Nos últimos anos, a partir do surgimento da ideia de Estado Democrático de Direito, a moderna doutrina processualista passou a entender o processo não só como meio destinado à pacificação social, passando a encará-lo como mecanismo destinado a fazer valer garantias e direitos constitucionais e a alcançar a pacificação justa dos litígios. A partir deste novo contexto, verificou-se a limitação de alguns institutos processuais vigentes, que embora pudessem auxiliar na obtenção do escopo de pacificação, deixavam de resguardar ou de implementar, em alguns momentos, determinadas garantias constitucionais, o que prejudicava o fim último de acesso à ordem jurídica justa. Uma das limitações verificadas a partir da perspectiva publicista de processo corresponde à regra estática de distribuição dos encargos probatórios conforme a natureza dos fatos alegados, uma vez que esta deixava de observar eventual impossibilidade da parte em cumprir com seu encargo. Ante tal limitação, foi desenvolvida uma teoria destinada a reequilibrar a relação processual, assegurando a implementação das garantias constitucionais, quando a regra estática de distribuição dos encargos probatórios não se mostrava suficiente a assegurar o acesso à ordem jurídica justa. Denominada de distribuição dinâmica do ônus da prova (ou teoria das cargas probatórias dinâmicas) a teoria foi pensada a fim de, em tais situações e conforme as peculiaridades do caso concreto, determinar a redistribuição do encargo probatório a fim de que este recaia sobre as partes em melhores condições. Contudo, há grande divergência doutrinária sobre a viabilidade prática da distribuição dinâmica do ônus da prova, sendo apontados diversos problemas que podem decorrer de sua aplicação. O presente trabalho pretende contribuir com a análise do tema, a partir de um estudo sobre as razões que impuseram a criação do instituto, bem como as contribuições que sua implementação traz ao processo civil, encarado sobre a ótica de processo constitucional, e os riscos que podem decorrer de sua aplicação, de forma a verificar se existe viabilidade em sua aplicação e eventuais formas de se afastar os problemas apontados pelos críticos à teoria. / Over the past few years, with the raising of the idea of Democratic State of Law, the modern procedural doctrine has started to understand civil lawsuit not only as a mean to achieve social peace, starting to face it as a mechanism with an aim to reinforce constitutional rights and warranties and to achieve the pacification with Justice for disputes. From this new context, it was observed the limitation of certain current procedural institutes, that even though could help to achieve the pacification, wouldnt protect or carry into effect, at some circumstances, certain constitutional warranties, which would interfere with the definitive goal of providing access to a just legal order. One of the limitation verified after the public conception of civil procedure concerned the static rule for the distribution of the burden of proof, therefore the rule wouldnt take into account eventual impossibility of the party to fulfill the assignment. Regarding this limitation, it was developed a theory aiming to rebalance the procedural relation, carrying the constitutional warranties into effect, when the static rule for the distribution of the burden of proof wouldnt reveal to be sufficient to ensure the access to the just legal order. Therefore called the dynamic distribution of the burden of proof (or theory of the dynamic burden of proof) this theory has been developed to, at those said circumstances and according to the peculiarities of each case, determinate the replacement of the burden of proof attributing it to the party whith better means to fulfill the assignment. However, there is no theoretical agreement over the practical viability of the dynamic burden of proof, being pointed several problems that could result from its employment. The present research aims to contribute with this analysis, after the study over the reasons that impose the creation of this institute, as well as the contribution its implementation brings to civil procedure, looked from the constitutional procedure point of view, and the risks that could raise from its employment, as a way to verify if there is practical viability on its utilization and eventual forms to prevent the problems pointed by those who criticize the theory

