SOFIA (Studies On FIssion with Aladin - Études de fission avec ALADIN) est un projet expérimental qui se propose de mesurer systématiquement les rendements isotopiques de fission, ainsi que l'énergie cinétique totale des fragments, pour une large gamme de noyaux fissionnants. Le travail de thèse présenté ici prend part au projet SOFIA, et a pour objet l'étude de la fission de noyaux dans la région des actinides : ²³⁴U, ²³⁵U, ²³⁷Np et ²³⁸Np.L'expérience SOFIA est menée au GSI, un accélérateur d'ions lourds situé à Darmstadt en Allemagne. Cette installation fournit un faisceau relativiste et intense d'uranium-238. Par une réaction de fragmentation de ce faisceau primaire, il est créé un faisceau secondaire contenant une large variété d'ions, dont, pour certains, la fission va être étudiée. Les ions de ce faisceau secondaire sont triés et identifiés dans le séparateur de fragments FRS, un spectromètre de recul de haute résolution qui est réglé pour sélectionner les ions d'intérêt.Ensuite, les ions fissiles sélectionnés continuent leur vol jusqu'à la Cave-C, une aire expérimentale où l'expérience de fission elle-même a lieu. À l'entrée de la cave, l'ion du faisceau secondaire est excité par interaction Coulombienne alors qu'il traverse une cible; les voies de dé-excitation possibles incluent la fission de basse énergie. Lors d'une fission, les deux fragments sont émis dans un cône étroit dans le référentiel du laboratoire, dû à l'impulsion relativiste qui leur est transmise par le système fissionnant. Un spectromètre de recul complet a été développé par la collaboration SOFIA autour du dipôle existant ALADIN. L'identification des fragments est réalisée par des mesures de perte d'énergie, de temps de vol et de déviation dans l'aimant. Les deux fragments de fission sont identifiés simultanément et complètement (en masse et en charge). Ce document présente l'analyse menée pour (1) l'identification du système fissionnant, (2) l'identification des deux fragments de fission - évènements par évènements -, et (3) l'extraction des observables de fission : rendements, énergie cinétique totale, multiplicité total en neutrons prompts. Ces résultats concernant les actinides sont discutés, et l'ensemble des données extraites est fourni. / SOFIA (Studies On FIssion with Aladin) is an experimental project which aims at systematically measuring the fission fragments' isotopic yields as well as their total kinetic energy, for a wide variety of fissioning nuclei. The PhD work presented in this dissertation takes part in the SOFIA project, and covers the fission of nuclei in the region of the actinides : ²³⁴U, ²³⁵U, ²³⁷Np and ²³⁸Np.The experiment is led at the heavy-ion accelerator GSI in Darmstadt, Germany. This facility provides intense relativistic primary beam of 238U. A fragmentation reaction of the primary beam permits to create a secondary beam of radioactive ions, some of which the fission is studied. The ions of the secondary beam are sorted and identified through the FR-S (FRagment Separator), a high resolution recoil spectrometer which is tuned to select the ions of interest.The selected - fissile - ions then fly further to Cave-C, an experimental area where the fission experiment itself takes place. At the entrance of the cave, the secondary beam is excited by Coulomb interaction when flying through an target; the de-excitation process involves low-energy fission. Both fission fragments fly forward in the laboratory frame, due to the relativistic boost inferred from the fissioning nucleus.A complete recoil spectrometer has been designed and built by the SOFIA collaboration in the path of the fission fragments, around the existing ALADIN magnet. The identification of the fragments is performed by means of energy loss, time of flight and deviation in the magnet measurements. Both fission fragments are fully (in mass and charge) and simultaneously identified.This document reports on the analysis performed for (1) the identification of the fissioning system, (2) the identification of both fission fragments, on an event-by-event basis, and (3) the extraction of fission observables: yields, TKE, total prompt neutron multiplicity. These results, concerning the actinides, are discussed, and the set of data extracted is provided.

Teachers of foreign languages typically encourage their students to speak in the target language (TL) often, but due to various factors, this is not always achieved. Some reasons might include insufficient vocabulary, lack of topic knowledge, embarrassment, or simple unwillingness. Much of the existing research observes uses of the TL or native language (L1). The purpose of this study was to examine how often students use the TL in paired interactions and whether that amount has any relationship to the students' oral proficiency at the end of the course. In a SPAN 105 course at Brigham Young University, 27 students participated in this project by recording themselves during six in-class, paired interactions, after which they provided comments via questionnaires. This study was conducted using a mixed-methods approach, with both quantitative and qualitative data. The quantitative data revealed information about the time spent in the TL, as well as the time spent in the L1, and what relationship these variables had with listening comprehension and oral proficiency. The qualitative data exposed emergent findings related to TL/L1 use: helpful tools, effects of task type, pitfalls the students experienced, struggles and benefits of partnering, effects of recording, and student perceptions about the L1. The results of the study indicate a need for teacher strategies to encourage TL use in the classroom.

