there is no uniform of treatment to the claims taken to court, creating the risk of willful decisions that ultimately compromise the government, faced with the affection of state financial resources before the lack of criteria that discipline state action, the recipients, the methodology to restrain abuse and secure the resources to fight the arbitrary acts. This work aims to provide assistance to the interpretation of programmatic norms according to the Brazilian reality depending in the intervention of the Judiciary in matters of public policy in order to contribute to the study to reduce uncertainly and insecurity about the subject.