The thesis topic is Duty of pleading and duty of proof in the contentious civil proceedings. The hereby stated obligations belong to the basic concepts of procedural law. If the interested party fulfils both obligations together with bearing the corresponding burdens, it increases its chance of success in a dispute. Supposing it was inactive, its inactivity might be reflected in the dispute result. My thesis aim was to deal with essential obligations in civil proceedings within eight chapters. In chapter one I mention historical excurcus where I introduce how the above stated obligations were adjusted in the previous civil procedural law regulations. It is only an outline of the historical development. Chapter two I briefly devote to the current concept - de lege lata. In the subsequent chapter three I deal with the burden of pleading and burden of proof in both types of declaratory proceedings namely in contentious and non-contentious proceedings. Where the contentious proceedings require higher activity of the interested parties in comparison with the interested parties in the non- contentious proceedings. Chapter four is focused on detailed description of both procedural obligations and to them corresponding burdens. Besides other various theories of burden of proof are stated here. And also...

There is unanimity within the arbitration community that corruption is disrupting international trade and that arbitrators must not let arbitration be a safe forum for enforcement of contracts tainted by such illicit acts. Due to the hidden nature of corruption, often hiding behind an agency agreement, the most challenging question facing arbitrators has shown to be how to handle the rules of evidence. Awards show that there is an inconsistency in the treatment of the burden and standard of proof as well as the significance given to circumstantial evidence. Two trends can be spotted where the first approach is to argue that the seriousness of the accusations calls for a heightened standard of proof. The second trend is to argue that the seriousness to the contrary calls for a pragmatic approach to the rules of evidence, allowing a less rigid view on the standard of proof and use of circumstantial evidence or even a shift in the burden of proof. The focus of the thesis is on evidentiary aspects of corruption cases and how arbitrators have dealt with these challenges. The overall question is how arbitrators should handle the rules of evidence in corruption cases from a lege ferenda perspective. It is argued that the inconsistency in the handling of proof is sometimes misguided and that there are reasons to agree on a common starting point for applying the rules of evidence to corruption cases. Arbitrators should realise the frightening fact that it is their weighing of the evidence which is usually decisive for the outcome and accordingly there is a responsibility to conduct this operation carefully. The tools and procedural flexibility to reveal corruption exist even if there is no perfect solution on how to do it.

SUMMARY Subsantial questions of legal regulation of burden of proof and the matter of proof in civil procedure are being discussed in this master‘s writing. The work deals both with disclosing the legal regulation of burden of proof and the matter of proof in actual civil procedure, and analyzing the main theoretical and practical aspects of these questions in more details. The structure of this work enables to reveal the essence of this theme. The work consists of two parts. Whereas from the begining of the civil procedure, first of all, it is important to define which facts are disputed in the particular civil case, therefore the first part of this work deals with revealing the legal regulation of matter of proof. The legitimate and right court judgement can be taken only if all factual circumstances of a case are established. In every civil case the court must be „on the balance of probabilities“ that the alleged facts exist. The first part of this work deals with the conceptions of matter of proof in civil procedure. Also analyze the theoretical and practical significance of establishing the factual circumstances in particular civil case. The further chapters of the first part reveals the essence of each group of the facts, which can be asserting in civil cases. As we already know the facts in dispute on an issue raised between the parties, the second important practical step - to allocate the burden of proof. The second part of this work reveals the conceptions of... [to full text]

The purpose of the study was to investigate secondary school students&rsquo / performance on proof and attitude towards proof in geometry. The research was conducted on 367 10th grade students. The numbers of subjects were 94, 96, 90 and 87 from General High Schools (GHS), Anatolian High Schools (AHS), Science High Schools (SHS) and Private High Schools (PHS) respectively. The number of girls and boys were 142 and 225 respectively. To obtain the data of this study, the following measuring instruments were utilized: 1.Proof Performance in Geometry Test (PPGT) / 2.Proof Attitude Scale in Geometry (PASG). They were developed by researchers. The results indicated that: 1.There were statistically significant differences among the mean scores of students enrolled in different school types with respect to performance on proof in geometry / 2.There was no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of boys and girls with respect to performance on proof and attitude towards proof in geometry / 3.There were no statistically significant differences among the mean scores of students enrolled in different school types with respect to attitude towards proof in geometry / 4.There was statistically significant correlation between secondary school students&rsquo / performances on proof and attitude towards proof in geometry / 5.While students in SHS got the highest scores from each question, students in GHS got the lowest scores / 6. While most students in SHS perceived themselves as successful in geometry, most students in GHS perceived themselves unsuccessful.