農漁會組織長久以來於農業發展扮演重要角色，其促進農業生產，增進農民福祉與繁榮農村經濟，對台灣早期之經濟發展貢獻許多。隨著經濟結構的變動，農會信用部面對產業結構的轉變及其他金融機構的激烈競爭，致使其經營陷入困境，經過金融重建基金處理了36家經營不善信用部，宣佈分級管理措施，及12萬農民大遊行，政府為徹底解決信用部諸多問題，於93年1月實施農業金融法，建立由行政院農業委員會一元化管理之農業金融體系，經過一連串之改革，相關財務指標顯示信用部之經營已逐漸改善中。 本研究主要探討我國農業金融體制與信用部面臨的問題，並參考日本農業金融改革之經驗，提出健全我國農業金融體制與監理之建議。 研究發現，農業金融改革後信用部之經營確實在改善中。然而，在80年代農業金融危機下遺留的問題尚未完全克服。對於我國農業金融發展，本研究從組織面、業務面與監理面進行探討，提出改革建議包括：全面檢討修訂農會法與漁會法、儘速恢復股金制、建置合併法規鼓勵合併、儘速處理經營不善之信用部並建構多元退場機制、加強農業金融體系連結與加速資訊共用平台之整合、強化對全國農業金庫與信用部之監理、落實金融監理加強實地檢查與場外監控措施、導入差異化管理與立即糾正措施等，農業金融機構有必要繼續改革，以健全農業金融體系，保障存款人權益，促進農漁村經濟發展。 / The Farmers’ and Fishermen’s Associations played an important role in the field of agricultural production. They helped agriculture develop, increased farmers’ and fishermen’s welfare, flourished the countryside and contributed a lot to the early progress of Taiwan economy. With the transition of economic structure, the whole environment became quite disadvantageous to credit departments of farmers’ and fishermens’ associations, which face the changes of the industrial structure and fierce competition from other financial institutions. With the experiences of the settlement of 36 problem credit departments by the Financial Restructuring Fund, announcement of differential supervision scheme and demonstration of 120,000 agriculturists, the government implemented the Agricultural Finance Act on 30th January 2004 and built an integrated agricultural finance system governed by the Council of Agriculture (COA) to solve many problems of credit departments. Through those reformations, the financial index showed that the condition of these credit departments has improved gradually. This study aimed to discuss those difficulties that our agricultural finance system and credit departments encountered and bring up suggestions to complete this system and the government’s supervision referring to the reformation of agricultural finance system in Japan. What our study found is that the operation of credit departments has undoubtedly improved after taking reformations to agricultural finance system in Taiwan. However, problems that the agricultural finance crisis left behind in 1980s have not been completely conquered yet. As to the prospect of our agricultural finance system, from the aspects of organizational structures, business activities and government’s supervision, we suggest the reforms include to examine and amend both the Farmers’ Association Law and the Fishermen’s Association Law from stem to stern, re-enforce paid-in capital system with all speed, draw up laws to encourage mergers, deal with problem credit departments and build up plenty selections to help them exit as soon as possible, strengthen the connection of agricultural finance system and the integration of information sharing stations, intensify our supervision towards the Agricultural Bank of Taiwan and credit departments, reinforce on-the-spot examination and off-site monitoring, bring differential supervision scheme and prompt-corrective action into practice and so on. Hence, we may achieve the goal to complete the agricultural finance system, protect the rights of depositors and prosper the rural villages’ and fishing villages’ economy.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:53:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:59:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP / FAPESP:03/01261-0

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:53:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:59:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Uma nova metodologia para a medida absoluta da fração efetiva de nêutrons atrasados βeff, baseada em técnicas de análise de ruído microscópico e no modelo de Duas- Regiões, foi desenvolvida no reator IPEN/MB-01. Diferentemente das demais técnicas, tais como o Método de Bennet Modificado, o Método do Número de Nelson e o Método da fonte de 252Cf, a principal vantagem da metodologia proposta é a obtenção de βeff de um modo puramente experimental, sem a necessidade de quaisquer outros parâmetros, sejam estes calculados ou provenientes de outros experimentos. Com a finalidade de validar este novo método, uma série de experimentos Rossi-α e Feynman-α foram realizados no reator IPEN/MB-01. De acordo com a metodologia proposta, βeff foi estimado com uma incerteza de 0.67%, a qual atende aos requisitos de precisão almejados. Além disso, o tempo de geração de nêutrons prontos , dentre outros parâmetros, também foi obtido experimentalmente via esta metodologia. Em geral, os parâmetros medidos estão em acordo com resultados provenientes de experimentos de análise de ruído macroscópico. Nas comparações teoria-experimento, os valores de βeff medidos neste trabalho mostram que a biblioteca JENDL3.3 apresenta a melhor performance (dentro de 1%). Esta concordância justifica a redução no yield de fissão do 235U proposta por Sakurai e Okajima. / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP / FAPESP:03/01261-0