Nos últimos anos, a partir do surgimento da ideia de Estado Democrático de Direito, a moderna doutrina processualista passou a entender o processo não só como meio destinado à pacificação social, passando a encará-lo como mecanismo destinado a fazer valer garantias e direitos constitucionais e a alcançar a pacificação justa dos litígios. A partir deste novo contexto, verificou-se a limitação de alguns institutos processuais vigentes, que embora pudessem auxiliar na obtenção do escopo de pacificação, deixavam de resguardar ou de implementar, em alguns momentos, determinadas garantias constitucionais, o que prejudicava o fim último de acesso à ordem jurídica justa. Uma das limitações verificadas a partir da perspectiva publicista de processo corresponde à regra estática de distribuição dos encargos probatórios conforme a natureza dos fatos alegados, uma vez que esta deixava de observar eventual impossibilidade da parte em cumprir com seu encargo. Ante tal limitação, foi desenvolvida uma teoria destinada a reequilibrar a relação processual, assegurando a implementação das garantias constitucionais, quando a regra estática de distribuição dos encargos probatórios não se mostrava suficiente a assegurar o acesso à ordem jurídica justa. Denominada de distribuição dinâmica do ônus da prova (ou teoria das cargas probatórias dinâmicas) a teoria foi pensada a fim de, em tais situações e conforme as peculiaridades do caso concreto, determinar a redistribuição do encargo probatório a fim de que este recaia sobre as partes em melhores condições. Contudo, há grande divergência doutrinária sobre a viabilidade prática da distribuição dinâmica do ônus da prova, sendo apontados diversos problemas que podem decorrer de sua aplicação. O presente trabalho pretende contribuir com a análise do tema, a partir de um estudo sobre as razões que impuseram a criação do instituto, bem como as contribuições que sua implementação traz ao processo civil, encarado sobre a ótica de processo constitucional, e os riscos que podem decorrer de sua aplicação, de forma a verificar se existe viabilidade em sua aplicação e eventuais formas de se afastar os problemas apontados pelos críticos à teoria. / Over the past few years, with the raising of the idea of Democratic State of Law, the modern procedural doctrine has started to understand civil lawsuit not only as a mean to achieve social peace, starting to face it as a mechanism with an aim to reinforce constitutional rights and warranties and to achieve the pacification with Justice for disputes. From this new context, it was observed the limitation of certain current procedural institutes, that even though could help to achieve the pacification, wouldnt protect or carry into effect, at some circumstances, certain constitutional warranties, which would interfere with the definitive goal of providing access to a just legal order. One of the limitation verified after the public conception of civil procedure concerned the static rule for the distribution of the burden of proof, therefore the rule wouldnt take into account eventual impossibility of the party to fulfill the assignment. Regarding this limitation, it was developed a theory aiming to rebalance the procedural relation, carrying the constitutional warranties into effect, when the static rule for the distribution of the burden of proof wouldnt reveal to be sufficient to ensure the access to the just legal order. Therefore called the dynamic distribution of the burden of proof (or theory of the dynamic burden of proof) this theory has been developed to, at those said circumstances and according to the peculiarities of each case, determinate the replacement of the burden of proof attributing it to the party whith better means to fulfill the assignment. However, there is no theoretical agreement over the practical viability of the dynamic burden of proof, being pointed several problems that could result from its employment. The present research aims to contribute with this analysis, after the study over the reasons that impose the creation of this institute, as well as the contribution its implementation brings to civil procedure, looked from the constitutional procedure point of view, and the risks that could raise from its employment, as a way to verify if there is practical viability on its utilization and eventual forms to prevent the problems pointed by those who criticize the theory