In a growing number of cutting edge centres around the world, radiotherapy treatments delivered by beams of protons and carbon ions offer the opportunity to target tumours with unprecedented conformality. But a sharper dose distribution increases the need for efficient quality control. Treatments are still affected by uncertainties on the penetration depth of the beam within the patient, requiring medical physicists to add safety margins. To reduce these margins and deliver safer treatments, different projects investigate real time range control by imaging prompt gammas emitted along the proton or carbon ion tracks in the patient.<p><p>This thesis reports on the feasibility, development and test of a new type of prompt gamma camera for proton therapy. This concept uses a knife-edge slit collimator to obtain a 1-dimensional projection of the beam path on a gamma camera. It was optimized, using the Monte Carlo code MCNPX version 2.5.0, to select high energy photons correlated with the beam range and detect them with both high counting statistics and sufficient spatial resolution for use in clinical routine. To validate the Monte Carlo model, spectrometry measurements of secondary particles emitted by a PMMA target during proton irradiation at 160 MeV were realised. An excellent agreement with the simulations was observed when using subtraction methods to isolate the gammas in direct incidence. A first prototype slit camera using the HiCam gamma detector was consequently prepared and tested successfully at 100 and 160 MeV beam energies. If we neglect electronic dead times and rejection of detected events, the current solution with its collimator at 15 cm from beam axis can achieve a 1-2 mm standard deviation on range estimation in a homogeneous PMMA target for numbers of protons that correspond to doses in water at Bragg peak as low as 15 cGy at 100 MeV and 25 cGy at 160 MeV assuming pencil beams with a Gaussian profile of 5 mm sigma at target entrance.<p><p>This thesis also investigates the applicability of the slit camera for carbon ion therapy. On the basis of Monte Carlo simulations with the code MCNPX version 2.7.E, this type of camera appears not to be able to identify the beam range with the required sensitivity. The feasibility of prompt gamma imaging itself seems questionable at high beam energies given the weak correlation of secondaries leaving the patient.<p><p>This work consequently concludes to the relevance of the slit camera approach for real time range monitoring in proton therapy, but not in carbon ion therapy. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Mål: Syftet med studien är att beskriva patienternas inställningar till användningen av en QPL, huruvida det är ett möjligt redskap att använda under farmaceutmötet på svenska öppenvårdsapotek. Dessutom att undersöka den rapporterade skillnaden i kunskapsnivå efter användningen av QPL mellan patienterna som valde att använda QPL:en under farmaceutmötet och patienterna som valde att inte göra det. Samt att undersöka om olika bakgrundsfaktorer påverkar användningen av QPL.      Metod: En kvantitativ analys av redan besvarade enkäter genomfördes för att besvara syftet och frågeställningen. Enkäterna analyserades deskriptivt med hjälp av beskrivande mått och genom inferentiell statistik i Microsoft Excel. Delstudien bestod av 179 enkäter.    Resultat: Totalt kodades 179 enkäter utifrån inklusionskriterierna. Patienterna rapporterade att QPL introducerades i 96% (n=172) och användes i 46% (n=83) av farmaceutmöten. Majoriteten av patienterna (n=101) upplevde att QPL inte tog mycket tid att läsa och (n=121) tyckte att frågorna var enkla att förstå. Å andra sidan rapporterade patienterna som hämtade minst ett nytt läkemedel och patienterna som hade svenska som modersmål att de använde QPL mer än andra. Samtidigt upplevde patienterna som använde QPL:en under farmaceutmötet en ökad kunskapsnivå om läkemedel jämfört med patienterna som inte använde QPL:en under mötet.   Slutsats: Patienterna upplevde att QPL:en var ett funktionellt verktyg som fick de att ställa fler frågor och förstå sitt sjukdomstillstånd bättre. QPL:en kan effektiviseras ytterligare genom att förkortas ned och finnas i fler språk. Samtidigt bör farmaceut-patientkommunikation på öppenvårdsapotek effektiviseras ytterligare.