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:49:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho é baseada em dois aspectos fundamentais: (i) o estudo de procedimentos de normalização para sistemas de provas, especialmente para a lógica clássica com dedução natural; e (ii) a investigação de técnicas da perspectiva geométrica aplicadas em propriedades da teoria da prova. Com isso, a motivação específica deste trabalho reside principalmente na análise daqueles trabalhos que estão voltados à definição de técnicas da normalização através de mecanismos da perspectiva geométrica. Destaca-se que técnicas da perspectiva geométrica trazem o uso de arcabouços gráficos e/ou topológicos com a finalidade de representar sistemas formais de provas e suas propriedades. Dessa forma, a primeira parte do documento apresenta o uso de técnicas e arcabouços topológicos para estabelecer algumas propriedades, como, por exemplo, o critério de corretude e a normalização de sistemas de prova. Ao passo que a segunda parte do documento é inicialmente direcionada à descrição de algumas abordagens de normalização (principalmente) para a lógica clássica com dedução natural. E o complemento da segunda parte é dedicado à definição do principal objetivo do trabalho, i.e., desenvolver um procedimento de normalização para o conjunto completo de operadores dos N-Grafos, através do auxílio de algumas técnicas de perspectiva geométrica. (Destaca-se que as técnicas de perspectiva geométrica, aplicadas à normalização dos N-Grafos, não fazem uso de arcabouços topológicos). N-Grafos é um sistema de prova com múltipla conclusão definido para lógica clássica proposicional com dedução natural. Ademais, os N-Grafos possuem tanto regras lógicas como estruturais, estruturas cíclicas são permitidas e além disso as derivações são representadas como grafos direcionados. De fato, a princpal característica do procedimento de normalização aqui apresentado é fornecer um tratamento completo para as estruturas cíclicas. Ou seja, são definidas classes de ciclos válidos, critério de corretude, propriedades e ainda um algoritmo específico para normalizar os ciclos nos N-Grafos. Destaca-se que esses elementos são construídos através do auxílio de arcabouços gráficos. Além disso, o mecanismo de normalização é capaz de lidar com os diferentes papéis executados pelos operadores ?/>. Adicionalmente, apresenta-se uma prova direta da normalização fraca para os N-Grafos, bem como, a determinação das propriedades da subfórmula e da separação

Tato diplomová práce se zabývá technologii blockchain se zaměřením na konsenzus protokoly, zvláště protokoly typu proof-of-stake. V této práci naleznete popis těchto protokolů následovaný popisem konsenzu v technologii blockchain. Prvotní kapitoly detailněji popisují a porovnávají jednotlivé proof-of-stake protokoly na základě teoretických znalostí. Druhá část práce se zaobírá návrhem a implementací testbedu, který je následně použitý pro praktické porovnání proof-of-stake protokolů. V závěrečné částí práce je diskutováno nad zjištěnými výsledky pozorováním testbedu a zjištěnými vlatnostmi protokolů. Na tomto základě práce ve svém konci naznačuje další směřování consesus protokolů, ba jejich případné zlepšení, a zvláště proof-of-stake typu protokolů.

This paper is an attempt to analyze the role of transaction fees in a proof-of-stake cryptocurrency currently in development. The authors have employed a microeconomic, static equilibrium approach to model a market in which the cryptocurrency is exchanged for a physical good. Furthermore, the relationship between transaction capacity and the size of the network has been investigated. It has been shown that the total amount of validator capital and the number of validators can be controlled by setting a fixed fee on transactions as well as a minimum capital requirement on individual validators. The total surplus in the economy has then been optimized by setting a fee and the authors have discussed how a minimal capital requirement could be used to also optimize transaction capacity. / Denna kandidatuppsats ’r ett försök att analysera transaktionsavgiftens roll i en "proof-of-stake"-baserad kryptovaluta under utveckling. Författarna har använt sig av en statisk jämviktsmodell från mikroekonomin för att modellera en marknad på vilken kryptovalutan i fråga används för att handla en fysisk vara. Fortsättningsvis har förhållandet mellan systemets transaktionskapacitet och dess storlek undersökts. Det har visats att den totala mängden kapital från validerare samt antalet validerare kan kontrolleras genom att sätta en fast avgift för transaktioner samt ett minimikrav på kapital för enskilda validerare. Sedan har det totala överskottet optimerats genom att bestämma en avgift och författarna har diskuterat hur ett minimikrav på kapital hade kunnat användas för att också optimera systemets transaktionskapacitet.