Die Protonentherapie, welche zur Behandlung von Tumoren mittlerweile weltweit eingesetzt wird, könnte von einem System zur Reichweitekontrolle des Protonenstrahls bedeutend profitieren. Einen Rückschluss auf die Position der Protonen in Echtzeit ermöglicht die prompte Gammastrahlung. Diese Sekundärstrahlung entsteht durch nukleare Wechselwirkungen der Protonen mit den Atomkernen im Gewebe. Derzeit existieren verschiedene Methoden die aus einer Messung der zeitlichen oder räumlichen Verteilung dieser hochenergetischen Photonen versuchen eine Reichweiteinformation zu gewinnen. Die Methoden zur Nutzung prompter Gammastrahlung beruhen auf den verlässlichen Voraussagen von Teilchentransportrechnungen. Im Vergleich zu Messungen zeigen diese jedoch Diskrepanzen in den Photonenproduktionsquerschnitten aufgrund mangelnder experimenteller Stützstellen. Um einen Beitrag zu der Datenlage zu leisten, soll das Emissionsspektrum prompter Gammastrahlung am Kohlenstoff bestimmt werden. Dazu werden mithilfe von Entfaltungsalgorithmen aus den aufbereiteten Messdaten und der simulierten Detektorantwort vorhandene Energielinien und deren Intensität extrahiert. Über eine Normierung auf die Anzahl einfallender Protonen erfolgt die Bestimmung von Ausbeuten prompter Gammastrahlung bei der Bestrahlung homogener Kohlenstofftargets mit Protonen.:1 Einleitung und Motivation 2 Grundlagen der Entfaltung von Gammaspektren 2.1 Inverses Problem 2.1.1 Gold-Dekonvolution 2.1.2 Spektrum-Stripping 3 Experimentelle Bestimmung des prompten Gammaspektrums 3.1 Vorbetrachtungen und Aufbau des Experimentes 3.2 Verarbeitung der Messdaten 3.3 Optimierung des Messaufbaus und Maßnahmen der Untergrundreduktion 3.3.1 Abschirmung der Detektoren und Untergrundkorrektur 3.3.2 Flugzeitdiskriminierung 4 Entfaltung der gewonnenen Gammaspektren 4.1 Bestimmung der Detektorantwort mit GEANT 4 4.1.1 Bestimmung der detektorspezifischen Energieauflösung und des Ansprechvermögens über Quellmessungen 4.2 Entfaltung 4.2.1 Ergebnisse der Gold-Dekonvolution 4.2.2 Ergebnisse des Spektrum-Stripping 4.3 Protonenfluenznormierung 5 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Anhang A Depositionsspektren der Detektoren 2 (125°) und 3 (55°) 69 Literaturverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis Danksagung Selbstständigkeitserklärung / Proton therapy, which has become a clinically established technology for cancer treatment worldwide, would greatly benefit from an appropriate range verification system. A signature, which can be used to trace the range of the primary protons in real time during the treatment, is the so-called prompt gamma radiation. It is produced in nuclear reactions of the protons with the nuclei in tissue. Currently, there are different approaches which try to decode a range information from the spatial or time distribution of these high energetic photons. Methods utilizing prompt gamma-rays rely on the prediction of particle transport simulations. In comparison to measurements these simulations show severe deviations in prompt gamma-ray yield due to insufficient availability of experimental data. To make a contribution to the data situation, the prompt gamma-ray emission spectra for carbon should be investigated. Therefore deconvolution algorithms are applied to measured spectra with knowledge of the detector response function. Unfolded energy lines and their intensities are examined. With help of proton fluence some yields for the irradiation of homogeneous graphite targets are determined.:1 Einleitung und Motivation 2 Grundlagen der Entfaltung von Gammaspektren 2.1 Inverses Problem 2.1.1 Gold-Dekonvolution 2.1.2 Spektrum-Stripping 3 Experimentelle Bestimmung des prompten Gammaspektrums 3.1 Vorbetrachtungen und Aufbau des Experimentes 3.2 Verarbeitung der Messdaten 3.3 Optimierung des Messaufbaus und Maßnahmen der Untergrundreduktion 3.3.1 Abschirmung der Detektoren und Untergrundkorrektur 3.3.2 Flugzeitdiskriminierung 4 Entfaltung der gewonnenen Gammaspektren 4.1 Bestimmung der Detektorantwort mit GEANT 4 4.1.1 Bestimmung der detektorspezifischen Energieauflösung und des Ansprechvermögens über Quellmessungen 4.2 Entfaltung 4.2.1 Ergebnisse der Gold-Dekonvolution 4.2.2 Ergebnisse des Spektrum-Stripping 4.3 Protonenfluenznormierung 5 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Anhang A Depositionsspektren der Detektoren 2 (125°) und 3 (55°) 69 Literaturverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis Danksagung Selbstständigkeitserklärung

ChatGPT has made large language models more accessible and made it possible to code using natural language prompts. This study conducted an experiment comparing prompt engineering techniques called task specification and investigated their impacton code generation in terms of correctness and variety. The hypotheses of this study focused on whether the baseline method had a statistically significant difference in code correctness compared to the other methods. Code is evaluated using a software requirement specification that measures functional and syntactical correctness. Additionally, code variance is measured to identify patterns in code generation. The results show that there is a statistically significant difference in some code correctness criteria between the baseline and the other task specification methods, and the code variance measurements indicate a variety in the generated solutions. Future work could include using another large language model; different programming tasks andprogramming languages; and other prompt engineering techniques.

Background: As the demand for cybersecurity professionals continues to rise, it is crucial to identify the key skills necessary to thrive in this field. This research project sheds light on the cybersecurity skills landscape by analyzing the recommendations provided by the European Cybersecurity Skills Framework (ECSF), examining the most required skills in the Swedish job market, and investigating the common skills identified through the findings. The project utilizes the large language model, ChatGPT, to classify common cybersecurity skills and evaluate its accuracy compared to human classification. Objective: The primary objective of this research is to examine the alignment between the European Cybersecurity Skills Framework (ECSF) and the specific skill demands of the Swedish cybersecurity job market. This study aims to identify common skills and evaluate the effectiveness of a Language Model (ChatGPT) in categorizing jobs based on ECSF profiles. Additionally, it seeks to provide valuable insights for educational institutions and policymakers aiming to enhance workforce development in the cybersecurity sector. Methods: The research begins with a review of the European Cybersecurity Skills Framework (ECSF) to understand its recommendations and methodology for defining cybersecurity skills as well as delineating the cybersecurity profiles along with their corresponding key cybersecurity skills as outlined by ECSF. Subsequently, a Python-based web crawler, implemented to gather data on cybersecurity job announcements from the Swedish Employment Agency's website. This data is analyzed to identify the most frequently required cybersecurity skills sought by employers in Sweden. The Language Model (ChatGPT) is utilized to classify these positions according to ECSF profiles. Concurrently, two human agents manually categorize jobs to serve as a benchmark for evaluating the accuracy of the Language Model. This allows for a comprehensive assessment of its performance. Results: The study thoroughly reviews and cites the recommended skills outlined by the ECSF, offering a comprehensive European perspective on key cybersecurity skills (Tables 4 and 5). Additionally, it identifies the most in-demand skills in the Swedish job market, as illustrated in Figure 6. The research reveals the matching between ECSF-prescribed skills in different profiles and those sought after in the Swedish cybersecurity market. The skills of the profiles 'Cybersecurity Implementer' and 'Cybersecurity Architect' emerge as particularly critical, representing over 58% of the market demand. This research further highlights shared skills across various profiles (Table 7). Conclusion: This study highlights the matching between the European Cybersecurity Skills Framework (ECSF) recommendations and the evolving demands of the Swedish cybersecurity job market. Through a review of ECSF-prescribed skills and a thorough examination of the Swedish job landscape, this research identifies crucial areas of alignment. Significantly, the skills associated with 'Cybersecurity Implementer' and 'Cybersecurity Architect' profiles emerge as central, collectively constituting over 58% of market demand. This emphasizes the urgent need for educational programs to adapt and harmonize with industry requisites. Moreover, the study advances our understanding of the Language Model's effectiveness in job categorization. The findings hold significant implications for workforce development strategies and educational policies within the cybersecurity domain, underscoring the pivotal role of informed skills development in meeting the evolving needs of the cybersecurity workforce.