This thesis is one in a group of several theses that are researching different subjects in the development of a new cryptocurrency. For a few years now, the cryptocurrency market has grown dramatically, in the lead of the original cryptocurrency Bitcoin. Today, most cryptocurrencies' validation-technology, including Bitcoin's, are based on Proof-of-Work (PoW), i.e., a system where transaction validation is made by servers calculating mathematical problems. PoW results in high energy consumption and slow transaction speed. In this cryptocurrency, the validation mechanism will build on a technology called Proof-of-Stake (PoS). PoS does not yield as high energy consumption and often leads to faster transaction speed. The specific technique for validation in this system is that validators bet their coins to validate transactions and get rewards in the form of transaction fees if they end up conforming the transactions that reach consensus among the validators. In particular, the purpose of this report is to research the risk and reward for validators in the betting process and from this develop a reward policy which yields a fast and secure validation. The methods used for solving the problems are simulations based on Monte Carlo methods. From the simulations, the results are discussed and compared. Also, this report will cover economic theories behind cryptocurrencies, mainly focusing on monetary policy and the transaction markets. The findings of this report are several risk functions for different topologies and winning conditions considered during the development of the cryptocurrency. Further, a conclusion was that the expected value of profit for validators need to be constant, independent of when the bets are made with regard to previous bets. From this, a reward function which distributes rewards between winning validators was formed. Another, economical conclusion from this was that, in the long run, the expected value of profit of betting should converge to zero due to a perfect competition market. / Denna kandidatuppsats är en av era uppsatser som analyserar olika områden i utvecklingen av en ny kryptovaluta. Under de senaste åren har kryptovalutamarknaden vuxit dramatiskt, där Bitcoin har varit ledande. Idag bygger de flesta kryptovalutors valideringsteknik, inklusive Bitcoins, på Proof-of-Work (PoW), d.v.s. ett system där transaktionsvalideringen görs av servrar som beräknar komplicerade matematiska problem. Detta resulterar i en hög energiförbrukning och i många fall långsamma transaktionshastigheter. I denna kryptovaluta kommer valideringsmekanismen baseras på en teknik som kallas Proof-of-Stake (PoS) vilket leder till en substantiellt lägre energiförbrukning och högre transaktionshastigheter. Tekniken för valideringen i det här systemet är baserat på att validerare i systemet satsar sina egna mynt för att validera transaktioner och får belöningar i form av transaktionsavgifter om de validerar den transaktion som når konsensus i blockkedjan. I synnerhet är syftet med rapporten att formulera riskerna och de möjliga belöningarna för validerare i bettingprocessen och därmed hitta ett belöningssystem som leder till en snabb och säker kryptovaluta när det gäller validering. De metoder som används för att lösa problemen är simuleringar baserade på Monte Carlo metoder. Slutresultatet av denna rapport är era riskfunktioner för olika topologier och villkor för de vinnande validerarna, beräkningar för väntevärde och belöningsfunktioner för validering. Vidare har slutsatsen dragits att väntevärdet av att göra ett bet måste vara konstant med avseende på när bettet görs. Från detta togs en belöningsfunktion fram som fördelar belöningar mellan vinnande validerare. En annan, ekonomisk slutsats, var att i det långa loppet kommer väntevärdet av vinsten för att betta konvergera till noll på grund av att en perfekt konkurrensmarknad antas.